Chovala chowoneka bwino cha jay sichingafanane konse ndi kukongola kwa nthenga za mbalame zina zakunja, komanso kuthekera kwake kutsanzira mawu osiyanasiyana, mbalame yotchedwa mockingbird ya m'nkhalango imapikisana bwino ndi anzawo omwe ali ndi nthenga. Khalidwe lake ndi zizolowezi zake ndizosangalatsa makamaka kwa owonera mbalame za novice: phokoso, mawu, koma nthawi yomweyo jay wosamala amatha kumveka pafupipafupi kuposa momwe amawonera.
Kulongosola kwa Jay
Jay sangatchedwe mbalame yaying'ono: ndiyokulirapo kawiri kuposa nyenyezi, kutalika kwa thupi lake kuchokera pakamwa mpaka mchira pafupifupi 40 cm, ndipo mapiko ake amafikira theka la mita. Kulemera kwake kwa jay ndikochepa ndipo kumafikira 170-200 g... Ikakhala panthambi, mbalameyo imawoneka yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi yomwe ikuuluka.
Maonekedwe
Nthenga zokongola modabwitsa, zokongola kwambiri za mbalameyi:
- mutu umakongoletsedwa ndi kachilombo kakang'ono koma kowala kwakuda, komwe kumasiyana ndi zokongoletsa zoyera pamphumi ndi korona;
- kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi zimasungidwa mumiyala yamtengo wapatali ndi pinki, ikumayang'ana mithunzi yakuda pachifuwa ndi pamimba;
- chowala kwambiri, pafupifupi mbali yoyera yapakati pakhosi, yokutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ikuyenda mmbali mwa mandible;
- mikono yake idapangidwa utoto wowala wa azure, ndipo "magalasi" awa amawoloka ndi zikoti zazifupi zakuda;
- nthenga pamapiko kumtunda kwa utoto wonyezimira, kumapeto - wakuda;
- Nthenga zoyera za mchira wakumpoto zimadulidwa ndi nthenga zakuda za mchira wawung'ono wolunjika.
Mu anapiye, utoto umakhala ndi zotchinga zochulukirapo kuposa mbalame zazikulu, ndipo korona ndi mphako sizosiyana kwenikweni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Achinyamata nawonso amasiyana mu iris yakuda bii, pomwe abale achikulire ali ndi maso ofiira. Mwinanso, kusintha kwamitundu ya iris kumakhala ngati chisonyezo kwa omwe angakhale nawo paubwenzi wokonzeka kukwatirana.
Maonekedwe a nthenga ndi osalala, otayirira. Mutu wokulirapo umakhala ndi mlomo wachidule wakuthwa, pomwe mulomo wapamwambawo ndi wokulirapo kuposa wapansi. Miyendo ndi yayitali, zala zakuthwa zimathera ndi zikhadabo zing'onozing'ono. Kusiyana kwakugonana kwakunja (dimorphism) kwa mbalame kumafotokozedwa moperewera ndipo kumangokhala mulingo wokulirapo wamwamuna.
Jay moyo
Ngakhale nthenga zowala komanso moyo wamasana nthawi zambiri sizimalola kuti muwone ma jays m'malo awo achilengedwe. Mbalame zimakhala zosamala komanso zamanyazi. Pochita chidwi ndi kaphokoso kakang'ono ndikuyenda pafupi nawo, amabisala mwachangu munthambi zowirira, ndikudziwitsa abale awo ena zaopseza ndi kulira kwa alamu. Phokoso lamphamvu lomwe mbalame zimatulutsa limatsagana ndi kuyenda kwa chinthu chowopsa kwanthawi yayitali. Kuti akhale tcheru kwambiri, ma jays amatchedwa alonda nkhalango.
Nyimbo ya jay yake siyamamvekedwe kapena yomvekera bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi likhweru losamveka, ndikudina, ndikung'ung'udza. Koma talente yayikulu ya mbalame yotchedwa mockingbird imalola mbalameyi kuti iphatikize mu nyimbo zake zotsanzira nyimbo za mbalame zina ndikumveka kwa m'nkhalango. Kubwerera kunkhalango atakhala pafupi ndi nyumba zakumidzi, ma jays amatha kutsanzira kulira kwa nkhosa, kuchepa kwa mphaka, khungwa la galu, kulira kwa nkhwangwa, komanso khomo la zitseko. Anthu omwe amakhala mu ukapolo amatha kutulutsa mawu osavuta omwe munthu amalankhula, ndikubwereza osati mawu okha, komanso matchulidwe.
Mbalame zimathera tsiku lawo lonse kufunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri samatsikira pansi kapena kuwuluka mtunda wautali, amakonda kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo otetezeka pakati ndi kumtunda kwa nkhalango. Kuthawira kwawo pamalo otseguka kumatha kuwoneka kochedwa komanso kovuta. Komabe, mayendedwe othamangitsikawa, omwe amachitidwa ndi kusinthana kwa zikwapu ndi kutsetsereka, ndiosavuta kusuntha mbalame pamtunda wawutali.
Chaka chonse, ma jays amakhala awiriawiri, osakwatiwa m'mitundu ina... Pang'ono pang'ono, kuyambira anthu 20 mpaka 30, amasonkhana m'magulu okha madzulo a dzinja, atatha kulera anawo. Izi zimalola ma jays kutaya kutentha pang'ono pakagwa nyengo yoyipa, akabisala mgulu lonse m'magulu a ma conifers. Kutengera ma subspecies komanso moyo, moyo wa jay ukhoza kukhala wosakhazikika kapena wokhalitsa. Mwambiri, ma jay ali ndi zinthu zabwino zosintha. Kuphatikiza ndi malingaliro okhwima, izi zimalola mbalame zakutchire kuti zizolowere ngakhale m'malo osakhala bwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kuchenjera kwawo, ma jays amapeza njira zambiri zopangira kukhalapo kwawo kosavuta. Samanyalanyaza nyama zosavuta kudya, kuwononga makeke a agologolo ndi zisa za mbalame zina, kuba zitsamba za mbatata, kaloti ndi beets zomwazikana m'minda kuti ziume, kuwononga minda yamphesa ndi minda kufunafuna zokometsera zokoma.
Koma umboni wowonekera bwino wanzeru za jay ndi momwe amachotsera ma ectoparasites. Mbalameyo imapita kuchiswechi (okhalamo ayenera kukhala a banja la a Formicinae) ndikuyipondaponda kapena kungokhala pamwamba. Wokwiyitsidwa ndi kuchezera kosayembekezereka, tizilombo timagunda mlendo yemwe sanamuitane, ndikupopera acid kuchokera kuzilonda zakupha. Polowa mu nthenga ndi kuyamwa mofulumira, chimbudzi chimapha tiziromboti timene timakwiyitsa jay. Oyang'anira mbalame amakhala ndi nthawi yapadera yakukonzekeretsa kotereku - kumenyetsa (kutenthetsa).
Utali wamoyo
M'malo awo achilengedwe, nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa jays ndi zaka 5-7. Pansi pa nyengo yabwino komanso nyengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chakudya chokwanira, pamakhala milandu pomwe jay amakhala zaka 16-17. Mbalame zomwe zimatengedwa mchisa adakali aang'ono zimabwereketsa zoweta zoweta ndipo, ngati zodyetsedwa bwino, zosamalidwa ndikusungidwa m'makola akulu kapena mndende, zimatha kukhala muukapolo zaka 18-20.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Jays amatha kuwona kulikonse ku Europe, kuphatikiza Scandinavia ndi madera akumpoto a Russia... Malo omwe mbalamezi zimagawidwa zimaphatikizaponso Caucasus, Asia Minor, kumpoto kwa Iran ndi kontinenti ya Africa, zigawo zakumwera za Siberia, ndi madera akumpoto a Mongolia Altai. Pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula malo otentha otentha, ma jays amakhala ku Far East. Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zisanatchulidwe kontrakitala, lero zimapezekanso pazilumbazi: mitundu yodziwika imadziwika yomwe imapanga malo okhala ku Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Crete, zilumba zaku Greek, Sakhalin, South Kuriles komanso gawo la Kamchatka. Nthawi zambiri, ma jays samapita pandege zazitali, amapulumuka nthawi yozizira m'malo awo okhazikika ndikuwasiya pokhapokha ngati mbewu zalephera kwambiri kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Chifukwa chake, kusuntha kwa ma jays sikucitika pafupipafupi, ndipo zingakhale zolondola kunena kuti ena mwa anthuwa ndi osamuka, ena amangokhala komanso osamukasamuka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kufalikira komanso kufalikira kwa ma jay kumawonetsedwa ndi kupezeka kwa mbalamezi ngati otchulidwa m'nthano za anthu osiyanasiyana, kuyambira Oceania mpaka Norway komanso kuchokera ku Japan mpaka Britain. Mwachitsanzo, Asilavo ali ndi chikhulupiriro chotere. Mbalame Iriy (Vyri) ndi malo omwe mbalame zimauluka nthawi yozizira, zimatsagana ndi mizimu ya anthu akufa pakuyenda kwawo.
Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, zipata za Iriy zimatsegulidwa, ndipo adokowe akuthamangira kudziko lapansi lodzuka, atanyamula ana obadwa kumene kudziko lapansi. Mbalame zitatu zokha ndizomwe zili ndi makiyi anyumba yodabwitsa iyi - the nightingale, the swallow and jay, omwe ndi oyamba kuwonekera ku Iria ndipo omaliza kubwerera kuchokera kumeneko. Malo okhala ma jay amaphatikizidwa ndi nkhalango, makamaka nkhalango za thundu komanso mapiri osakanikirana. Kum'mwera, mbalame zimakhalanso pakati pa tchire. Momwemonso, mitunduyi imagawidwa kuchokera kumadera otsika kupita ku lamba lamatabwa lamapiri, osapitilira pafupifupi 1600 m.
Zakudya za mbalame za Jay
Maziko a zakudya za jays ndi chakudya chomera... Nthawi zambiri, zipatso zamtengo wapatali zimagwera mumakhola olimba, omwe mbalame zimagawanika mochenjera ndi m'mbali mwa mulomo. Jays amawonjezera menyu omwe amawakonda ndi mtedza ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana - raspberries, strawberries, lingonberries, phulusa lamapiri. Ngati sizingatheke kupeza mitengo yamtengo wapatali m'nkhalango za oak, jays amadyetsa mbewu za oats, tirigu, mpendadzuwa, nandolo, ndikukolola m'minda. Kuyambira pakati pakatikati mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ma jays amaphatikiza "zakudya" zatsopano m'zakudya zawo. Chakudya chachikulu cha mbalame panthawiyi ndi tizirombo tazilombo:
- kafadala wamkuwa;
- kukung'amba tsamba;
- barbel;
- Mulole kafadala;
- ziwombankhanga;
- mbozi za silika;
- mphutsi za sawfly.
Nthawi zina, ma jay amatha kuwonetsa zachilengedwe, kenako makoswe ang'onoang'ono, achule, abuluzi komanso mbalame zazing'ono - zoyera zoyera, mawere, zigwede, ophulika aimvi, komanso ana awo amakhala chakudya chawo. Koma ndi ma subspecies ena okha omwe amakhala motere, ma acorn amakhalabe amakonda kwambiri ma jay aku Europe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Jay ali ndi chizolowezi chosunga zinthu kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Amadzaza thumba lake la hyoid ndi chakudya chomwe chapezeka, chomwe chimamupatsa mwayi wosamutsira nyama yake kumalo obisika pansi pa khungwa la mitengo, m'mitengo kapena masamba. M'matumba oterewa, mpaka makilogalamu 4 azakudya zosiyanasiyana nthawi zina amatengedwa. Nthawi zina mbalame zimayiwala za komwe zimabisala, kenako zomwe zili mkati mwake, zikumera, zimatulutsa mitengo yayikulu ya thundu ndi mtedza.
M'nyengo yozizira, pomwe nkosatheka kupeza chakudya m'nkhalango kuchokera pansi pa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, ma jays amatha kuwona pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu kunja kwa midzi ngakhale m'malire a mzinda, komwe amapita kukafunafuna chakudya. Mitundu ina, pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya chachilengedwe, imakhala yolumikizana, ndiye kuti, amakhala pafupi ndi anthu.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale atakhala osamala komanso kutha kubisala mwachangu, m'malo awo achilengedwe, ma jays amavutika ndi kuwukira kwa adani - goshawks, akadzidzi a mphungu, akhwangwala otchinga, martens. Munthu alinso koopsa kwa mbalame zonyoza:
- mbalame zimafa ndi poizoni podyetsa m'minda momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo adafotokozedwera kuti athane ndi tizilombo;
- nkhalango ndi alenje amawombera ma jays, chifukwa amawawona ngati owononga zisa;
- Alimi ndi alimi amatchera misampha pofuna kuti mbalame zisakodole mbewu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Jays amakhala okonzeka kukwatira ali ndi zaka chimodzi. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yokhazikika kumayenderana ndi kufika kwamayambiriro kwa masika. Pakadali pano, amuna, omwe akupanga maulendo apansi otsika pamwamba pamitengo, amakopa abwenzi awo poyimba, kuphatikiza phokoso la m'nkhalango. Amuna awiriwa mu Epulo ayamba kukonza chisa. Pofuna kumanga nyumba yamtsogolo, ma jay amathanso kukopa zitsamba zazitali m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena kukula kwa mitengo ikuluikulu komanso yodula mkatikati mwa nkhalango. Pambuyo pake, banjali limatha kubwerera kumalo osankhidwa kuti likabereke ana kwa zaka zingapo.
Amamanga chisa, nkuchiika mu mphanda m'nthambi kutalika kwa pafupifupi mamita 5 kuchokera pansi, zonse mbalame... Nthawi yomweyo, amateteza mwansanje "chinthu chomwe chimamangidwa" ndi madera oyandikana nawo kuchokera ku chidwi chosayenera cha abale awo. Patatha sabata, yaying'ono - pafupifupi 20 cm m'mimba mwake komanso osapitilira 10 cm - koma thireyi yopangidwa ndi mbale yolinganizidwa bwino ndiyokonzeka kuti mkazi aziikira mazira mmenemo.
Ndizosangalatsa!Anawo adzatetezedwa ndi mpanda wolimba wa nthambi, ulusi wa nthenga, moss, mizu yopyapyala yolimba ndi udzu wouma. Chakumapeto kwa Epulo-koyambirira kwa Meyi, mkazi amatenga clutch, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 5-7 yaying'ono, pafupifupi 3 cm kutalika, mazira obiriwira obiriwira.
Ngati kutayika koyamba koyamba kutayika, ngati izi sizinachitike koyambirira kwa Juni, zina zimapangidwa. Makulitsidwe, omwe amatha masiku 16 mpaka 19, makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali. Jays, nthawi zambiri amakhala phokoso komanso wokangana, amakhala chete komanso obisalira panthawiyi.
Anapiye samawoneka nthawi yomweyo: nthawi zina kuwaswa kwawo kumatenga masiku opitilira awiri. Ana amawoneka ngati makope ang'onoang'ono a makolo awo ndipo ndi osusuka modabwitsa. Mbalame zachikulire pofunafuna chakudya zimagwira ntchito usana wonse, zimawonekera pachisa kawiri kapena katatu pa ola... Komabe, gawo lina la ana limatha kufa ndi njala, pomwe, nyengo zina, kuchuluka kwa tizirombo tokwanira sikokwanira. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, ana amakula msanga, ndipo patatha masiku 20 anapiyewo amayesa kuchoka pachisa. Koma, ngakhale atayimirira pamapiko, ana amapitilizabe kusamalidwa ndi makolo awo mpaka nthawi yophukira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha chisamaliro chapadera, kuthekera kwakukulu kwamawonekedwe komanso nzeru zachangu, ma jays amatha kukhalabe ndi magawidwe owerengeka komanso am'madera. Ku Europe, madera omwe anthu ambiri ali ndi mitundu yayikulu akuphatikizapo Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, France, Portugal, Finland. Masiku ano, kutha kwa ma jays sikuwopsezedwa konse, ndipo kusungidwa kwawo kumayesedwa ngati komwe kumayambitsa nkhawa.
