Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti kamba wamtundu wa leatherback (loot) amawonekera pamapepala onse aboma a department ya Marine a Republic of Fiji. Kwa okhala kuzilumbazi, kamba wam'nyanja amaimira kuthamanga komanso luso labwino kwambiri loyenda.
Kufotokozera kwa kamba wobwezera
Mitundu yokhayo yamakono yamtundu wa akamba amtundu wa leatherback imatulutsa osati zazikuluzikulu zokha, komanso zokwawa zolemera kwambiri... Dermochelys coriacea (turtleback turtle) imalemera pakati pa 400 ndi 600 kg, nthawi zambiri imakhala yolemera kawiri (900 kg).
Ndizosangalatsa! Pomwe kamba wamkulu wa leatherback amadziwika kuti ndi wamwamuna, wopezeka pagombe pafupi ndi mzinda wa Harlech (England) mu 1988. Chokwawa ichi chimalemera makilogalamu opitilira 961 ndi kutalika kwa 2.91 m ndi mulifupi wa 2.77 m.
Chofunkha chimakhala ndi chipolopolo chapadera: chimakhala ndi khungu lakuda, osati kuchokera kuma mbale otentha, monga akamba ena am'nyanja.
Maonekedwe
Pseudocarapax wa kamba wachikopa amawonetsedwa ndi minofu yolumikizana (4 cm), pamwamba pake pali zikwizikwi zazing'ono. Yaikulu kwambiri mwa iyo imapanga mizere 7 yolimba, yokumbutsa zingwe zolimba, yotambasulidwa pa carapace kuyambira kumutu mpaka mchira. Kufewa ndi kusinthasintha kwina kumakhalanso ndi gawo lamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtambo, wokhala ndi nthiti zisanu zazitali. Ngakhale kuti carapace ndi yopepuka, amateteza molimba mtima adani anu, komanso zimathandizira kuti muziyenda bwino munyanja.
Pamutu, pakhosi ndi miyendo ya akamba achichepere, zikopa zimawoneka, zomwe zimasowa akamakalamba (zimangokhala pamutu). Chinyama chokulirapo chimasalala khungu lake. Kulibe mano pa nsagwada za kamba, koma kunja kwake kuli mphako zamphamvu komanso zowongoka kunja, zolimbikitsidwa ndi minofu ya nsagwada.
Mutu wa kamba wamtundu wa leatherback ndiwokulirapo ndipo sungathe kubwerera m'mbuyo mwa chipolopolocho. Kutsogolo kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa nswala zamphongo, ndikufika kutalika kwa mita 5. Pamtunda, kamba wachikopa amawoneka wofiirira (pafupifupi wakuda), koma maziko ake amadzipukutira ndi mawanga achikasu owala.
Moyo wanyumba
Pakadapanda kukula kwake kochititsa chidwi, kufunkha sikukanakhala kophweka kupeza - zokwawa sizimasochera kukhala ziweto zawo ndipo zimakhala ngati anthu osungulumwa, amakhala osamala komanso obisalira. Akamba amtundu wa Leatherback ndi amanyazi, zomwe ndizodabwitsa chifukwa chakumanga kwawo kwakukulu komanso nyonga yamphamvu. Luti, monga akamba ena onse, amakhala osokonekera pamtunda, koma wokongola komanso wothamanga kunyanja. Apa sichimasokonezedwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwake: m'madzi, kamba kambalame yam'madzi imasambira mwachangu, ikuyenda modabwitsa, imamira mwamphamvu ndikukhala pamenepo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Lofunsa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothamangira akamba onse. Zolemba zake ndi za kamba wachikopa, yemwe nthawi yachilimwe ya 1987 adamira mpaka kuya kwa 1.2 km kufupi ndi zilumba za Virgin. Kuzama kunanenedwa ndi chida cholumikizidwa ndi chipolopolocho.
Liwiro (mpaka 35 km / h) limaperekedwa chifukwa cha minofu ya pectoral yotukuka ndi miyendo inayi, yofanana ndi zipsepse. Kuphatikiza apo, kumbuyo kwawo kumalowetsa chiwongolero, ndipo kutsogolo kumagwira ntchito ngati injini yamafuta. Mwa kusambira, kamba wachikopa amafanana ndi penguin - imawoneka ngati ikuyandama m'madzi, ndikusinthasintha zipsepse zake zazikulu zakutsogolo.
Utali wamoyo
Akamba onse akuluakulu (chifukwa chakuchepa kwama metabolism) amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala zaka 300 kapena kupitilira apo... Kumbuyo kwa khungu lamakwinya ndikuletsa kuyenda, onse okalamba ndi achikulire amatha kubisala, omwe ziwalo zawo zamkati sizimasintha pakapita nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, akamba amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kapena chakumwa kwa miyezi ngakhale zaka (mpaka zaka ziwiri), amatha kuyima ndikuyamba mitima yawo.
Pakadapanda nyama zolusa, anthu ndi matenda opatsirana, akamba onse akadakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zawo, opangidwa mwanjira zamtunduwu. Amadziwika kuti kuthengo, zofunkha zimakhala pafupifupi theka la zana, ndipo zochepa (30-40) mu ukapolo. Asayansi ena amatcha nthawi ina ya moyo wa kamba wobwerera kumbuyo - zaka 100.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kamba wamtundu wa leatherback amakhala munyanja zitatu (Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian), ndikufika kunyanja ya Mediterranean, koma samakopeka kwenikweni. Tidawonekanso zofunkha m'madzi aku Russia (omwe panthawiyo anali Soviet) ku Far East, komwe nyama 13 zidapezeka kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1984. Akamba biometric akamba: kulemera 240-314 makilogalamu, kutalika 1,16-1.57 m, m'lifupi 0.77-1.12 m.
Zofunika! Monga asodzi akutsimikizira, nambala 13 sikuwonetsa chithunzi chenicheni: kufupi ndi kumwera kwa Kuriles, akamba obwerezabwereza amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Herpetologists amakhulupirira kuti kutentha kwa Soy kumakopa zokwawa pano.
Mwachirengedwe, izi ndi zomwe zidapezeka pambuyo pake zidagawidwa motere:
- Peter the Great Bay (Nyanja ya Japan) - zitsanzo 5;
- Nyanja ya Okhotsk (Iturup, Shikotan ndi Kunashir) - makope 6;
- kumwera chakumadzulo kwa gombe la Chilumba cha Sakhalin - buku limodzi;
- dera lamadzi lakumwera kwa Kuriles - zitsanzo za 3;
- Nyanja ya Bering - mtundu umodzi;
- Nyanja ya Barents - mtundu umodzi.
Asayansi akuganiza kuti akamba amtundu wachikopa adayamba kusambira kupita kunyanja za Far East chifukwa cha kutentha kwamadzi ndi nyengo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu zakusodza kwa nsomba zam'nyanja za pelagic ndikupeza mitundu ina yakumwera ya nyama zam'madzi.
Zakudya za kamba wa leatherback
Chokwawa sichidya nyama ndipo chimadya zonse zamasamba ndi nyama. Akamba amapita patebulo:
- nsomba;
- nkhanu ndi nkhanu;
- nsomba;
- nkhono;
- nyongolotsi za m'nyanja;
- zomera zam'nyanja.
Cholanda chimagwira mosavuta zimayambira zolimba kwambiri komanso zowirira kwambiri, ndikuziluma ndi nsagwada zake zamphamvu komanso zowongoka... Kutsogolo kwake kumakhala ndi zikhadabo, zomwe zimagwira mwamphamvu nyama zomwe zikunjenjemera ndikuthawa mbewu, nawonso amadya. Koma kamba kamtundu wa leatherback nthawi zambiri kamakhala kosangalatsa kwa anthu omwe amasangalala ndi zamkati mwake.
Zofunika! Nkhani zakuwopsa kwa nyama ya kamba sizolondola: poizoni amalowa mthupi la reptile kokha kuchokera kunja, akatha kudya nyama zakupha. Akalanda chakudya bwinobwino, nyama yake imatha kudyedwa bwinobwino osawopa poizoni.
M'magulu amtundu wa leatherback, kapena m'malo mwake, mu pseudocarapax ndi epidermis yake, mafuta ambiri amapezeka, omwe nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana - popaka mafuta m'malo ophera nsomba kapena mankhwala. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta mu chipolopolo kumangodetsa nkhawa anthu ogwira ntchito m'malo owonetsera zakale, omwe amakakamizidwa kulimbana ndi madontho amafuta omwe akhala akutuluka kuchokera ku zikopa zodzikongoletsera kwa zaka zambiri (ngati taxidermist sanachite bwino).
Adani achilengedwe
Pokhala ndi khola lolimba komanso carapace yosadutsika, kulanda kulibe mdani pamtunda ndi m'nyanja (amadziwika kuti chokwawa wamkulu sachita mantha ndi nsombazi). Kamba amadzipulumutsa yekha kwa nyama zina zolusa mwa kusambira pansi pamadzi, ndikuponya 1 km kapena kupitilira apo. Ngati yalephera kuthawa, amakumana ndi mdaniyo, akumenya naye miyendo yakutsogolo yolimba. Ngati ndi kotheka, kamba amaluma mopweteka, akugwiritsa nsagwada ndi nsagwada zakuthwa - chokwawa chokwiya chimaluma ndodo yakuda ndi pachimake.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, anthu akhala mdani woipitsitsa wa akamba achikulire achikopa.... Pachikumbumtima chake - kuwonongeka kwa nyanja, kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa nyama ndi chidwi chosasunthika cha alendo (nthawi zambiri amalanda zinyalala zapulasitiki, ndikuzisokoneza ngati chakudya). Zinthu zonse pamodzi zidachepetsa kwambiri akamba am'madzi. Ana akamba ali ndi anthu ambiri osafuna. Akamba ang'onoang'ono komanso opanda chitetezo amadyedwa ndi nyama ndi mbalame zodya nyama, ndipo nsomba zowononga zimabisalira m'nyanja.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yoswana ya kamba ya leatherback imayamba kamodzi pakatha zaka 1-3, koma panthawiyi wamkazi amapanga kuchokera kumakoko 4 mpaka 7 (ndikutuluka kwamasiku 10 pakati pa iliyonse). Chokwawa chimakwawa kumtunda usiku ndikuyamba kukumba chakuya (1-1.2 m) bwino, komwe pamapeto pake chimayikira mazira a umuna ndi opanda kanthu (zidutswa 30-100). Zoyambazo zimafanana ndi mipira ya tenisi, mpaka 6 cm m'mimba mwake.
Ntchito yayikulu ya amayi ndikuphwanya chofunguliracho mwamphamvu kotero kuti adani ndi anthu sangathe kuwang'amba, ndipo amachita bwino izi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Osonkhanitsa mazira am'deralo samakonda kukumba timitengo ting'onoting'ono ta akamba obiriwira, poganiza kuti izi sizothandiza. Nthawi zambiri amayang'ana nyama yosavuta - mazira akamba ena am'nyanja, mwachitsanzo, wobiriwira kapena bisiki.
Zimangokhala zodabwitsa kuti, patapita miyezi ingapo, akamba obadwa kumene amalimbana ndi mchenga wandiweyani, osadalira thandizo la amayi awo. Atatuluka mu chisa, amakwawa kupita kunyanja, amatembenuza zikwangwani zawo zazing'ono, monga posambira.
Nthawi zina ndi ochepa okha omwe amafikira komwe amakhala, ndipo enawo amakhala nyama ya abuluzi, mbalame ndi nyama zowononga, omwe amadziwa bwino nthawi yoyambira akamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, kuchuluka kwa akamba amtundu wachikopa padziko lapansi kwatsika ndi 97%... Chifukwa chachikulu ndi kusowa kwa malo oikira mazira, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kukula kwanyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, zokwawa zimawonongedwa mwachangu ndi osaka kamba omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi "nyanga ya tortoiseshell" (stratum corneum, yopangidwa ndi mbale, yapadera ndi mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe).
Zofunika! Mayiko angapo asamalira kale kupulumutsa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Malaysia yapanga 12 km yam'mphepete mwa nyanja m'chigawo cha Terengganu kukhala nkhokwe, kuti akamba amtundu wa chikopa aziikira mazira awo pano (ili pafupifupi akazi 850-1700 pachaka).
Tsopano kamba ya leatherback imaphatikizidwa m'kaundula wa International Convention on Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora, ku International Red Book (monga nyama yomwe ili pangozi), komanso Annex II wa Berne Convention.
