Sable (Martes zibellina) ndi munyama wa m'banja la mustelidae (Mustelidae). Yemwe akuyimira dongosolo la Carnivores ndi mtundu wa Martes (Martes), samasiyana kokha ndi kukongola kwakunja, komanso ndi ubweya wodabwitsa kwambiri.
Sable kufotokoza
Chifukwa cha ubweya wake wokongola, wolimba komanso wotsika mtengo, mphangayi idatchulidwanso - "mfumu ya ubweya wakutchire" kapena "golide wofewa". Asayansi azindikira pafupifupi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yamasabata ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ubweya waubweya, komanso kukula kwake. Mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi mitundu ya Barguzin (Martes zibellina rrinsers), yomwe imapezeka nthawi zambiri kum'mawa kwa gombe la Baikal.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'chilengedwe, chilengedwe, pali phanga loyera, lomwe ndi nthumwi yosowa kwambiri ya banja la Kunya ndipo limakhala m'nkhalango yosadutsa.
Sable-barguzin ali ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri pakhungu, komanso ubweya wofewa komanso wosalala... Subspecies wonyezimira kwambiri wokhala ndi ubweya wofunda komanso wamfupi amaperekedwa:
- Zigawo za Sakhalin (Martes zibellina sahalinensis);
- Mitundu ya Yenisei (Martes zibellina yenisejensis);
- Sayan subspecies (Martes zibellina sаjаnensis).
Yakable sable (Martes zibellina jakutensis) ndi kamchatka subspecies (Martes zibellina kamtshadalisa) alibe ubweya wamtengo wapatali.
Maonekedwe
Kutalika kwakutali kwa mphanga yayikulu sikupitilira masentimita 55-56, mchira mpaka 19-20 cm. Kulemera kwa thupi lamwamuna kumasiyana pakati pa 0,88-1.8 kg, ndi akazi - osapitirira 0.70-1.56 kg.
Mtundu wa khungu lonyika umakhala wosiyanasiyana, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwake konse kumadziwika ndi mayina apadera:
- "Mutu" - uwu ndiye mdima wakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi wakuda;
- "Ubweya" ndi mtundu wosangalatsa, wowala kwambiri, wachikasu wachikasu kapena mithunzi.
Ndizosangalatsa!Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mphalapala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa akazi, ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a kulemera konse kwa thupi.
Mwazina, pali mitundu ingapo yapakatikati, kuphatikiza "kolala", yomwe imaphatikiza bwino malankhulidwe a bulauni ndi kupezeka kwa lamba wakuda kumbuyo, komanso mbali zopepuka ndi pakhosi lalikulu, lowala pakhosi. Nyamayo yokhala ndi mphuno yowongoka komanso yosongoka, ili ndi makutu amakona atatu ndi zikhasu zazing'ono. Mchira ndi waufupi wokutidwa ndi ubweya wofewa, wofewa. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalacho chimaphimba zikhomo komanso zikhadabo. Nyama zimasungunuka kamodzi pachaka.
Moyo wapamwamba
Khalidwe lodziwika bwino komanso lofala m'chigawo chonse cha Siberia ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri komanso yolimba mwamphamvu chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Sable wazolowera moyo wapadziko lapansi. Monga lamulo, nyamakazi yodya nyama imasankha malo ake okhala kumtunda kwa mitsinje yamapiri, nkhalango zowirira zambiri, komanso zotchingira miyala. Nthawi zina, nyama imatha kukwera pamutu wa mitengo. Nyamayo imayenda mothandizidwa ndi kudumpha kwamtundu, komwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 0.3-0.7 m. Ubweya wothira mwachangu kwambiri salola kuti mphanga isambe.
Sable amatha kusiya njira zazikulu komanso zophatikizika, ndipo zithunzi zawo zimayambira 5 × 7 cm mpaka 6 × 10. Masentimita a nyama zakutchire amatha kukwera mitengo yazitali komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, komanso amakhala ndi kumva komanso kununkhiza kwabwino. Komabe, kuwona kwa nyamayi kumakhala kofooka, ndipo kuchuluka kwamawu sikokwanira ndipo magawo ake amafanana ndi mphaka wa mphaka. Khola limatha kusuntha mosavuta ngakhale pachikuto chofewa cha chisanu. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya chinyama imadziwika m'mawa, komanso madzulo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati khola kapena chisa cha khola chili pansi, ndiye kuti nthawi yachisanu ikayamba, ngalande yapadera yayitali yolowera ndikutuluka imakumba chisanu ndi nyama.
Pazinyalala zazikulu zonse, chisa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chimakhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana: pansi pamtengo wogwa, pansi pamtengo, kapena pansi pamiyala yayikulu. Pansi pa malo oterowo pamakhala fumbi lamatabwa, udzu, nthenga ndi moss. Nyengo yoyipa, mphanga sasiya chisa chake, momwe kutentha kumakhazikika pa 15-23zaC. Chipinda chogona chimakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi dzenje. Zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse, chisa chakale chimasinthidwa ndi chatsopano.
Utali wamoyo
Mu ukapolo, khola limasungidwa pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu... Mwachilengedwe, nyamayi yodya nyama imatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zakunja, kusapewedwa kwa matenda owopsa kwambiri, komanso chiopsezo chokumana ndi adani ambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Pakadali pano, mphalapala zakutchire zimapezeka konse m'chigawo chonse cha taiga mdziko lathu, kuyambira ku Urals mpaka kugombe la Pacific Ocean, kufupi ndi kumpoto komanso mpaka kumapeto kwa masamba omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango. Nyama zodya nyamazi zimakonda kukhala m'malo amdima okhathamira kwambiri, koma makamaka zimakonda mkungudza wakale.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati mapiri ndi madera akumidzi a taiga, komanso mitengo ya mkungudza ndi birch, miyala yamiyala, nkhalango, mapiko amphepo ndi kufikira kumtunda kwa mitsinje yamapiri ndizachilengedwe ku phanga, ndiye kuti nyama yodya nyama imapewa kukhazikika pamapiri osabereka.
Komanso, nyamayi imapezeka ku Japan, mdera la chilumba cha Hokkaido. Lero, m'madera akum'mawa a Urals, mawonekedwe osakanizidwa a mphanga ndi marten, wotchedwa "kidus", amakumana nthawi ndi nthawi.
Zakudya zazing'ono
Sable makamaka amasaka padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu ndi nyama zodziwa zambiri sizikhala ndi nthawi yocheperako kufunafuna chakudya poyerekeza ndi nyama zazing'ono. Chakudya chofunikira kwambiri chofunikira ndi:
- nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikiza ma voles ndi ma shrew, mbewa ndi ma pikas, agologolo ndi hares, chipmunks ndi moles;
- mbalame, kuphatikiza ma grouse and grouse, ma hazel grows ndi odutsa, ndi mazira awo;
- tizilombo, kuphatikizapo njuchi ndi mphutsi zawo;
- mtedza wa paini;
- zipatso, kuphatikizapo rowan ndi buluu, lingonberry ndi mabulosi abulu, mbalame yamatcheri ndi currant, rosehip ndi cloudberry;
- zomera ngati rosemary yamtchire;
- zovunda zosiyanasiyana;
- uchi wa njuchi.
Ngakhale kuti mphalapala umakwera mitengo bwino kwambiri, nyama yotere imatha kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo wina kupita kwina pokhapokha ngati pali nthambi zomangika zolimba, chotero chakudya chobzala chimakhala chochepa.
Adani achilengedwe
Pongofuna chakudya chawo, palibe mbalame yodya nyama kapena nyama zomwe zimasaka nyama. Komabe, nyamayi ili ndi omwe amapikisana nawo pakudya, ermine ndi columnar. Iwo, pamodzi ndi masabata, amadya mitundu yonse ya mbewa ngati mbewa, ndipo amatha kumenyera nyama.
Gulu lalikulu lomwe lili pachiwopsezo pakati pa masabata limayimilidwa ndi anthu ocheperako, komanso nyama zakale kwambiri zomwe zataya liwiro poyenda. Nyama yofooka imatha kugwidwa ndi chilombo chilichonse chachikulu. Khwangwala wachinyamata nthawi zambiri amaphedwa ndi ziwombankhanga ndi akabawi, komanso akadzidzi ndi mbalame zina zikuluzikulu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, mphalapala zimangokhala mokhaokha. Monga lamulo, kukula kwa dera lililonse la nyama zoyamwitsa zimasiyanasiyana ma 150-2000 ha. Gawoli limatetezedwa kwambiri ndi eni eni tsambalo ku zovuta za alendo osadziwika pafupifupi nthawi zonse, kupatula nthawi yobereketsa. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna amamenyera wina ndi mnzake mkazi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndewu zoterezi ndizankhanza komanso zamagazi.
Nyengo yogwirira ntchito imayimilidwa ndi magawo awiri. Mu February kapena March, nyama zolusa zimayamba nyengo yomwe amati ndi yachinyengo, ndipo yowona imagwa pa Juni kapena Julayi. Amayi apakati amadzikonzekeretsa okha ndipo amatenga zisa m'mabowo a mitengo kapena pansi pa mizu yayikulu yazomera. Chisa chotsirizidwa kwathunthu chimadzaza ndi udzu, ubweya kapena ubweya wa makoswe angapo odyedwa. Mimba ya khola ili ndi gawo lalitali la chitukuko, ndipo ili miyezi isanu ndi inayi mpaka khumi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masamba amakula msinkhu pazaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu, ndipo zaka zoberekera mu ukapolo zimatha, mpaka zaka khumi.
Mkazi amateteza ana ake mosadzikonda, kotero amatha kuwukira ngakhale agalu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi chisa ndi ana. Ndowe zosokonezeka za mkazi zimasamutsidwa msanga kupita ku chisa china, chotetezeka bwino.
Monga lamulo, zinyalala imodzi imabereka ana agalu atatu mpaka asanu osaposera kutalika kwa 11.0-11.5 cm, wolemera pafupifupi 30 g.Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, ana agalu amatsegula makutu awo kwathunthu, ndi maso awo - mwezi kapena pang'ono pambuyo pake. Ana amayamba kusiya chisa chawo ali ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ndipo kale mu Ogasiti, ma sables omwe amakula amakhala ndi ufulu wathunthu ndikusiya amayi awo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ma sables amakhala mochuluka m'magawo kuyambira Pacific Ocean mpaka Scandinavia, koma lero nyama zobala ubweya zotere sizipezeka konse m'maiko aku Europe. Chifukwa cha kusodza kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi, kuchuluka konse, komanso kuchuluka kwa masabata, kwatsika kwambiri. Zotsatira zakupha ziweto zonse zinali zomwe akuti - "zatsala pang'ono kutha".
Pofuna kuteteza kuchuluka kwa nyama zakutchire zonyamula ubweya, zidachitapo kanthu zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza ma sabelo m'malo osungidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwanso m'malo oyambilira. Pakadali pano, boma la anthu sable m'malo ambiri mdziko lathu, kuphatikiza dera la Troitsko-Pechora, silimayambitsa nkhawa zazikulu. Mu 1970, anthu anali pafupifupi 200 zikwi, kotero mphangayi idaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book (IUCN).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kwazaka makumi asanu zapitazi, ma sables adakwanitsa kulamulira bwino nkhalango zamitengo yakuda yomwe ili pafupi ndi phiri la Ural, ndipo chilombocho chimasakidwa mokwanira popanda kuthandizidwa ndi boma lazachuma.
Komabe, kuti akwaniritse bwino kukolola kotsekemera, adaganiza zopitilizabe kusaka osaka nyama zosaloledwa za mtundu waukulu wa ubweya wakutchire. Ndikofunikanso kuwongolera zokolola pakalibe kusamuka kwa nyama zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zingalole kusunga masaka m'malo osaka.
