Nyama yokongolayi yamphamvu kwambiri ndiyabwino ndi mawonekedwe ake onse. Kale anthu ankamulambira. Fano lake Tingaone pa sarcophagi m'manda akale ndi makoma a mapanga a anthu akale. Monga chizindikiro chololeza, nyamayi nthawi zonse imayimira mphamvu ndi chipiriro. Anthuwo amamutcha mwaulemu - "elk" - ndikufanana kwa mawonekedwe a nyanga ndi chida chakulima.
Dzinalo ndi "elk", kuchokera ku "ols" wakale wa Chisilavo, wopatsidwa chinyama ndi utoto wofiira wa ubweya wa ana ake. M'masiku akale, anthu aku Siberia amatcha mphalapala mophweka - "chirombo". Amwenye achi Apache aku North America ali ndi nthano yonena za agulu osochera, komanso aku Canada - za olemekezeka. Mu Vyborg, chipilala cha nkhandwe chidakhazikitsidwa, chomwe, pomupulumutsa, adapulumutsa asaka omwe adatayika m'gulu la nkhandwe.
Kufotokozera kwa Elk
Elk ndi nyama yoyamwa, ndi ya dongosolo la ma artiodactyls, gawo laling'ono la zoweta, banja la nswala ndi mtundu wa elk... Chiwerengero chenicheni cha ma elk subspecies sichinakhazikitsidwe. Zimasiyanasiyana kuyambira 4 mpaka 8. Akuluakulu mwa iwo ndi ma subspecies aku Alaska ndi East Europe, chaching'ono kwambiri ndi Ussuri, chomwe chili ndi mphalapala zomwe sizofanana ndi zazing'ono, zopanda "masamba".
Maonekedwe
M'banja la agwape, elk ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa kufota kumatha kufikira 2.35 m, kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufikira mamita atatu, ndipo kulemera kwake kungakhale makilogalamu 600 kapena kupitilira apo. Mphalapala zamphongo nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi.
Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake, mphalapala zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ena oimira banja la nswala ndi zinthu zingapo:
- thupi: thupi ndi lalifupi komanso miyendo ndi yayitali;
- nyerere: yopingasa, osati yowongoka ngati nswala;
- ali ndi hump ngati kufota;
- mutu ndi waukulu kwambiri wokhala ndi "hump-mphuno" ndi mlomo wapamwamba wam'mimba;
- Pansi pa mmero wa mphamba wamwamuna pali chotupa chofewa, mpaka 40 cm, chotchedwa "ndolo".
Chifukwa cha miyendo yayitali, mphalapala imayenera kulowa m'madzi kapena kugwada kuti iledzere. Chovala cha elk ndi chovuta kukhudza, koma chili ndi chovala chofewa, chofewa chomwe chimatenthetsa nyama nthawi yozizira. Pofika nthawi yozizira, malaya amakula masentimita 10. Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri mu mphalapala limafota komanso khosi, lomwe kunja kwake limapangitsa kuti lizioneka ngati mane ndipo limapangitsa kuti pakhale thupi lanyama. Mtundu wa malaya - ndikusintha kuchokera pakuda (kumtunda) kukhala bulauni (kumunsi) ndikuyererako - mpaka miyendo. M'chilimwe, mphalapala zimakhala zakuda kuposa nthawi yozizira.
Elk ndiye mwini wanyanga zazikulu kwambiri pakati pazinyama.... Kulemera kwake kwa nyangazi kumatha kufika makilogalamu 30 ndikukhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1.8. Amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kudzitama ndi zokongoletsera zamutuwu. Amayi achikazi nthawi zonse amakhala opanda nyanga.
Chaka chilichonse - kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira - elk amatulutsa anthete, amayenda opanda iwo mpaka masika, kenako amakula zatsopano. Akuluakulu a elk, nyanga zake zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, zimatambasula "fosholo" yawo ndi njira zazifupi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Antlers amagwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mahomoni ogonana m'mwazi wa elk kumapeto kwa nyengo yokwanira. Kusintha kwa mahomoni kumapangitsa kuti fupa lisungunuke pamalo pomwe nyanga zimalumikizana ndi chigaza. Nyanga zotayidwa zili ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndipo ndi chakudya cha makoswe ndi mbalame.
Amphongo a mphalapala amakhala ndi nyanga zazing'ono pachaka. Poyamba, ndizofewa, okutidwa ndi khungu lochepa komanso ubweya wa velvet, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chovulala ndi kulumidwa ndi tizilombo, zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri nyama. Kuzunzidwa koteroko kumatenga miyezi iwiri, kenako nyanga za ng'ombezo zimakhala zolimba, ndipo magazi amasiya.
Njira zokhetsa nyanga sizimapweteketsa nyama, koma mpumulo. M'nyengo yozizira, kumapeto kwa nyengo yokhwima, safunika ndi mphalapala, amangokhalira kusokoneza chisanu ndi kulemera kwina pamutu.
Moyo
Ma elks amakhala mokhazikika, amakonda kukhala malo amodzi ngati zinthu zili bwino komanso pali chakudya chokwanira. Zima zokhala ndi chipale chofewa komanso kusowa kwa chakudya zimawakakamiza kuti anyamuke.
Mphalapala sizimakonda chipale chofewa, zimayang'ana malo ozizira kumene chipale chofewa sichipitilira theka la mita. Choyamba, zazikazi zomwe zimakhala ndi mphalapala zimayenda panjira, zazimuna zimawatsatira. Amabwerera kuchokera kumalo ozizira nthawi yachilimwe, chipale chofewa chikayamba kusungunuka, motsata - gululi limatsogozedwa ndi amuna ndi akazi opanda ana.
Mphalapala zimatha kuyenda makilomita 15 patsiku. Mwa njira, amathamanga bwino, mpaka kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 55 pa ola limodzi.
Mphalapala sizinyama zoweta. Amakhala padera, m'modzi m'modzi kapena anthu 3-4. Amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'nyengo yozizira ndipo ndikumayambiriro kwa masika amabalalikiranso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Malo osonkhanitsira mphalapala m'malo okhala nthawi yachisanu amatchedwa "misasa" ku Russia, ndi "mayadi" ku Canada. Nthawi zina mphalapala pafupifupi 100 zimasonkhana pamsasa umodzi.
Zochita za mphalapala zimatengera nyengo, kapena, m'malo otentha. M'nyengo yotentha, mphalapala sizigwira ntchito masana, zimabisala kutentha ndi midges m'madzi, pamapiri otentha a m'nkhalango, mumthunzi wa nkhalango zowirira. Amapita kukadyetsa kutentha kukatentha - usiku.
M'nyengo yozizira, m'malo mwake, mphalapala zimadyetsa masana, ndipo usiku, kuti zizitenthedwa, zimagona m'chipale chofewa, ngati chimbalangondo m'phanga, chozimiramo, pafupifupi kwathunthu. Ndi makutu okha komanso kufota komwe kumatuluka. Kutentha kwa mphalapala kukatsika mpaka madigiri 30, nyama imafa ndi hypothermia.
Nyengo yokhotakhota yokha, mphalapala zimakhala zogwira ntchito, posatengera nthawi yamasana ndi kutentha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutentha kwa mphalapala kuchokera ku kuthamanga kwakanthawi kutentha kumatha kukwera mpaka madigiri 40 ndikubweretsa kutentha kwa nyama. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala othamangitsa achilengedwe, omwe amapangidwa mu mphalapala m'malo thukuta lokhazikika - chomwe chimatchedwa "mafuta".
Zimateteza nyama kulumidwa ndi tizilombo toyamwa magazi, timapulumutsa kuzizira, komanso timasewera nthabwala yankhanza ikatentha kwambiri. Dzozani, kutseka zotsekera pakhungu, kuteteza thupi kuti lisazizire mwachangu.
Mphalapala zimamva bwino ndipo siziona bwino... Ponena za kumva ndi kununkhiza kumapangidwa mwa elk, maso awo ndi ofowoka kwambiri. Mphalapala sizilekanitsa munthu wosayenda ndi mtunda wa mamita 20
Moose amasambira kwambiri. Nyama izi zimakonda madzi. Amazifuna zonse monga chipulumutso ku udzudzu komanso ngati gwero la chakudya. Mphalapala zimatha kusambira mpaka makilomita 20 ndipo zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kupitirira mphindi.
Elk si nyama zosemphana... Mulingo wazankhanza zawo umangowonjezeka munthawi yazovuta. Pokhapo ndiye kuti galamala amagwiritsa ntchito nyanga zake pazolinga zomwe akufuna, akumenya nkhondo ndi mnzake wamkazi. Nthawi zina, akagwidwa ndi nkhandwe kapena chimbalangondo, elk amateteza ndi miyendo yakutsogolo. Mphalapala siziukira kaye ndipo, ngati pali mwayi woti zithawe, zimathawa.
Utali wamoyo
Chilengedwe chakonzekera moyo wolimba kwa mphalapala - zaka 25. Koma pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe, chimphona chokonda mtendere ichi sichikhala zaka 12. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zolusa - mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo, matenda ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphalapala posodza. Kusaka kwa Elk kumaloledwa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Januware.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chiwerengero chonse cha elk padziko lapansi chili pafupi miliyoni ndi theka. Oposa theka la iwo amakhala ku Russia. Ena onse amakhala kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Europe - ku Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Baltic States, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway.
Ndizosangalatsa! Europe idathetsa mphalapala zawo m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19. Ndidazindikira m'zaka zapitazi zokha, nditayamba kugwira ntchito zodzitchinjiriza, ndikupha mimbulu, ndikutsitsimutsa nkhalango. Anthu a elk adabwezeretsedwanso.
Pali mphalapala kumpoto kwa Mongolia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, USA, Alaska ndi Canada. Kwa malo okhala, elk amasankha nkhalango za birch ndi paini, misondodzi ndi aspen nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, ngakhale atha kukhala m'chigawo chotchedwa tundra ndi steppe. Komabe, amakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi nkhalango zowirira.
Zakudya zamadzimadzi
Mndandanda wamphongo ndi nyengo... M'nyengo yotentha, ndi masamba a zitsamba ndi mitengo, zomera zam'madzi ndi udzu. Amakonda mapiri a phulusa, aspen, mapulo, birch, msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, nyemba zamadzi, maluwa amadzi, mahatchi, sedge, therere, therere, maambulera ataliatali. Elk sangatole udzu wawung'ono. Khosi lalifupi ndi miyendo yayitali salola. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, bowa, tchire la mabulosi abuluu ndi lingonberries, pamodzi ndi zipatso, zimalowa mu zakudya za elk. M'dzinja, amabwera ku makungwa, moss, ndere ndi masamba omwe agwa. Pofika nyengo yozizira, elk amasunthira ku nthambi ndi mphukira - zakutchire raspberries, rowan, fir, paini, msondodzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chakudya cham'masiku chilimwe cha mphalapala ndi 30 kg ya chakudya chomera, nthawi yozizira - 15 kg. M'nyengo yozizira, mphalapala zimamwa pang'ono ndipo sizidya matalala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lawo lizitentha.
Mphalapala imodzi imatha kudya matani 7 a zomera pachaka. Elk amafuna mchere ngati gwero la mchere. Amazipeza mwina m'zinyalala zamchere zokonzedwa ndi oyang'anira masewera, kapena kunyambita mchere panjira. Elk adawonedwanso akudya agarics wa ntchentche. Izi sizikumveka bwino, koma pali mtundu wina woti pang'ono bowa wakupha amathandiza nyama kutulutsa tiziromboti m'mimba. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, mphalapala zimadya amanitas panthawi yopuma - kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Palibe ambiri a iwo, opatsidwa kukula kwa elk. Pali zazikulu ziwiri zokha - nkhandwe ndi chimbalangondo. Zimbalangondo zimapha mphalapala pamene anthu anjala achoka m'mapanga awo atagona kale. Njira zaukatswiri zimasankhidwa kotero kuti mphalapala sizingathe kulimbana ndi zikhomo zake zakutsogolo. Kuti achite izi, amayesetsa kuyendetsa gombelo m'nkhalango zowirira. Mmbulu umasankha malo okhala ndi sinowo pang'ono kuti awukire. M'chipale chofewa kwambiri, chilombocho sichitha ngakhale kupeza mwana wa ng'ombe. Monga wozunzidwa, mimbulu imayesa kusankha nyama yodwala kapena yaying'ono. Mphalapala wamkulu wagwidwa ndi gulu lankhosa lokha, ndikuyandikira kumbuyo kwake.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nyengo yokwatira ya elk imayamba mu Ogasiti-Seputembala ndipo imatha miyezi iwiri... Pakadali pano, muyenera kukhala kutali ndi nyamayi. Amuna amakhala achiwawa, kuchuluka kwawo kwama mahomoni ogonana sikuwonetsedwa. Polephera kukhala tcheru ndi kusamala, amapita kumisewu, kubangula kwambiri, kukanda mitengo ndi nyanga zake, kuthyola nthambi, kupangitsa amuna ena kumenyera wamkazi. Nkhondo ya mphalapala yamphongo yayikulu iwiri ikuwoneka yowopsa ndipo ikhoza kutha ndi kumwalira kwa m'modzi wotsutsawo.
Zofunika! Elk ndi nyama yokhayokha. Samenyera ng'ombe, koma yaikazi.
Kuchokera pa kukwatira mpaka kubereka, masiku 240 amapita, ndipo mwana wa ng'ombe wamphongo amabadwa, nthawi zambiri m'modzi, osachepera awiri. Iye akadali wofooka, koma nthawi yomweyo amayesa kufika pamapazi ake. M'masabata oyamba amoyo, mwana wake amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Satha kuyenda kwa nthawi yayitali, amangopeza masamba pamlingo wokula kwake ndipo zimatengera mkaka wa amayi ake. Ndiwo mwayi wake wokha wopulumuka.
Ng'ombe zamphongo zimadyetsa ana awo mkaka kwa miyezi inayi. Mkaka wa mphalapala ndi wonenepa kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe komanso wotsekemera pang'ono. Lili ndi mapuloteni owonjezera kasanu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ng'ombe ya mphalapala imakula ndikudumphadumpha ndikumadya chakudya chotere ndipo nthawi yophukira imalemera 150-200 kg. Achichepere amatha kukhala okhwima azaka ziwiri.
Mtengo wamalonda
Elk ndi nyama yamasewera... Zimakhala zoweta mosavuta. Ng'ombe yamphongo yakutchire, itatha kudya koyamba, imalumikizidwa ndi munthu moyo wonse. Mphalapala zamphongo zazolowera msanga zizolowera mkaka. Mkaka wamtengo wapatali umakhala wamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha zakudya zake ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, chifukwa cha matenda am'mimba. Kwa nthawi imodzi yoyamwitsa - miyezi inayi - ng'ombe yamphongo imapereka pafupifupi malita 500 a mkaka. Ma elks amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mapiri. Amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ndi kukwera. Amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso ofunikira m'malo ovuta kudutsa komanso nthawi yachisanu.
Pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, panali gulu lapadera pagulu lankhondo la Budyonny, omwe omenyera ake adakwera pagulu lonyansa kudutsa madambo ovuta aku Ukraine ndi Belarus. Izi zidatengedwa pankhondo ya Soviet-Finnish ndipo zidachita bwino kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anthu a ku Sweden amagwiritsa ntchito zitosi za mphalapala kuti apange mapepala osawononga zachilengedwe, omwe ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Nyama ya Elk imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masoseji osuta ndi zakudya zamzitini. Kanyamaka kamagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala. A biologically yogwira mankhwala ndi olekanitsidwa ndi anthete.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Elk sanalembedwe mu International Red Book kapena Red Book of the Russian Federation. Pakadali pano, kusungidwa kwake ndikovuta kwambiri.
