Baribal, kapena chimbalangondo chakuda (Ursus amеriсanus), ndichinyama cha m'banja la Bear, dongosolo la Carnivorous ndi mtundu wa Bear. Nthawi zina chimbalangondo chakuda chimasankhidwa ngati mtundu wina wa Euarctos.
Kufotokozera za baribal
Obala ndi zimbalangondo zofala kwambiri ku North America zomwe zimakhala ndi ubweya woyambirira.... Pakadali pano pali subspecies khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, kuphatikiza Kermode ndi Glacier Bears.
Maonekedwe
Opunduka amasiyana ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira pamaso pa ubweya wakuda wosalala ndikukula pang'ono. Amuna achikulire amafika kutalika kwa 1,4-2.0 m, ndipo mbala zazikulu kwambiri zodziwika bwino zimalemera makilogalamu 363 ndipo adawomberedwa ku Wisconsin zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo. Akazi amtundu uwu ndi ocheperako - kutalika kwake ndi 1.2-1.6 m kokha ndikulemera mpaka 236 kg. Kutalika kwapakati pa wamkulu pakufota kumafika mita. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wosapitirira masentimita 10-12. Chimbalangondo chakuda chimakhalanso ndi mphuno yakuthwa ndi miyendo yake yayitali yokhala ndi mapazi achidule.
Zofunika! Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zimbalangondo zazing'ono kwambiri nthawi zina zimasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wosazolowereka, womwe umasinthidwa ndi ubweya wakuda kokha chaka chachiwiri chamoyo.
Ubweya wonyezimira wa baribal uli ndi utoto wowoneka bwino wakuda, koma pali malo owala pamphuno ndipo nthawi zina pachifuwa. Mitundu ina yosankha mitundu ndiyosowa, ndipo imatha kuyimiridwa ndi mitundumitundu ya bulauni. Litala limodzi limakhala ndi ana okhala ndi ubweya wakuda ndi bulauni.
Mitundu yosowa kwambiri imaphatikizapo "buluu", ndiye kuti, wakuda bii, ndi "woyera" kapena utoto wachikasu. Mitundu yosowa ya buluu nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "glacial bear". Oyera oyera amadziwikanso kuti Kermode kapena chilumba cha polar bear (Ursus amеriсanus kermodei).
Moyo, machitidwe
Okhala achifwamba nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama zopanda nzeru, ngakhale izi zimatha kusintha mukamabereka kapena kudyetsa. Kuti mupumule, chimbalangondo chakuda chimasankha nkhalango zokutidwa ndi masamba. Kwenikweni, m'derali mumakhala nyama kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ana awo.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'madera omwe muli magulu komanso chakudya chochuluka, anthu ambiri amasonkhana pamodzi, chifukwa chake amakhala mtundu wolowezana.
Chimbalangondo chakuda chimakhala ndi nzeru zambiri, chifukwa chake chimatha kuwonetsa chidwi, komanso chimatha kuwunika. Malinga ndi akatswiri, ma baribal ali ndi kuthekera kwachilendo kosazolowereka, komwe pakali pano sikumveka bwino.
Utali wamoyo
Zimbalangondo zakuda mwachilengedwe, zachilengedwe zimatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu, koma chifukwa chakukhudzidwa ndi zovuta, zaka za moyo wa munthu wosakhala wamtchire sizidutsa zaka khumi. Oposa 90% amafa a zimbalangondo zakuda zopitilira chaka chimodzi ndi theka akuyimiridwa ndikuwombera ndi kutchera misampha, ngozi zapamsewu zingapo komanso milandu ina yakumana ndi anthu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Poyambirira, zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala m'mapiri onse ndi madera aku North America.... Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, anthu onse anali m'gulu la anthu mamiliyoni awiri. Komabe, ambiri mwa iwo patapita kanthawi adafafanizidwa kapena kupulumuka ndi anthu. Zimbalangondo zakuda zidachoka kum'mawa, kum'mawa chakum'mawa ndi madera apakati ku United States, kotero kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika kwambiri koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo.
Malo okhala makamaka amtundu wa subspecies:
- Ursus аmеriсanus аltifrоntаlis - gawo lina la dera la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean;
- Ursus аmеriсanus аmblysers - kum'mawa kwa Montana komanso mbali ya gombe la Atlantic;
- Ursus amеriсanus califоrniеnsis - gawo lamapiri akumwera kwa California;
- Ursus аmеriсanus sarlottae - gawo la Haida-Guai;
- Ursus amеriсanus cinnamomum - ku Colorado ndi Idaho, kumadzulo kwa Wyoming ndi Montana;
- Ursus amеriсanus emmonsii - anthu okhazikika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska;
- Ziphuphu za Ursus amеriсanus - kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico.
Malo ambiri achilengedwe amagawidwa ndi chimbalangondo chakuda kapena baribal ndi chimbalangondo cha grizzly. Izi zazing'ono za zimbalangondo zofiirira zasankha mapiri akumpoto a Rocky, kumadzulo kwa Canada ndi State of Alaska. M'malo awa, gawo logawidwa kwa zimbalangondo zakuda limangochepera kokha ndi mapiri ndi kutalika kwa mita 900-3000 pamwamba pamadzi.
Zofunika! Zimbalangondo zakuda zaku Canada zimakhala gawo lalikulu lazambiri zawo, kupatula kuti ndi madera akumidzi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu pantchito zaulimi.
Chimbalangondo chakuda chaku America chimapezeka ku Mexico, mayiko makumi atatu ndi awiri aku America ndi Canada. Malinga ndi mbiri yake, a baribal adalanda pafupifupi nkhalango zonse ku North America. Pakadali pano, malo okhala mammalian ku United States amangokhala m'malo omwe mulibe anthu ambiri kapena obzalidwa nkhalango zowonda.
Zakudya zachabechabe
Zimbalangondo zakuda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamanyazi, zosachita nkhanza komanso zamanyazi.... Oyera amakhala osasankha kwathunthu pachakudya chawo, koma amadya makamaka chakudya chomera, komanso tizilombo ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana. Chimbalangondo chakuda mwachilengedwe chimadya nyama yosagwira, chifukwa chake nyama zam'thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo makamaka ngati nyama kapena chotchedwa carrion. Komabe, nyamayi sinyansidwa konse ndi kudya nyama zazing'ono zamtundu uliwonse, kuphatikiza makoswe ndi beavers, agwape ndi akalulu, komanso mbalame. Baribal amadya chakudya chokwanira m'mimba mwake, kenako amagona. Chimbalangondo chodzutsidwa chikupitanso kukasaka chakudya.
Zosakaniza pazakudya zamasamba zimasiyana kutengera nyengo ndi chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, zakudya zamasamba siziposa 80-95% yazakudya zonse. Nyama imakonda:
- mtengo;
- phulusa lamapiri;
- dogwood;
- chimbalangondo;
- cranberries;
- mabulosi abulu;
- zonona;
- rasipiberi;
- mabulosi akuda;
- ananyamuka m'chiuno;
- gooseberries;
- bedi lakumpoto;
- rosemary;
- mtedza wa paini.
M'nyengo ya masika, mozungulira Epulo kapena Meyi, mbala zimadyetsa makamaka mitundu yazomera zosiyanasiyana. Mu Juni, chakudya chochepa kwambiri cha chimbalangondo chakuda chimathandizidwa ndi tizilombo, mphutsi ndi nyerere, ndipo pomwe kumayambika nthawi yophukira, gwero lalikulu la michere limayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zipatso, bowa ndi ma acorn. Masukulu a saumoni akangoyamba kubalalika m'mitsinje ku Alaska ndi Canada, zimbalangondo zakuda zimasonkhana m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyamba kuwedza nsomba m'malo osaya madzi.
Kutha ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa chimbalangondo chakuda. Ndi kugwa komwe baribal amayenera kukhala ndi mafuta okwanira nthawi yozizira. Izi zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa akazi omwe amayenera kudyetsa nyama zazing'ono nthawi yonse yozizira. Monga lamulo, zimbalangondo zakuda zimatha kusungira mafuta ochuluka kwambiri pakudya zipatso zamtundu uliwonse, mtedza ndi ma acorn, omwe ali ndi mafuta ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Izi ndi zakudya zabwino kwambiri za zimbalangondo zomwe zimakonzekera kugona tulo.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani achilengedwe a baribal kuthengo ndi zimbalangondo zazikulu za grizzly, komanso mimbulu ndi ma cougars. Monga momwe awonera, m'malo omwe grizzlies onse acheperachepera, kuchuluka kwa osalankhula kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Osati nyama zazikuluzikulu zodya nyama, kuphatikiza mphanje, nthawi zambiri zimasaka ana aang'ono kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mbala zoyera ndizopambana kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ubweya wakuda, chifukwa chakutha kwawo kufanana ndi mitambo mumtundu wawo.
Kum'mwera kwa America, nthawi zina zimbalangondo zakuda zimawombedwa ndi anyani akuluakulu aku Mississippi. Pamtunda wapakati, mitundu yoyera yoyera imawonekera kwambiri kwa odyetsa ena ambiri, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa zinyama kuli kochepa pano.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuyambira koyambirira kwa Juni mpaka mkatikati mwa chilimwe, osankhika amakumana awiriawiri. Zimbalangondo zakuda zimayamba kukwatirana koyamba zili ndi zaka 3-5. Mimba ya mkazi imatenga masiku 180-220, pambuyo pake kuchokera kwa mwana mmodzi mpaka atatu wakhungu ndi wogontha wobadwa ndi kulemera kwa 240-330 g. Monga lamulo, nthawi yoyamwitsa imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, koma ndi wamkazi mwana wamkuluyo amakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka.
Kusiyana kwamakhalidwe pakati pa ana a chimbalangondo chakuda ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mammalia ndikuthekera kwawo kutsatira amayi awo kwa nthawi yonse banja lonse litachoka m'khola lachisanu. Pakulankhulana kwakanthawi kotere, ana osabadwa amaphunzira kuchokera kwa amayi malamulo odyetsa komanso kudziteteza.... Kusamvera kwa achichepere nthawi zambiri kumatsenderezedwa ndi kubangula koopsa kwa amayi komanso ngakhale kukwapula kwambiri. Zakudya zokwanira komanso zolimbitsa thupi zokwanira zimathandiza ana a baribal kuti akhale olemera pofika miyezi isanu ndi itatu - 6.8-9.1 kg. Ana ena amatha kukhala ndi amayi awo kwa zaka ziwiri kapena kupitirirapo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'madera ena, osankhika ndi chinthu chosakidwa, chomwe chimasangalatsa khungu lawo, osakonda nyama kapena mafuta. Nthawi zambiri kuwomberedwa kwa anthu osalabadira kumachitika chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo pakuwononga minda, minda kapena malo owetera njuchi. Anthu osakhala alendo, omwe amakonda kudya pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, nawonso amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti nkhandwe, mosiyana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira, ndi nyama yowopsa kwambiri ndipo samaukira anthu kawirikawiri.
Zofunika!Mukamakumana ndi osowa, sikoyenera kunamizira kuti wafa, monga ndi zimbalangondo wamba zofiirira, koma makamaka, kuti phokoso lalikulu kwambiri likhale lotheka.
Dera la baribal latsika kwambiri nthawi yapita, koma njira zachitetezo zapangitsa kuti kufalikiranso, makamaka mdera lamapaki ndi nkhokwe. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, tsopano pali anthu pafupifupi 600 padziko lapansi, gawo lalikulu lomwe limakhala kumadzulo kwa kontinentiyo. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, motero anthu ku Mexico, Florida ndi Louisiana akuwopsezedwabe kuti atha.
