Aliyense amadziwa ngwazi ya nthano ya Kipling yotchedwa Riki-Tiki-Tavi, koma ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti nkhono zakutchire sizimangolimbana molimba mtima ndi njoka, komanso zimangokhalira kugwirizana ndi munthu. Amayenda zidendene, amagona pafupi ndipo amafa ndi chisoni ngati mwini wake wachoka.
Kufotokozera kwa mongoose
Mongoose adawonekera nthawi ya Paleocene, pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo... Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zili ndi dzina la sayansi Herpestidae zimaphatikizidwa mu suborder Cat-ngati, ngakhale kunja zimawoneka ngati ferrets.
Maonekedwe
Mongooses sakukula modabwitsa motsutsana ndi mbiri ya zinyama za padziko lapansi. Thupi lolumikizika, kutengera mitundu, limakwanira masentimita 18-75 ndi kulemera kwa 280 g (dwarf mongoose) ndi 5 kg (white-tailed mongoose). Mchira umafanana ndi chulu ndipo ndi 2/3 kutalika kwa thupi.
Mutu waudongo, wovekedwa ndimakutu ozungulira, umaphatikizika pakamwa pang'ono ndi maso ofanana. Mano a mongoose (32 mpaka 40) ndi ang'ono koma olimba ndipo adapangidwa kuti alase khungu la njoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Osati kale kwambiri, mongoose adachotsedwa m'banja la civerrid. Kunapezeka kuti, mosiyana ndi omalizirawa, omwe ali ndi zotsekemera zapambuyo pake, ma mongoose amagwiritsa ntchito anal (kukopa akazi kapena kuwonetsa gawo lawo).
Nyamazo zimakhala ndi masomphenya abwino kwambiri ndipo zimawongolera mosavuta matupi awo olimba osinthika, ndikupangitsa mphezi zodziwika bwino kuponyera. Kuti athane ndi mdani, zikhadabo zakuthwa zosabweza zimathandizanso, munthawi yamtendere amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba njira zapansi panthaka.
Tsitsi lakuthwa, lolimba limateteza kulumidwa ndi njoka, koma silimapulumutsa kuulamuliro wa utitiri ndi nkhupakupa (pamenepa, mongoose amangosintha malo awo okhala). Ubweya wamitundu yosiyanasiyana umakhala ndi utoto wake, kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni, monochromatic kapena mizere.
Mitundu ya Mongoose
Banja la Herpestidae (Mongoose) lili ndi mibadwo 17 yokhala ndi mitundu 35. Pakati pa khumi ndi awiri (pafupifupi), omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi awa:
- madzi ndi chikasu mongooses;
- wamiyendo yakuda ndi yoyera;
- wamtengo wapatali ndi mikwingwirima;
- Kuzimans ndi mongooses aku Liberia;
- Dologale ndi Paracynictis;
- Suricata ndi Rhynchogale.
Izi zimaphatikizaponso mtundu wambiri wa Herpestes (Mongoose) wokhala ndi mitundu 12:
- mongooses ang'ono ndi abulauni;
- mongooses wamfupi ndi wamfupi;
- Mongooses achi Javanese ndi Aigupto;
- mongoose wonyezimira;
- crabeater mongoose ndi dambo mongoose;
- Indian ndi wamba mongooses.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndi mitundu iwiri yomaliza yochokera ku mtundu wa Herpestes omwe amadziwika kuti ndiopambana kuposa onse omwe akumenya nkhondo ndi njoka zapoizoni. Mwachitsanzo, mongoose wofatsa waku India amatha kupha mdani wamphamvu ngati mphiri ya 2 mita yowoneka bwino.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ndi gawo lotchulidwa, sizinyama zonse zomwe zili zokonzeka kumenyera tsamba lawo: monga lamulo, amakhala mwamtendere ndi nyama zina. Zochita zamadzulo ndizodziwika bwino kuti azikhala okhaokha, ndipo zochitika zamasana ndi za iwo omwe amakonda kukhala m'magulu (meerkats, milooses amizeremizere ndi amfupi). Mitunduyi imadzikumbira yokha kapena imakhala m'mabowo a anthu ena, osachita manyazi konse kukhalapo kwa omwe amawakonzera, mwachitsanzo, agologolo agulu.
Zinyama zaminga / zamizeremizere zimakonda kukhala m'miyulu yakale ya chiswe, kusiya ana ndi akulu 1-2 komweko pomwe enawo amadyetsa. Anthu am'banja nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 5-40 mongooses, otanganidwa (kupatula kudyetsa) ndi makama aubweya ndi masewera aphokoso otsanzira ndewu ndi kuthamangitsa.
Kutentha, nyama zimachita dzanzi pansi pano pafupi ndi maenje, kuyembekezera mtundu wawo wobisika, womwe umawathandiza kuti aziphatikizana ndi malowa. Komabe, pamakhala alonda nthawi zonse mgululi, kuyang'anira mtunda ndikuchenjeza za ngozi ndikufuula, pambuyo pake amphongo amathawa kuti abisalire.
Kodi mongoose amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Mongoose, wobadwira mdera lalikulu, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wautali kuposa amuna okhaokha. Izi ndichifukwa choti onse ali ndi udindo - makolo awo atamwalira, makanda amaleredwa ndi mamembala ena a gululi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mongooses aphunzira kumenyera miyoyo yawo pawokha: kudumpha kulumidwa ndi njoka, amadya "mangusvail", muzu wamankhwala womwe umathandiza kuthana ndi zovuta za njoka za njoka.
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa mongoose m'chilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 8, ndipo pafupifupi kutalikirapo kawiri mu ukapolo (kumalo osungira nyama kapena kunyumba).
Habitat, malo okhala mongoose
Mongoose amakhala makamaka zigawo za Africa ndi Asia, ndipo mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, mongoose waku Aigupto amapezeka ku Asia kokha komanso kumwera kwa Europe. Komanso, mtundu uwu umayambitsidwa ku America.
Malo okhala mongoose:
- nkhalango yonyowa;
- mapiri a nkhalango;
- chipululu;
- maluwa;
- chipululu ndi zipululu;
- m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
- madera akumizinda.
M'mizinda, mongoose nthawi zambiri amasintha zonyansa, maenje, zibowo zamiyala, mabowo, mitengo ikuluikulu yowola, komanso malo ozungulira nyumba. Mitundu ina imakhala pafupi ndi madzi, ikukhala m'mphepete mwa malo osungira ndi madambo, komanso mitsinje yamadzi (water mongoose). Nyama zambiri zomwe zimadya nyamazi ndizapadziko lapansi, ndipo ndi awiri okha (ma tailos-tailed and African slender mongooses) omwe amakonda kukhala ndikudya mitengo.
Mongoose "nyumba" zitha kupezeka m'malo odabwitsa kwambiri, kuphatikiza mobisa, momwe amamangira ngalande zapansi panthaka... Mitundu yosuntha imasintha nyumba pafupifupi masiku awiri aliwonse.
Zakudya, zomwe mongoose amadya
Pafupifupi nsomba zonse za mongoose zimafunafuna chakudya chokha, zimagwirizana pokhapokha zitapeza zinthu zina zazikulu. Izi zachitika, mwachitsanzo, ndi amfinfine mongooses. Amakhala omnivorous komanso osasamala: amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe diso limagwera. Zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi tizilombo, tating'onoting'ono - nyama zazing'ono ndi zomera, ndipo nthawi zina zowola.
Zakudya zam'mongo:
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono;
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono;
- mbalame zazing'ono;
- zokwawa ndi amphibiya;
- mazira a mbalame ndi zokwawa;
- tizilombo;
- zomera kuphatikizapo zipatso, tubers, masamba, ndi mizu.
Mongoose wodya nkhanu amadalira kwambiri nkhanu, zomwe sizimasiyidwa ndimadzi am'madzi.... Omalizawa amafunafuna chakudya (nkhanu, nkhanu ndi amphibiya) m'mitsinje, kukoka nyama kuchokera ku matope ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Mongoose wamadzi samapewa mazira a ng'ona ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Mongoose ena amagwiritsanso ntchito zikhadabo zawo ngati chakudya, kuthyola masamba / nthaka yotseguka ndikutulutsa zamoyo, kuphatikizapo akangaude, kafadala ndi mphutsi.
Adani achilengedwe
Kwa mongoose, izi ndi mbalame zodya nyama, njoka ndi nyama zazikulu monga akambuku, nyama zakufa, nkhandwe, mimbulu ndi zina. Nthawi zambiri, anawo amalowa m'mano a adani, omwe alibe nthawi yobisala mu dzenje nthawi.
Mongoose wachikulire amayesera kuthawa mdaniyo, koma, atayendetsedwa pakona, akuwonetsa mawonekedwe - amapinda msana wake ndi hump, akuphulitsa ubweya wake, akukweza mchira wake moopseza, kukuwa ndi kukuwa, kuluma ndikuwotcha madzi onunkhira ochokera kumafinya a anal.
Kubereka ndi ana
Gawo la moyo la mongooses limodzi silinaphunzire mokwanira: zimadziwika kuti mkazi amabweretsa ana awiri kapena atatu akhungu komanso amaliseche, kuwabereka mumiyala yamiyala. Anawo amakula pakatha milungu iwiri, ndipo asanatero amadalira mayi ake, omwe, amasamalira kwathunthu mwanayo.
Zofunika! Khalidwe loberekera la ma mongooses aphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane - pafupifupi mitundu yonse, kutenga mimba kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, kupatula ma Indian mongooses (masiku 42) ndi mongooses opapatiza (masiku 105).
Pakubadwa, nyama imalemera zosaposa 20 g, ndipo pagulu lililonse pali ana 2-3, osachepera ana 6. Ana aakazi onse amasungidwa limodzi ndipo amatha kudyetsedwa osati ndi amayi awo okha, komanso ndi wina aliyense.
Kakhalidwe ndi machitidwe azakugonana am'mwana wachinyama, omwe amakhala mdera la 10-12 (kawirikawiri 20-40) nyama, ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa. Gulu lotere limayendetsedwa ndi banja limodzi lokha, pomwe udindo wa abwana umapita kwa wamkazi wamkulu, ndipo wachiwiri kwa mnzake.
Okwatirana okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kubereka ana: wamkazi wamkulu amapondereza zikhalidwe za anthu ena zachonde... Amuna ena onse mgululi, omwe safuna kupirira zovuta ngati izi, nthawi zambiri amapita mbali, kumagulu komwe amatha kukhala ndi ana awoawo.
Ana akayamba kutuluka, abambo amatenga udindo wamwamuna, pomwe akazi amachoka kukafunafuna chakudya. Amuna amasamalira ana ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, amawakoka, akugwira nape ndi mano awo, kupita nawo kumalo otetezeka. Anawo akamakula, amapatsidwa chakudya chotafuna, ndipo kenaka amapita nawo kukawaphunzitsa momwe angapezere chakudya choyenera. Kubereketsa mu mongooses achichepere kumachitika pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mayiko ambiri aletsa kulowetsa mongoose, chifukwa ali achonde kwambiri, amachulukitsa msanga ndikukhala tsoka kwa alimi, osapha makoswe ambiri ngati nkhuku.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa chake, koyambirira kwa zaka zana zapitazo, ma mongoose adadziwitsidwa kuzilumba za Hawaii kuti amenyane ndi mbewa ndi makoswe omwe amadya nzimbe. Zotsatira zake, olusa adayamba kuwopseza nyama zakomweko.
Kumbali inayi, mongooses okha (makamaka zina mwa mitundu yawo) amakhala pamphepete mwa chiwonongeko chifukwa cha ntchito za munthu amene amadula nkhalango, amapanga madera atsopano olimapo ndikuwononga malo okhala mongooses. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimawonongeka chifukwa cha michira yawo yosalala, komanso amasakidwa ndi agalu.
Zonsezi zimakakamiza mongooses kusamukira kukasaka chakudya ndi malo okhala atsopano.... Masiku ano, palibenso kusiyana pakati pa zamoyo, zina zomwe zayandikira (chifukwa cha zochita za anthu zopanda nzeru) za kutha, ndipo zina zasokonekera koopsa, ndikuwopseza kufalikira kwa nyama zachilengedwe.
