Anthu okhala ku Africa ali otsimikiza kuti anyani ndi owopsa kuposa akambuku. Malingalirowa amatengedwa chifukwa chakukumana kwakanthawi ndi anyani oyipawa, opusa, onyengerera komanso osocheretsa, omwe amapezeka m'malipoti aumbanda.
Kufotokozera za nyani
Zimavomerezedwa kuti anyani onse amasiyanitsidwa ndi matope otalikirana, onga agalu, koma kwenikweni mawonekedwe ake (monga mtundu wa malaya ndi kukula kwake) zimatengera mtunduwo.
Kuchokera kwa akatswiri ambiri a zoo, mtundu wa Papio (anyani) umakhala ndi mitundu isanu ya anyani ochokera kubanja la anyani - anubis, baboon, hamadryl, agogo aku Guinea ndi bere (chakma). Asayansi ena, omwe ali ndi chidaliro kuti kuwonongeka kwa asanu sikolondola, amaphatikiza mitundu yonseyo kukhala gulu limodzi.
Maonekedwe
Amphongo amakhala okulirapo kawiri kuposa akazi awo, ndipo nyani wachimbalangondo amawoneka woyimira pakati pa Papio, wokula mpaka 1.2 mita ndikulemera 40 kg. Nyani wa ku Guinea amadziwika kuti ndi wocheperako; kutalika kwake sikupitilira theka la mita ndipo amangolemera makilogalamu 14 okha.
Mtundu wa ubweya umasiyana (kutengera mitundu) kuchokera bulauni mpaka imvi-siliva. Nyani zonse zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nsagwada zolimba ndi mano akuthwa ndi maso otseka. Nyani yaikazi siyingasokonezedwe ndi yaimuna - yamphongo imakhala ndi mano opatsa chidwi komanso ma manus oyera omwe amakongoletsa mitu yawo. Pamphuno mulibe ubweya, ndipo khungu limapakidwa lakuda kapena pinki.
Zofunika! Pamatako palibe ubweya, koma gawo ili la thupi limaperekedwa ndi ma sciatic callus. Matako azimayi amatupa ndikusanduka ofiira pakangoyamba nyengo yoswana.
Mchira wa anyani umawoneka ngati mzati wowongoka, wopindika ndikukula m'munsi, kenako ndikulendewera pansi.
Moyo
Moyo wa anyani umadzaza ndi zovuta komanso zoopsa: nthawi zonse amayenera kukhala atcheru, kusowa njala nthawi ndi nthawi komanso kumva ludzu lopweteka. Nthawi zambiri masana amayenda pansi, kudalira miyendo inayi ndipo nthawi zina kukwera mitengo. Kuti apulumuke, anyani amayenera kugwirizana m'magulu akulu okwana makumi anayi. Mu gulu, pafupifupi amuna asanu ndi mmodzi akhoza kukhala limodzi, akazi owirikiza kawiri ndi ana awo olowa.
Pakabwera kucha, anyani amakhala pansi kugona, kukwera pamwamba - pamitengo yomweyi kapena pamiyala. Akazi, monga lamulo, azungulira atsogoleri awo. Amapita kukagona atakhala pansi, zomwe zimathandizidwa kwambiri ndi zotanuka za ischial, zomwe zimalola kuti kwa nthawi yayitali asazindikire zovuta zamakhalidwe omwe asankhidwa. Ananyamuka masana, gulu lokonzedwa bwino, pakati pake pali alpha amuna ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ana. Amatsagana ndi kutetezedwa ndi ana ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakhala oyamba kuponya pakagwa ngozi ndikuonetsetsa kuti zazikazi sizikutha pagululo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukula msinkhu nthawi ndi nthawi kuyesera kugwetsa wamkulu wamwamuna, kuthamangira ndewu. Kulimbirana mphamvu sakudziwa chilichonse: wotayika amamvera mtsogoleriyo ndikugawana naye nyama yokoma kwambiri.
Nkhondo ya utsogoleri samenyedwa kawirikawiri. Kuti muthane ndimwamuna wankhanza kwambiri komanso wamphamvu, ma subdominants amapanga mgwirizano womenya nkhondo kwakanthawi. Izi ndizomveka - amuna omwe amadziwika kuti ndi otsika amatha kudwala ndikufa msanga. Mwambiri, anyani amatha kuzolowera dziko lapansi komanso kupirira modabwitsa, komwe kumawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Kumtchire, anyaniwa amakhala zaka 30, kumalo osungira nyama - pafupifupi 45.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Dziko lakwawo la nyani pafupifupi kontinenti yonse yosatha ya ku Africa, yogawidwa m'magawo amtundu uliwonse. Nyani ya chimbalangondo imapezeka m'chigawo kuyambira Angola mpaka South Africa ndi Kenya; Nyani ndi anubis amakhala kumpoto pang'ono, amakhala m'madera a Africa kuyambira kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo. Mitundu yocheperako imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri yotsala: Nyani ya ku Guinea imakhala ku Cameroon, Guinea ndi Senegal, pomwe ma hamadryas amakhala ku Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia ndi gawo lina la Arabia Peninsula (dera la Aden).
Anyani amatha kusintha moyo wawo kuti akhale m'zipululu, m'chipululu komanso m'malo amitengo, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa adayamba kupondereza anthu, kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Nyani sizimangokhala zokhumudwitsa, komanso oyandikana nawo opanda nzeru.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zizolowezi zolusa za anyani zidadziwika mkatikati mwa zaka zapitazi, pomwe adakoka chakudya kuchokera kwa anthu okhala ku Cape Peninsula (South Africa), kuwononga minda ndikuwononga ziweto.
Malinga ndi a Justin O'Ryan, wogwira ntchito pagulu lowerengera za anyani, milandu yake yaphunzira kuswa mawindo, kutsegula zitseko, komanso kusokoneza madenga amatailosi. Koma kukhudzana kwa anyani ndi anthu ndiwowopsa mbali zonse ziwiri - anyani amaluma ndikukanda, ndipo anthu amawapha... Pofuna kusunga anyani m'malo awo achikhalidwe, osunga masewerawa amayang'anira gulu la ziweto, ndikulemba nyama ndi utoto kuchokera mfuti za paintball.
Zakudya za anyani
Anyani amakonda chakudya chodzala, koma nthawi zina sataya nyama. Pofunafuna chakudya choyenera, amayenda kuchokera 20 mpaka 60 km patsiku, kuphatikiza (chifukwa cha utoto waubweya wawo) ndi maziko akomweko.
Zakudya za anyani zili ndi izi:
- zipatso, rhizomes ndi tubers;
- mbewu ndi udzu;
- nkhono ndi nsomba;
- tizilombo;
- nthenga;
- hares;
- antelopes achinyamata.
Koma anyani sanakhutire ndi mphatso zachilengedwe kwanthawi yayitali - oyenda mchira azolowera kuba chakudya m'galimoto, nyumba ndi zitini za zinyalala. Kum'mwera kwa Africa, anyaniwa amasaka kwambiri ziweto (nkhosa ndi mbuzi).
Ndizosangalatsa! Chaka chilichonse chidwi cha anyani chimakula: kuwonera magulu 16 anyani zimbalangondo kumawonetsa kuti ndi gulu limodzi lokha lomwe limakhutira ndi msipu, ndipo ena onse adasungidwa kale ngati olanda.
Dzuwa lopanda chifundo la ku Africa, likuumitsa mitsinje yaying'ono, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zina zopezera madzi. Anyani amaphunzitsidwa kutulutsa chinyezi mwakukumba pansi pamadzi owuma.
Adani achilengedwe
Zolusa zimathamangitsa anyani okhwima, makamaka omwe akuyenda pagulu lalikulu, koma saphonya mwayi woukira nyama yamphongo, yofooka kapena yaying'ono.
Pamalo otseguka pamwamba pa gulu lachiwopsezo, kuwopsezedwa ndi adani achilengedwe monga:
- mkango;
- nyalugwe;
- kambuku;
- fisi wonenepa;
- nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe yofiira;
- agalu afisi;
- Ng'ona ya Nile;
- mamba wakuda (osowa).
Amuna ang'onoang'ono, akuyenda m'mphepete mwa gulu, amayang'anitsitsa malowo ndipo, powona mdaniyo, afola kakhonde kuti amudule pakati pa abale ake. Kukuwa koopsa kumakhala chizindikiro cha ngozi, kumva kuti, akazi omwe ali ndi ana atakumanizana, ndipo amuna amabwera patsogolo.
Amawoneka owopsa - nkhwangwa yoyipa ndikukula kwaubweya mosatsimikizika pakukonzekera kwawo nkhondo yankhanza... Wodya nyama, yemwe sanamvere zoopsezazo, amamva mwachangu pakhungu lake momwe gulu lankhondo la anyani limagwirira ntchito mogwirizana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapuma mopanda ulemu.
Kubereka ndi ana
Osati amuna onse omwe ali ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yokhwima amatha kulowa mthupi la mkazi: kutsitsa udindo ndi msinkhu wa wopemphayo, mwayi wocheperako. Kugonana kosaletseka kumangokhala kwa amuna akulu kwambiri, omwe ali ndi ufulu wosankha kukwatirana ndi aliyense m'gulu.
Mitala
Pachifukwa ichi, zotsatira za kuwunika komwe kumachitika mu khola lotseguka ndizosangalatsa. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo adazindikira momwe msinkhu wamwamuna umagwirizanirana ndi mitala, kapena kuti, ndi mwayi wokhala ndi azimayi ake. Zinapezeka kuti anyani azaka 4-6 azaka zonse zoberekera akadali ana. Amuna amodzi okha azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri anali ndi azimayi, opangidwa ndi mkazi m'modzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwayi wamitala unaperekedwa kwa anyani otseguka omwe afika zaka 9, ndipo pazaka 3-4 zotsatira lololedwa kukhala ndi mayi aliyense limapitilizabe kulimba.
Mgulu la anyani azaka 9-11, theka lakale lidakhala amitala, ndipo mitala ya mitala idakwanitsa zaka 12-14. Chifukwa chake, mwa anyani azaka 12 zakubadwa, 80% ya anthu amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zawo. Ndipo, pamapeto pake, maakazi ambiri (poyerekeza ndi magulu azaka zazing'ono) anali ndi anyani omwe adadutsa mzere wazaka 13 ndi 14 zakubadwa. Koma mwa amuna azaka 15, ma harems adayamba kutha pang'ono ndi pang'ono.
Kubadwa kwa ana
Nyani nthawi zambiri amamenyera zazikazi, ndipo m'mitundu ina samamusiya ngakhale atagonana bwino - amapeza chakudya, kubereka komanso kuthandiza kusamalira ana akhanda. Mimba imatenga masiku 154 mpaka 183 ndipo imatha ndikabereka mwana wa ng'ombe m'modzi wolemera pafupifupi 0,4 kg. Mwanayo, wokhala ndi mkamwa wapinki ndi ubweya wakuda, amamatira pamimba pa mayiyo kuti aziyenda ndi amayi ake, nthawi yomweyo kudya mkaka wake. Atalimbikitsidwa, mwana amapita kumbuyo kwake, kusiya kuyamwa mkaka akafika miyezi 6.
Nyani ikakhala ndi miyezi inayi yakubadwa, chipsinjo chake chimayamba kuda, ndipo chovalacho chimayamba kupepuka, ndikupeza mawu amvi kapena abulauni. Mitundu yomaliza yamitundu nthawi zambiri imawonekera chaka. Anyani omwe amasiya kuyamwa kuchokera kwa amayi awo amaphatikizana pakampani ina, mpaka kubala zaka zoposa 3-5. Zazikazi zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi amayi awo, ndipo amuna amakonda kutuluka m'gululo osadikirira kutha msinkhu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'malo okhala ndi anyani, kudula mitengo mwachangu kukuchitika, komwe kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa anyani. Kumbali ina, mzaka zaposachedwa, mitundu ina ya anyani yakuchulukirachulukira chifukwa choti kuchepa kwa ziwombankhanga kwalembedwa ku Africa, kuphatikizapo mikango, mimbulu yofiira, akambuku ndi afisi.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a zoo, kuwonjezeka kosakonzekera kwa anyani kwadzetsa mavuto angapo - nyama zalowa m'malo atsopano, pomwe zidayamba kulumikizana kwambiri ndi anthu. Izi zidadzetsa chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda opatsirana, popeza anyani amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo.
Masiku ano, mndandanda wa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutayika sikuphatikizanso anyani a chimbalangondo, omwe sanganene za mitundu ina yofanana.... Gawo la anthu, kuchokera pakuwona kwa ofufuza, liyenera kufufuzidwa ndikuwateteza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyani ndi munthu amawonetsa magawo ofanana amagetsi pamagawo ogona. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhudzana ndi mitundu ina yazachilengedwe - chida choberekera, mahomoni ndi hematopoiesis.
Imodzi mwa njira zodalirika zomwe zingathandize kuteteza anyani ndi kuweta koyang'anira nyama m'mapaki achilengedwe, malo osungira nyama zamtchire ndi nazale. Kumbukirani kuti anyani amadziwika kuti ndi anyani anzeru kwambiri, omwe amakhala achonde pophunzira.
