Oyimira onse a banja la salimoni amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha zamkati zawo komanso caviar yayikulu yokoma. Chum salmon siiyonso - nsomba yowopsa yomwe imagwidwa pamisika ndipo imakonda kwambiri anthu aku Far East.
Kufotokozera kwa chum
Pali mitundu iwiri ya chum ya saumoni, yotchuka ndi nyengo yothamanga: chilimwe (kukula mpaka 60-80 cm) ndi nthawi yophukira (70-100 cm). Msuzi wamchere wachilimwe umakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa nyengo yophukira yamchere, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala wotsika kuposa wachiwiri kukula.
Zofunika! Anadromous fish ndi omwe amakhala gawo limodzi la moyo wawo kunyanja ndipo ena amakhala mumitsinje ikutsikira m'menemo (panthawi yobereka).
Maonekedwe
Chum chimakhala ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, wokhala ndi nsagwada yopapatiza, yowongoka komanso yayitali... Thupi limapanikizika pang'ono mbali zonse ziwiri ndikutambasula. Zipsepse (zonse kumatako ndi kumbuyo kwake) ndizakutali kwambiri kumutu kuposa kumchira.
Ambiri mwa nsomba za chum ndizofanana ndi nsomba za pinki, koma, mosiyana ndi izi, ili ndi masikelo akulu komanso ma raker ochepa. Komanso, nsomba ya chum ilibe mawanga akuda kumapeto kwa thupi ndi thupi. Ndipo mawonekedwe achiwiri achigololo mu chum saum (motsutsana ndi nsomba ya pinki) sadziwika kwenikweni.
M'madzi am'nyanja, nsomba zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzi zimanyezimira ndi siliva. Pakadali pano, chum nsomba zimakhala ndi nyama yolimba komanso yofiira. Pamene kubala kuyandikira, kusintha kowoneka bwino kwa thupi kumayamba, kuwonekera kwambiri mwa amuna.
Mtundu wa silvery umasandulika kukhala wachikasu-bulauni, mawanga owala owala amawonekera m'mbali, khungu limakhuthala, ndipo mamba amakhala olira. Thupi limakula m'lifupi ndipo, titero kunena kwake, limakhala lopindika, mwa amuna nsagwada ndizopindika, pomwe mano owoneka bwino opindika amakula.
Poyandikira kwambiri, nsombayo imakhala yakuda kwambiri (kunja ndi mkati). Maziko a mabokosi am'miyendo, lilime ndi m'kamwa zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, ndipo mnofu umakhala wosasunthika komanso woyera. Chum saumoni m'boma lino amatchedwa catfish - nyama yake siyabwino kwa anthu, koma imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agalu ngati yukola.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wolemba mbiri yayikulu kwambiri anali chum saumon yemwe adagwidwa m'chigawo chakumadzulo kwa Canada, British Columbia. Mpikisanowu udakoka makilogalamu 19 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 112. Zowona, nzika zaku Khabarovsk zimanena kuti kangapo zidakoka nsomba ya chum kuchokera mumtsinje wa Okhota mita 1.5 iliyonse.
Khalidwe la nsomba
Moyo wa chum nsomba umagawika magawo awiri: kudyetsa (nthawi yam'madzi) ndikubala (mtsinje). Gawo loyamba limatha mpaka kutha msinkhu. Mukamadyetsa, nsombayo imasungunuka ndikulimbitsa thupi munyanja, kutali ndi malire a gombe. Uchembere umapezeka, monga ulamuliro, wazaka 3-5, osapitilira zaka 6-7.
Salmon ya chum itangofika msinkhu wobereka, osati mawonekedwe ake komanso mawonekedwe ake amasintha modabwitsa. Khalidwe la nsombayo limawonongeka ndipo kuwonekera kumawonekera. Nsomba za Chum zimakhazikika m'magulu akuluakulu kuti zisamukire pakamwa pamitsinje pomwe zimaswana.
Avereji ya kukula kwa nsomba zomwe zikupanga: nyengo yotentha - 0,5 m, nthawi yophukira - kuyambira 0.75 mpaka 0.8 m Shoals amagawidwa nthawi zonse kukhala okhwima ogonana komanso okhwima.... Iwo omwe sanakonzekere kubala amabwerera kumagombe akumwera. Zoyeserera zakugonana zimapitiliza ulendo wawo wopita kumalo opangira ziweto, komwe sakuyenera kubwerera.
Chilimwe chum salimoni chimalowa mumitsinje (zomwe ndizomveka) koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira nsomba, kuyimitsa njira yake koyambirira kwa mitundu yophukira. Chilimwe nthawi zambiri chimayikira mazira masiku 30 isanafike nthawi yophukira, koma chimalizirachi chimaposa chiwerengero cha mazira ake.
Utali wamoyo
Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi yamoyo wa chum nsomba imagwera pakati pa nthawi ya 6-7, pazaka 10.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mwa nsomba zina zonse zaku Pacific, nsomba ya chum imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwakutali komanso kotakata kwambiri. Kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, amakhala ku Bering Strait (kumpoto) mpaka Korea (kumwera). Pobzala imalowa m'mitsinje yamadzi opanda mchere ya Asia, Far East ndi North America (kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku California).
Chum saumoni amapezeka mambiri, makamaka mumitsinje ya Amur ndi Okhota, komanso ku Kamchatka, zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin. Dera logawira chum nsomba chimakwiriranso beseni la Arctic Ocean, m'mitsinje yomwe (Indigirka, Lena, Kolyma ndi Yana) imabereketsa nsomba.
Zakudya, zakudya
Nsomba zikayamba kuberekana, zimasiya kudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwalo zam'mimba zizilephera.
Mukamadyetsa, mndandanda wa akulu umakhala ndi:
- nkhanu;
- nkhono (zazing'ono);
- kawirikawiri - nsomba zazing'ono (gerbils, smelt, hering'i).
Kukula kwa nsomba yamchere kumakula, nsomba zochepa zomwe zimadya zimasinthidwa ndi zooplankton.
Mwachangu amadya kwambiri, ndikuwonjezera kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 3.5% ya kulemera kwawo patsiku... Amadya mphutsi za tizilombo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'madzi (tating'onoting'ono) komanso mitembo yowonongeka ya abale awo achikulire, kuphatikizapo makolo awo.
Salmon wachinyamata wosakhwima (30-40 cm) akuyenda munyanja ali ndi zomwe amakonda:
- nkhanu (ma copepods ndi heteropods);
- zojambulazo;
- malaya amkati;
- kupha;
- zisa zisa;
- nsomba zazing'ono (anchovies, smelt, flounder / gobies, gerbils, herring);
- nyamayi wachinyamata.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chum salmon nthawi zambiri amagwera pachikopa pamene akusodza ndi nyambo ndi nyambo. Chifukwa chake amateteza ana ake omwe angakhale nawo ku nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimadya mazira a chum.
Kubereka ndi ana
Msuzi wamchere wachilimwe umayamba kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala, salmon yophukira kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Novembala (Sakhalin) komanso kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala (Japan). Kuphatikiza apo, njira yopita kumalo opangira mitundu yotentha ndi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa nthawi yophukira. Mwachitsanzo, chilimwe pa Amur nsomba agonjetse 600-700 Km kumtunda, ndi kugwa - pafupifupi 2 zikwi.
Chum salmon amalowa mumitsinje yaku America (Columbia ndi Yukon) kupitilira pakamwa - pamtunda wa pafupifupi 3,000 km. Pogwiritsa ntchito malo obisalapo, nsomba zikuyang'ana malo okhala ndi bata komanso pansi pamiyala, yotentha kwambiri kuti izitha (kuchokera pa +1 mpaka +12 madigiri Celsius). Zowona, mu chisanu choopsa, caviar nthawi zambiri imawonongeka, popeza malo oberekera amaundana mpaka pansi.
Pofika pamalo opangira, nsomba zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo opangidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi amodzi. Amuna amathamangitsa nsomba zakunja, kuteteza nkhonya zawo. Otsatirawa ndi maenje a caviar okutidwa ndi mchenga. Zomangamanga ndizotalika 1.5-2 m ndi 2-3 mita kutalika.
Clutch imodzi imakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 4000... Kukhazikika ndi kubzala kumatenga masiku 3 mpaka 5. Kupitilira sabata, mkazi amatetezabe chisa, koma atatha masiku 10 amamwalira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chum salmon ali ndi mazira akuya kwambiri a lalanje okhala ndi mamilimita 7.5-9 mm. Mtundu wa pigment umathandizira kukhathamitsa mphutsi ndi mpweya (kwa masiku 90-120) mpaka itasandulika mwachangu.
Masiku ena 80 amathera pakubwezeretsanso yolk sac, pambuyo pake mwachangu amathamangira kutsika mpaka kukafika kumadzi am'nyanja. Mpaka chilimwe chamawa, mwachangu amadyetsa m'mapiri ndi malo, ndipo akamakhwima, amasambira kupita kunyanja, kutali ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje.
Mtengo wamalonda wa chum saum ndi wofunikira kwambiri, nsomba zimagwidwa pamlingo waukulu
Adani achilengedwe
Nsomba zalembedwa m'kaundula wa adani achilengedwe a chum roe ndi mwachangu:
- char ndi imvi;
- kunja ndi burbot;
- Asia akumva;
- nelma ndi minnow;
- lenok ndi matenda;
- lamprey ndi kaluga.
Salmon wamkulu komanso wokula yemwe ali ndi mndandanda wina wosafunikira, wopangidwa ndi nyama ndi mbalame zolusa:
- chimbalangondo;
- chisindikizo chosiyanasiyana;
- nsomba ya beluga;
- otter;
- nkhono;
- tuluka;
- tern;
- merganser.
Mtengo wamalonda
Kusodza kwamakampani kwa nsomba za chum kumachitika pamlingo waukulu, komabe, amakololedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (poyerekeza ndi nsomba za pinki).
Zina mwa zida zachikhalidwe zosodza ndi maukonde (oyandama / osasunthika) ndi seines (kachikwama / katani). M'dziko lathu, nsomba za chum zimagwidwa makamaka ndi maukonde oyikika pakatikati mwa mitsinje ndi madera am'nyanja.... Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za chum sizinakhale zokopa kwa ozembetsa.
Ndizosangalatsa!Popita nthawi, zinali zotheka kuvomerezana ndi asodzi aku Japan, koma malo ambiri osakira nsomba (komanso midzi yoyandikana ndi asodzi) sinabwezeretsedwe.
Kuti nsombayo isayende bwino, malo osungira nyengo amayikidwa pafupi ndi malo omwe agwire. Pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo, mabungwe ambiriwa adayimilira chifukwa cha vuto la Japan, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito maukonde opitilira 15 zikwi pamakilomita m'malire amadzi a USSR. Pacific saumoni (chum saumoni) sakanatha kubwerera kunyanja ndi mitsinje ya Kamchatka, kumalo operekera ziweto, zomwe zidachepetsa kwambiri nsomba zamtengo wapatali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kupha nyama mopanda chilolezo komanso nyama zosalamulirika, komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo achilengedwe a chum nsomba zadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu ku Russia.
Njira zodzitetezera zokhazokha zomwe zalengezedwa m'boma zimaloleza kuti anthu abwezeretsedwe (pakadali pano)... Masiku ano, kugwira chum nsomba za amateurs ndizochepa ndipo zimaloledwa pokhapokha mutagula layisensi.
