Petrels (Procellariidae) ndi banja lomwe limaphatikizapo mbalame zam'nyanja zatsopano za pygmy, zomwe zimakhala m'gulu la ma petrel. Gulu la ma petrel limayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yambiri, ndipo makamaka mbalame zapakatikati.
Makhalidwe ambiri
Pamodzi ndi ma petrel ena, mamembala a banja la Petrel ali ndi mabowo awiri omwe amakhala kumtunda kwa mlomo. Kudzera m'mabowo, mchere wam'madzi ndi timadziti ta m'mimba timatulutsidwa... Mlomo ndi wolumikizidwa komanso wautali, wokhala ndi mathero akuthwa komanso m'mbali. Mbali imeneyi ya mlomo imathandiza mbalame kuti zizigwira nyama poterera kwambiri, kuphatikizapo nsomba.
Kukula kwa oimira ma petrel kumasiyana mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri imayimilidwa ndi ma petrel ang'onoang'ono, omwe kutalika kwake sikupitilira kotala la mita yokhala ndi mapiko a 50-60 masentimita ndi mulingo wa magalamu a 165-170. Gawo lalikulu la mitunduyo lilinso ndi matupi akulu kwambiri.
Kupatula kwake ndi mphalabungu zazikulu, zomwe zimafanana ndi ma albatross ang'onoang'ono m'maonekedwe. Kukula kwakatundu ka petrels wamkulu wamkulu sikuposa mita, wokhala ndi mapiko mpaka mamitala awiri ndikulemera makilogalamu 4.9-5.0.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwamtheradi ma petrel achikulire onse amauluka bwino kwambiri, koma amasiyana mosiyanasiyana mumayendedwe anyanja.
Nthenga za petrels zonse zimadziwika ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira kapena mitundu yakuda, chifukwa chake mitundu yonse ya banjali imawoneka yopepuka komanso yosavuta. Monga lamulo, zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu wamba azitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yofanana.
Mwazina, kuvuta kusiyanitsa kumachitika chifukwa chakusowa kwa zizindikilo zakugonana zomwe zimawoneka mu mbalame. Mapazi a mbalameyo sanakule bwino, chifukwa chake, kuti ikhale pamtunda, mbalamezi zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake ndi chifuwa chake ngati chowonjezera.
Gulu la Petrel
Banja la petrel (Procellariidae) lidagawika m'mabanja awiri ndi mibadwo khumi ndi inayi... Banja laling'ono la Fulmarinae limaimiridwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimauluka mosalekeza. Chakudya chimapezeka mwapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo kuchilandira, mbalameyo imakhala pamadzi. Oimira banjali sanasinthidwe kapena kusinthidwa mokwanira kuti atumire m'madzi:
- chimphona chachikulu (Macronestes);
- zodzaza (Fulmаrus);
- Petrel wa ku Antarctic (Thalassois);
- Nkhunda zaku Cape (Dartion);
- chipale chofewa (Pagodroma);
- petrel wabuluu (Halobaena);
- mbalame zam'madzi (Rashyrtila);
- Mkuntho wa Kerguelen (Lugensa);
- mkuntho (Pterodroma);
- Pseudobulweria;
- mascarene mkuntho (Pseudobulweria aterrima);
- mphepo zamkuntho (Bulweria).
Banja laling'ono la Puffininae limaimiridwa ndi mbalame zouluka.
Paulendo woulukawo, kukwapula kwamapiko pafupipafupi ndikutera pamadzi kumasintha. Mbalame za banjali zimatha kuyenda bwino bwino nthawi yachilimwe kapena kukhala pansi:
- petrel wandiweyani (Procellaria);
- Mbalame ya Westland (Procellaria westlandisa);
- petrel wosiyanasiyana (Calonestris);
- petrel weniweni (Рuffinus).
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale mitundu yayikulu yamitundu mitundu, mitundu iwiri yokha ya zisa zomwe zili mdziko lathu - ma fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) ndi ma petrels osiyanasiyana (Calonestris leuсomelas).
Banja la Petrel ndiye lolemera kwambiri pamitundu yachilengedwe komanso banja losiyana kwambiri lomwe lili mndende.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo omwe amagawidwa komanso malo okhala ma petrel amatengera mtundu wa mbalameyo.... Opusa ndi mbalame zam'madzi akumpoto, amagawidwa mozungulira. Kukhazikika m'nyanja ya Atlantic kumadziwika pazilumba zakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North America, Franz Josef Land, Greenland ndi Novaya Zemlya, mpaka ku British Isles, komanso ku Pacific Ocean mbalame zisa za Chukotka kupita kuzilumba za Aleutian ndi Kuril.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cape Dove imadziwika bwino kwambiri kwa oyenda panyanja kumadera akumwera, omwe amatsatira zombo nthawi zonse ndikukonzekeretsa zisa zake pagombe la Antarctic kapena zilumba zoyandikira.
Zisa za petrel wamba pazilumba zam'mphepete mwa Europe ndi Africa, komanso ku Pacific Ocean kukaikira zisa zimawonedwa m'malo ochokera ku Hawaii mpaka California. Mitengo yamitengo yopyapyala imaberekera ku Strait of Bass Islands, komanso ku Tasmania komanso pagombe la South Australia.
Petrel wamkulu amakhala wamba m'nyanja zakumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Mbalame zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika ku South Shetland ndi Orkney Islands, komanso zilumba za Malvinas.
Kudyetsa Petrel
Petrels, limodzi ndi mafunde amphepo yamkuntho, amadyetsa nsomba zazing'ono komanso mitundu yonse ya nkhanu zomwe zimasambira pafupi ndi madzi. Mbalamezi zimadumphira m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa ngati pakufunika kutero. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma petrels akuluakulu amadya squid yambiri. Ma Albatross nthawi zambiri samira ndipo nthawi zambiri amatera pamadzi, komanso ma fulmars ndi ziphona zazikulu zomwe zimadya pamwamba pamadzi.
Usiku, mbalame zotere zimakonda kudya nyamayi, yomwe imakwera pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo masana, nsomba zopita kusukulu, zinyalala za zombo zodutsa kapena mitundu ina ya nyama zovunda zimakhala maziko a chakudya. Miphika yayikulu mwina ndiomwe akuyimira nyama zomwe zili ndi mphuno zomwe zimatha kuukira malo omwe penguin zazing'ono kwambiri zimadya ndikudya mbalame zazing'ono.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi zambiri, ma petrel achikulire amabwerera kumalo osinthira odziwika bwino, ngakhale ali kutali kwambiri.... Mpikisano woopsa ulipo m'malo okhala ndi zisa m'madera akulu komanso odzaza mbalame zomwe zili pazilumba zazing'ono.
Pamphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa nthumwi zonse za petrels, pamakhala miyambo yovuta kwambiri, ndipo mbalamezo sizimangomenya nkhondo zokha, komanso zimakuwa mokuwa. Khalidwe ili limafanana ndi mbalame zomwe zimayesetsa kuteteza gawo lawo.
Zomwe zisa za mbalame zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mbalame zamphongo. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zotchedwa albatross zimakonda kukonza pamwamba pake kenako n'kumanga mapiri a nthaka ndi zomera. Petrels chisa mwachindunji pazingwe, komanso pamtunda, koma gawo lalikulu la iwo, pamodzi ndi mafunde amphepo yamkuntho, amatha kukumba maenje apadera pamalo ofewa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ming'alu yachilengedwe yokwanira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mwana wankhuku asanachoke pachisa chake, makolowo amawuluka kupita kunyanja, pomwe nthawi ya njala, mbalame zam'mimba zimawonda.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala osamala chisa kwa masiku angapo, pomwe akazi amadyera kunyanja kapena amapita kukadyetsera. Mbalame zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi sizidyetsana, koma zimasanganiza dzira kwa masiku 40-80. M'masiku oyambilira, anapiye aswedwa amadyetsa chakudya chofewa komanso chamafuta ngati nyama zam'madzi zotumphuka, zobwezerezedwanso ndi mbalame zazikulu.
Petrel anapiye amakula msanga, chifukwa chake, atakula pang'ono, amatha kukhala opanda oyang'aniridwa ndi makolo masiku angapo. Ana aang'ono ang'onoang'ono amayamba kuuluka pafupifupi mwezi ndi theka atabadwa, pomwe mitundu ikuluikulu yayamba kuwuluka masiku pafupifupi 118-120.
Adani achilengedwe
Kupatula anthu omwe amayendera zisa za mbalame, ma petrels omwe ali ndi madzi m'madzi alibe adani achilengedwe. Ngozi inayake imayambitsidwa ndi South Pole Skua, yomwe imawononga zisa za mbalame ndipo imatha kudya anapiye osakhwima. Ma petrel ambiri omwe amadzitchinjiriza pachiwopsezo amatha kulavulira m'mimba zamtundu wamafuta pamtunda wokwanira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma petrel wamba amakhala ndi ziwindi zazitali; kuthengo, msinkhu wa mbalame yotere imatha kufikira theka la zana kapena kupitilira apo.
M'mitundu ina, kuphatikiza ma fulmars, chizolowezi ichi kapena momwe mantha amathandizira zimapangitsa kuwuluka mosavuta. Kutulutsa kwa ndege ya fetid madzi kumachitika pafupifupi mita, ndikulondola kokwanira. Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zazing'ono zazing'ono amaphatikizapo m'busa-ueka, komanso makoswe ndi amphaka omwe amabweretsedwa kuzilumbazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'banja la petrel, oimira amasiyana mosiyanasiyana, komanso kukula kwa anthu.... Mwachitsanzo, ma fulmars ndi mbalame zambiri. Chiwerengero chawo ku Atlantic ndi pafupifupi 3 miliyoni, ndipo ku Pacific Ocean - pafupifupi anthu 3.9-4.0 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha petrels cha ku Antarctic chimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 10-20 miliyoni, ndipo anthu padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi chipale chofewa amakhala osakhazikika pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri.
Kuchuluka kwa mbalame zamaluwa abuluu pazilumba za Kerguelen sikupitilira mapaundi 100-200, ndipo kuzilumba za Crozet ndi Prince Edward kuli mitundu ingapo masauzande masauzande amtunduwu. Poyamba, kupanga ma petrels a ku Mediterranean kunali koletsedwa ku Italy ndi France kokha, koma madera ena a mbalame amatetezedwa kuzilumba zapafupi ndi Corsica.
Pakadali pano, pagulu la mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yomwe ili pachiwopsezo cha banja la Procellariiform muli madzi amchere a Balearic (Ruffinus mauretanisus) Rozovonogy shearwater (Ruffinus sreatorus), Trinidad petrel (Rterodroma arminjoniana) White petrel (Rterodroma alba), The Madeira petrelira (Rterodrianian) (Рterоdrоma sаndwiсhеnsis) ndi ena ena.
