Common, Danube, east bream (lat. Abramis brama) ndiye yekha amene amayimira mtundu wa bream (Abramis), ndi wa banja la carp (Cyrrinidae) komanso dongosolo la cyprinids (Cirriniformes). Achinyamata a bream amatchedwa undergrowths, ndipo achikulire amatchedwa chebaks kapena kilaks.
Kufotokozera kwa bream
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake, ngakhale wosakhala waluso amatha kudziwa yekha momwe kuphwanya wamkulu kumasiyana mosiyana ndi wachinyamata kapena bream. Kutalika kwakutali kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala mkati mwa 80-82 masentimita ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 4.5-6.0 kg.
Maonekedwe
Nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi thupi lokwera, kutalika kwake komwe kuli pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa nthumwi ya Carps. Pafupipafupi, pakamwa ndi pamutu ndizochepa kukula, pomwe pakamwa pa nsomba pamathera mu chubu chodziwikiratu chomwe chimatha kukokedwa... Mimbwe yam'mimbayi ndi yayifupi komanso yayitali, yokhala ndi cheza chokhwima komanso chopanda nthambi komanso cheza cha nthambi pafupifupi khumi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kwa oimira banja la Carp ndi mtundu wa Bream, mapangidwe amano amtundu umodzi amphako ndi mawonekedwe, omwe amapezeka, zidutswa zisanu mbali iliyonse.
Kumapeto kwa kumatako, kuyambira kumbuyo kwakumbuyo kwa dorsal fin, kumakhala kotalika, kokhala ndi ma radiation atatu olimba komanso owoneka bwino. Pakati pa zipsepse za kumatako ndi m'chiuno, pali keel yachilendo, yomwe siyakutidwa ndi mamba. Pakulima kwachikulire, kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kotuwa kapena kofiirira, mbali zake ndi zofiirira, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi utoto wachikaso. Zipsepse zonse za bream ndi zotuwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malire amdima. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala zosalala.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Bream ndi nsomba yochenjera komanso yofulumira kumva yomwe imamva bwino, yomwe asodzi odziwa bwino ayenera kuiganizira akaigwira. Nsomba imeneyi sikuti imangokhala mumtsinje ndi m'nyanja yokha, komanso m'madamu. M'madzi amtsinje, bream samakula kawirikawiri mpaka kukula kwake. Nsomba zopita kusukulu zimakhala zamanyazi modabwitsa. Kukula kwakukulu, monga lamulo, magulu ambiri amasonkhanitsa osati achichepere - zokwawa, komanso nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri zamtunduwu.
Chifukwa chapadera pakamwa, bream imatha kudyetsa mwachindunji kuchokera pansi, chifukwa chake chakudya chapansi ndiye maziko azakudya za nsomba zoterezi. Yemwe akuyimira mtundu wa bream amadyetsa makamaka mphutsi, zipolopolo, nkhono ndi ndere. Sukulu yayikulu yokwanira ya nsomba zotere imatha kuyeretsa mwachangu komanso bwino mbali yayikulu yam'munsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kayendedwe ka bream kasunthike posaka chakudya. Monga lamulo, kuyenda kwa gulu kumatsimikizika ndi kupezeka kwa thovu la mpweya wambiri, womwe umayandama pamwamba pamadzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mdima utayamba, bream imatha kuyandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena malo osaya, omwe amabwera chifukwa chofunafuna chakudya mosalekeza.
Bream amakonda malo opanda pompano kapena opanda, ndipo malo abwino okhala nsomba zotere ndi madera omwe amadziwika ndi mitsinje, maenje akuya, zikopa zokhota, magombe otsetsereka, dongo komanso pansi pake. Anthu akulu kwambiri samayandikira kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chifukwa chake amakonda kukhala pamtunda wokwanira. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi gombe, m'nkhalango zokhala ndi masamba ambiri am'madzi. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimapita kumalo akuya kwambiri.
Utali wamoyo
Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi ndi akatswiri awona, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa nsomba zomwe zimakhala pansi pa bream pafupifupi zaka 22-27.... Oimira mtundu wina wa bream semi-anadromous amatha kukhala ochepera kawiri, kotero anthu oterewa, samakhala zaka zopitilira 12-14.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo okhala achilengedwe okhawo omwe amayimira mtundu wa bream amaphatikizapo pafupifupi zitsime zonse zachilengedwe m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumpoto kwa Europe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Bream adazolowera bwino ku Urals, m'misambo ya Irtysh ndi Ob, komanso mu beseni la Nyanja ya Baikal komanso m'madzi am'madzi a Krasnoyarsk.
Nsomba zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mitsinje yomwe imadutsa ku Caspian ndi Baltic, Black ndi Azov, komanso North Sea. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha bream chimapezekanso m'madzi ena ku Transcaucasus, m'chigwa cha Amur, mpaka kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa China.
Zakudya za bream
Kuphatikiza pa ma crustaceans a planktonic, ma virus a magazi, omwe agwidwa bwino ndi nsomba kuchokera pansi, ndi ena mwa magawo ofunikira kwambiri a bream. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimakonda ma crustaceans ndi ma benthic invertebrates, chifukwa cha mzere umodzi komanso mano ofooka kwambiri.
Bream imadyetsanso zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamasamba. Pakudyetsa, tinthu tonse todyera tomwe timadyetsedwa ndi nsomba mwachindunji kuchokera m'madzi timasunga mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi zotuluka zapadera. Makina amtundu woterewa amakonzedwa m'mizere iwiri pamiyala iliyonse ya gill. M'malo moyimira mtundu wamtunduwu, ma branchial stamens amakhala ochepa komanso ochepa, okhala ndi ngalande zopingasa pakati pawo. Ndi munjira zotere momwe ma tinthu tomwe timadyetsera timene timakokedwa ndi madzi timayikidwa. Madzi omwe amasefedwa motere amakankhidwira pakati pamiyala ya gill, kenako amatayidwa pansi pa zotchedwa gill.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kudzichepetsa kwa bream pakudyetsa kumapangitsa kukhala kopambana komanso kosavuta kugwira nthumwi za mitundu iyi ngati nyambo ngati mtanda ndikuwonjezera ma virus ndi mphutsi, mphutsi, nandolo kapena chimanga.
Kwa bream, zigawo zikuluzikulu za chakudya ndi mphutsi za udzudzu, kapena ma virus a magazi ndi mitundu yonse ya ma crustaceans a planktonic. Chakudya chapadera cha bream chimachitika chifukwa cha nsomba imodzi yokha yosangalatsa kwambiri - ma gill stamens omwe ali ndi minyewa yapadera. Minofuyi imakhotetsa stamens moyenera, ngati kuli kofunikira, kumbali. Chifukwa cha makinawa, omwe ndi apadera pa nsomba zambiri za carp, bream, omwe amakhala m'malo ambiri achilengedwe, kuphatikiza madera a Netherlands, posakhalitsa amakhala mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake, amasintha nsomba zachilengedwe kwambiri, kuphatikiza siliva bream kapena roach.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pakatikati mwa dziko lathu, bream amayamba kubereka mwachangu osati masiku oyambirira a Meyi.... Inali nthawi iyi yomwe oimira mtundu wa bream adagawika m'magulu azaka zosiyanasiyana. Gawoli ndilofala kwambiri ku nsomba zilizonse zophunzirira. Pakati pa kubala mwachangu, bream amasintha mtundu wawo, amakhala ndi mdima wandiweyani, ndipo mutu wamwamuna umakhala ndi njerewere zochepa, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zotupa.
Ntchito yobereketsa imachitika m'magulu okhaokha, ndipo sukulu iliyonse yotsatira ya nsomba imabereka mochedwa pang'ono kuposa kale. Nthawi yobala imatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, mosasamala kanthu komwe kuli. Malo oberekera a bream nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi nsapato wamba za udzu, pamtunda wokwanira kuchokera pagawo lokhalitsa. Pofuna kubereka, amuna amapita kumtunda, ndipo azimayi ochenjera komanso akulu amabwera pambuyo pawo.
Monga momwe awonera, sukulu iliyonse ya nsomba zamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana imayikira mazira munthawi yopitirira masiku awiri kapena atatu. Komabe, nthawi yake imadalira kwenikweni nyengo ndi nyengo. Akazi amaikira mazira okhala ndi chikasu chachikasu pang'ono. Kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa mazira omwe ali ndi wamkulu mmodzi ndi pafupifupi zidutswa 130-140 zikwi. Kuchuluka kwachonde kotereku kumalola kuti kuchuluka kwa bream kukhalebe pamlingo wokwanira ngakhale pakagwire nsomba zogulitsa.
Mazira omwe amayikidwa ndi bream wamkazi amaphatikizidwa ndi mphukira zowononga mdera lomwe nsomba imafalikira molunjika. Mazira omwe sanamangiridwe mokwanira ndi zomera za m'madzi ndipo amatuluka pamwamba amafa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo kapena amadyedwa ndi terns ndi gulls. Kuti mazira akule bwino, amayenera kukhala m'madzi, kutentha kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 10zaC kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Madzi ozizira kwambiri osungira amayambitsa kufa kwa ana a bream.
Zofunika! M'madera akumwera, bream imakula ndikukula msanga, chifukwa chake, anthu otere amakula msinkhu wazaka 3-5. Komabe, mukamapita kumalo akumpoto, zaka zakusintha kwa bream zimawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo zatha zaka 5-9.
Pambuyo pongobereka, nyama yokhwima pogonana imalumikizana m'magulu akulu okwanira, okhala ndi anthu masauzande angapo. Gulu lankhosalo limayendetsedwa kumunsi kuti likwaniritse bwino madzi, omwe amachitika m'malo omwe nsomba zimakhalamo, kuphatikiza maenje apansi ndi madera osefukira okhala ndi dothi. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa nsomba pambuyo pobala kumadziwika m'mitengo ya bango ndi udzu wokonda chinyezi, pomwe pamakhala chakudya chokwanira chokwanira.
Adani achilengedwe
Poyerekeza ndi oimira ena ambiri a nsomba za carp, bream amakula mwachangu ndipo amakula mwachangu... Zinthu zotere pakukula kwa nthumwi za mtundu wa bream ndi banja la carp zimapatsa nsomba maubwino ambiri. Choyambirira, njira zokulira msanga zimathandizira kuti muchepetse nthawi yowopsa kwambiri komanso yovuta kwambiri pamoyo wa nsomba, chifukwa kukula kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti bream azitha kupezeka mosavuta komanso nyama zosavuta kudya nyama zambiri.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa bream kumalola kuti nsomba zotere zizitha kutuluka "kukakamizidwa" kwachilengedwe kwa adani ambiri akafika zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, koma adani akulu akadali. Izi zikuphatikizapo chikho chachikulu chakumunsi, chomwe ndi chowopsa ngakhale kwa nsomba zazikulu. Chinthu china chofunikira pachiwopsezo pa moyo ndi thanzi la bream ndi mitundu yonse ya tiziromboti, kuphatikiza ligul tapeworm, yomwe imadziwika ndikutukuka kovuta. Mazira a helminths amalowa m'madzi osungira ndi chimbudzi cha mbalame zomwe zimadya nsomba, ndipo mphutsi zoswedwa zimamezedwa ndi nkhanu zambiri zomwe zimadya. Kuchokera m'matumbo a nsomba, mphutsi zimalowa mosavuta m'matumba a thupi, momwe zimakulira mwakhama ndipo zimatha kupha omwe akukhala nawo.
M'chilimwe, bream, kuwonjezera pa asodzi, nsomba zolusa ndi mbalame, amakhala ndi adani ena achilengedwe. M'madzi ofunda, nsomba zimatha kudwala kapena kukhudzidwa ndi tapeworms, komanso nthenda yayikulu ya mafinya - bronchymicosis. Komabe, ndiwodwala komanso wofowoka kwambiri womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala nyama yolandirira dziwe - ma pike achikulire ndi nkhono zazikuluzikulu, zomwe sizikhala ndi vuto lililonse ku nsomba zathanzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chiwerengero cha nthumwi za mtundu wa bream wa banja la cyprinids ndi dongosolo la carps m'madzi osiyanasiyana achilengedwe zimatha kusinthasintha, zomwe zimadalira makamaka kupambana kwa kubereka kwa pachaka.
Zinthu zabwino zoberekera bream semi-anadromous ndi kupezeka kwa kusefukira kwamadzi. Pambuyo pakukhazikitsa kayendedwe ka mitsinje yam'nyanja yakumwera zachitika, kuchuluka konse kwa malo oberekera oyenera kuswana kwachepa kwambiri.
Zofunika! Lero, mtundu wakuda wa Amur amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosawerengeka komanso wowopsa wa nsomba zamathambo, zotchedwa banja la carp ndipo zidalembedwa mu Red Book la dziko lathu.
Pofuna kuteteza masheya akuluakulu, minda yapadera yoweta nsomba yakhazikitsidwa, ndipo pali njira zomwe zatengedwa kuti apulumutse mkaka wachinyamata m'matumba osaya madzi akawonongeka ndi mitsinje. Kuonetsetsa kuti kubzala bwino kwambiri m'zipinda zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe, malo apadera oyandama amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama. Mwa zina, zisonyezo za kuchuluka kwa bream m'madamu ena zimakhudzidwa ndi miliri yamatenda osiyanasiyana a nsomba.
Mtengo wamalonda
Kusodza bream m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikochepa. Zimachitika mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira ndi magulu osodza omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, kuphatikiza zinsinsi ndi maukonde okhazikika. Mitsinje yakunja imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'dzinja. Malamulo osodza pano akupereka mwayi wogulitsa anthu ambiri a bream, omwe akuyimiridwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa malo oletsedwa asanachitike, kuwonjezeka kwa nsomba m'mbali mwa nyanja, komanso kuchepa kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ma vent ndi zinsinsi munthawi kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi mpaka Epulo 20.
Mwazina, m'malo amtsinje, nthawi yakusodza bream m'chigawochi imakulitsidwa mwalamulo, kuyambira Epulo 20 mpaka Meyi 20.... Njira zomwe zidatengedwa zidathandizira kukulitsa pang'ono mphamvu zakusodza m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi komanso kuwonjezeka kwa nsomba zam'mitsinje ndi semi-anadromous, kuphatikiza bream. Komabe, monga momwe awonera m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuyesayesa konseku mbali iyi sikutsika kwenikweni.
