Kingfishers (lat. Malinga ndi nthano yosangalatsa kwambiri, chiyambi cha dzinali ndichifukwa cha dzina lolakwika la mbalame yomwe imakhala ndikukweza anapiye m'mabowo adothi - shrew.
Kufotokozera kwa kingfisher
Kingfishers (Аlcedinidae) ndi banja lalikulu la mbalame, koma mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'madera otentha ndi otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imapezeka kumalo ozizira kwambiri ku South ndi North America.
Maonekedwe
Banja la Kingfisher limaphatikizapo mbalame zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri zokongola komanso zokongola.... Mbali yayikulu ya mbalame zotere imayimiriridwa ndi mlomo waukulu komanso wamphamvu, komanso miyendo yayifupi. Mawonekedwewo amasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa nyama, choncho, anthu omwe amadyetsa nsomba ali ndi mulomo wakuthwa komanso wowongoka, pomwe ku kookabara ndikokwanira mokwanira osati motalika kwambiri, kusinthidwa kuti aphwanye nyama monga nyama kapena amphibiya ang'onoang'ono. Mitundu yomwe imagwira ntchito yokhala ndi nyongolotsi komanso nzika zapadziko lapansi ili ndi mulomo wokhala ndi nsonga yofanana ndi mbedza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukhalapo kwa mtundu wowala wa lalanje pamimba kumachitika chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mitundu yapadera ya ma carotenoid m'mapiko, ndipo nthenga zina zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera zimawonetsera mawonekedwe owoneka, chifukwa chake, ali ndi mtundu wabuluu ndi chitsulo chachitsulo.
Mosasamala kanthu za mitunduyi, mamembala onse am'banja la Kingfisher amadziwika ndi miyendo yayifupi kwambiri yokhala ndi zala zakuphazi m'mbali yayitali. Kukula kwa mbalame za Alcedinidae kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri zimaimiridwa ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya nkhalango zaku Africa (Ispidina lacontei). Kutalika kwa mbalameyi sikupitilira masentimita 10 ndikulemera kopitilira 10 g. Mwa mamembala akulu kwambiri pabanjali ndi Pied Giant Kingfisher (Megaseryle makhima), komanso kookabara woseketsa (Daselo novaeguineae), wotalika masentimita 38-40 ndi kulemera kwa 350-400 g.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Amphaka akuluakulu amakhala mdera lawo makamaka osakonda. Dera loterolo limaphatikizaponso gawo lam'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupifupi kilomita imodzi. Mlendo aliyense yemwe amapezeka mdera lotetezedwa amachotsedwa pankhondo. Pofika nyengo yozizira, amphaka amasiya malo awo, ndikusamukira kumwera mpaka masika.
Ndi ma kingfisher angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi ya moyo wa mbalame zachilengedwe zomwe zalembedwa lero ndi pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu.
Mitundu ya Kingfisher
Malinga ndi malingaliro a olemba osiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu imaperekedwa ku mtundu wa Alsedo, koma malinga ndi International Union of Ornithologists ndizotheka kusiyanitsa:
- Mbalame yodziwika bwino kapena buluu (lat. Аlcedо а izi) Ndi mbalame yaying'ono yomwe ndi yaying'ono kuposa mpheta wamba. Oimira mitundu iyi ali ndi nthenga zowala, zonyezimira komanso zobiriwira pamwambapa, zokhala ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono pamapiko ndi kumutu. Mbalameyi imatulutsa kulira kwakanthawi kochepa ngati "tyip-tyip-tyip". Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo tinthu tating'ono tating'ono - kukhala pansi ndi kusamuka;
- Asodzi otambalala (lat. Аlcedо Еuryzona) - Mbalame zaku Asiya zokhala ndi pakhosi loyera, mutu wakuda wabuluu ndi nsonga za mapiko, mawere oyera kapena lalanje, m'mimba komanso mkati mwa mapiko. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo tinthu tating'ono ting'ono;
- Mafinifishi akuluakulu (lat. Аlcedо hеrсules) - Mbalame zaku Asia, zomwe ndizoyimira zazikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wakuda, mutu wabuluu, mbali yakumtunda yakuda yamapiko, khosi loyera, chifuwa chofiira, mimba ndi kumunsi kwamapiko;
- Akatswiri ofufuza akuda (lat. Alcedo Meninting) - mbalame zaku Asia, zomwe zimawoneka ngati mbalame wamba wamba. Chosiyanitsa chachikulu ndi nthenga za buluu kumtunda ndi nthenga zowala za lalanje kumunsi kwa thupi. Masamba asanu ndi limodzi amapatsidwa mtundu uwu;
- Mfuti yotchedwa Turquoise (lat. Alcedo quаdribrashys) Ndi mbalame yaku Africa yomwe ili ndi mulomo wakuda, mutu wabuluu, mbali yakumtunda yakuda yamapiko, khosi loyera, chifuwa chofiira, mimba ndi kumunsi kwa mapiko. Mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo ma subspecies awiri.
Komanso, ndi akatswiri a International Union of Ornithologists, mtundu wa Alsedo umaphatikizapo Little Blue Kingfishers (Alsedo coerulesens) ndi Cobalt, kapena semi-collared kingfisher (Alsedo semitorquata).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Subpecies of the common kingfisher amapezeka ku Eurasia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku New Zealand ndi Indonesia, komanso ku New Guinea ndi Solomon Islands. Asodzi a mambawa amakhala ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ku Southeast Asia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi nthumwi zonse za mtundu wa Kingfisher ndizofala kwambiri ndipo zimakhala mdera la Africa, madera akumwera kwa Europe ndi Asia, Australia ndi New Guinea, komanso Solomon Islands. M'dera la dziko lathu, pali mitundu isanu yoyimiriridwa ndi tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono.
Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zazikuluzikulu zimakhala m'mitsinje ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ku Southeast Asia. Mitunduyi imachokera ku Himalayan Sikkim kupita pachilumba cha China cha Hainan. Oimira magulu onse a Blue-eared Kingfisher amakhala m'malo oyandikira mitsinje ndi matupi amadzi, posankha nkhalango zowirira zobiriwira nthawi zonse. Asodzi a mbalame zotchedwa turquoise amakhala m'nkhalango yotentha ya ku Central ndi West Africa.
Zakudya za Kingfisher
Gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha nankapakapa chimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono, kuphatikiza barbel, grayling, rockfisher, char ndi minnow. Mbalame zimasaka nyama zoterezi zitabisala. Ngati ndi kotheka, asodzi okhala ndi nthenga mofunitsitsa amagwira nsomba zazing'ono, tizirombo, achule ndi tadpoles... Mbalame yotchedwa kingfisher imakhala yosasunthika pamitengo kapena masamba a udzu wopachikidwa pamadzi, kapena imagwiritsa ntchito miyala ndi malo opumira m'mbali mwa nyanja ngati kubisalira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyamayo idadabwitsidwa ndimikwapulo ingapo yamphamvu pamitengoyi, ndipo mbalamezi zimazigwira ndi mulomo wake ndikuyamba kumeza mutu. Mafupa ndi masikelo a nsomba amabwezeretsedwanso pakapita nthawi ndi kingfisher.
Nyamayo imatha kumusaka kwa nthawi yayitali, pambuyo pake mbalameyo imalowa m'madzi mwachangu ndikumira. Nyamayo ikagwidwa pakamwa pake, mbalamezi zimabwerera ku mphako kapena pamalo pomwe zimayang'anapo. Chifukwa cha kulimba mwamphamvu kwamapiko olimba komanso ofupikirako, mbalame imatha kunyamuka mwachangu mlengalenga.
Adani achilengedwe
Oimira banja la Kingfisher, dongosolo la Raksheiformes ndi mtundu wa Kingfisher alibe adani, koma mbalame zazing'ono komanso zosalimbikitsidwa kwathunthu zimatha kukhala nyama yolandidwa ndi mphamba ndi mphamba. Alenje m'mayiko ena nthawi zambiri amasaka ma kingfisher ndikupanga nyama zodzaza ndi zikho zawo. Ngakhale kuti ma kingfisher alibe adani achilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zoterezi zikuchepa, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa nkhalango ndi matupi amadzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma kingfisher onse ali mgulu la mbalame zokhazikika, koma pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu omwe amabereka mabanja angapo nthawi imodzi. Kuti awiriawiri apange, yamphongo imapereka nsomba yomwe yagwidwa kwa wamkazi. Ngati mphatso yotereyo ilandiridwa, ndiye kuti banja limapangidwa. Zogawika zimapangidwa kokha kwakanthawi kochepa, ndipo nthawi yachisanu ikayamba, amphaka amagawanika ndikuuluka nthawi yozizira padera. Komabe, nthawi yachilimwe mbalame zotere zimabwerera ku chisa chawo chakale, ndipo awiriwo amakumananso.
Kingfisher amakumba chisa chake m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi kwambiri ndi dziwe. Bowo kapena khomo la chisa limabisika ndi nthambi za mitengo kapena zitsamba, komanso mizu yazomera. Mtunda woyenera pakati pa zisa zadothi zama peyala osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri umakhala 0,3-1.0 km kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Chisa chofika mita imodzi, wokonzeka kwathunthu kusunthiramo, chimakhala ndi malo opingasa. Mtundu uwu wa "dzenje la mbalame" umamalizidwa ndikulumikiza kwapadera - chipinda chodyera, koma chopanda pogona.
Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala ndi mazira oyera ndi owala 4-11, koma nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo sikupitilira mazira 5-8... Mazira amasamalidwa ndi makolo awiri kwa milungu itatu, pambuyo pake anapiye akhungu komanso opanda nthenga amabadwa. Mbalame zimakula msanga kwambiri komanso zimakulitsa kulemera, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zakudya monga mphutsi zamitundu yonse ya tizilombo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene anabadwa, atakula ndi kupeza nyonga, anapiye a mbambande amayamba kutuluka mumtsinje wa makolo. Mbalame zazing'ono sizikhala ndi nthenga zonyezimira ndipo ndi zochepa poyerekeza ndi achikulire.
Kwa masiku angapo, nyama zazing'ono zimauluka ndi makolo awo, omwe panthawiyi amapitilizabe kudyetsa anawo. Mikhalidwe yabwino mokwanira imalola asodzi a mfumukazi kupanga cholumikizira chachiwiri ndikulera ana awo amodzi, okonzeka kuthawa palokha kuyambira pakati pa mwezi watha wa chilimwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mbalame yodziwika bwino imakhala yosavutitsa. Pafupifupi anthu mazana atatu amakhala ku Europe kokha, ndipo chiwerengerochi m'maiko ambiri pakadali pano sichokhazikika. Komabe, kingfisher imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Buryatia, ndipo zomwe zikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu sizikudziwika pakadali pano.
