Kumpoto kwambiri ndipo, mwanzeru, anyani olimba kwambiri pachilimwe amakhala ku Dziko Loyera. Dzina la sayansi la mitunduyo ndi macaque achi Japan (osati macaque, monga tinkakonda kunena).
Kufotokozera kwa macaque aku Japan
Pakadali pano, ma subspecies awiri a macaque aku Japan, am'banja la nyani, afotokozedwa... Awa ndi Macaca fuscata yakui (okhala ndi masokosi ooneka ngati oval), omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Yakushima, komanso Macaca fuscata fuscata (okhala ndi masokosi ozungulira), okhala kuzilumba zina zingapo.
Maonekedwe
Poyerekeza ndi ma macaque ena, anyani aku Japan amawoneka amphamvu kwambiri, olimba komanso olemera. Amuna amakula pafupifupi mita (0.8-0.95 m), mpaka 11 kg. Akazi ndi ofupikirapo pang'ono komanso opepuka (kulemera kwapakati sikupitilira 9 kg). Ndevu ndi zotupa zam'mbali, zomwe amuna ndi akazi amachita, sizimasokoneza kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, popeza mawonekedwe azakugonana amatchulidwa kwambiri.
Pofika nthawi yozizira, ubweya wautali umakwaniritsidwa ndi chovala chamkati chomwe chikukula. Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limapezeka pamapewa, miyendo yakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, pomwe tsitsi lalifupi kwambiri limapezeka pamimba ndi pachifuwa. Ubweyawo umakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuyambira imvi-buluu mpaka imvi-bulauni ndi maolivi wokhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Mimba nthawi zonse imakhala yopepuka kuposa msana ndi ziwalo.
Zipilala zopitilira muyeso zimapachikika pamaso panu, zomwe ndizodziwika bwino mwa amuna. Malo otukuka kwambiri muubongo ndi kotekisi yaubongo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Masomphenya a macaque amapangidwa kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zina) ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi anthu. Ndi stereoscopic: nyani amayerekezera mtunda ndikuwona chithunzi cha mbali zitatu.
Macaque aku Japan ali ndi zikwama zamasaya - zikopa ziwiri zamkati zamkati zotuluka mbali iliyonse pakamwa, zikulendewera pachibwano. Miyendo ili ndi zala zisanu, pomwe chala chachikulu chimatsutsana ndi zina zonse. Dzanja loterolo limakupatsani mwayi wogwirizira zinthu ndikuziwongolera mosavuta.
Macaque a ku Japan ali ndi timitengo ting'onoting'ono ta ischial (timene timafanana ndi anyani onse), ndipo mchira sumakula kupitirira masentimita 10. Nyani ikakula, khungu lake lowala (pamphuno ndi mozungulira mchira) limakhala lofiirira kwambiri komanso lofiira.
Moyo, khalidwe
Ma macaque aku Japan amakhala akugwira ntchito masana, kufunafuna chakudya pamalo omwe amakonda pamiyendo yonse inayi... Akazi amakhala kwambiri mumitengo, ndipo amuna nthawi zambiri amayenda pamtunda. Nthawi zokhala ndi chidwi chofuna kudya zimapuma, pomwe ma macaque amalumikizana, amagona kapena kutafuna masaya.
Nthawi zambiri, panthawi yopuma, nyama zimatsuka ubweya wa abale awo. Kudzikongoletsa kotereku kumagwira ntchito ziwiri, zaukhondo komanso chikhalidwe. Pachifukwa chachiwiri, ma macaque amamanga ndikulimbikitsa maubwenzi mkati mwa gululi. Chifukwa chake, amayeretsa nthawi yayitali komanso mosamala ubweya wa munthu wamkuluyo, posonyeza ulemu wawo wapadera, nthawi yomweyo, akuyembekeza kuti amuthandizira pakakhala mikangano.
Zolamulira
Ma macaque aku Japan amapanga gulu (anthu 10-100) okhala ndi gawo lokhazikika, lotsogozedwa ndi chachimuna chachikulu, chomwe sichimasiyana kwenikweni ndi mphamvu monga luntha. Kusinthasintha kwa alpha wamwamuna kumatheka ngati amwalira kapena gulu loyambalo likasweka kawiri. Chisankho cha mtsogoleri chimapangidwa ndi wamkazi wamkulu kapena akazi angapo olumikizidwa ndi magazi komanso ubale.
Palinso kugonjera / kulamulira pakati pa akazi, ndipo kunapezeka kuti ana aakazi amangotenga udindo wa amayi awo. Kuphatikiza apo, alongo achichepere ali gawo limodzi lokwera kuposa alongo achikulire.
Ana aakazi, ngakhale akukula, samasiya amayi awo, pamene ana amasiye banja, ndikupanga makampani oyang'anira. Nthawi zina amalowa m'magulu akunja, komwe kuli akazi, koma amakhala m'malo otsika pano.
Zizindikiro zomveka
Ma macaque achi Japan monga anyani amafunika kulumikizana pafupipafupi ndi achibale ndi anyani omwe sakuwadziwa, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zamanja, manja ndi nkhope.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama asankha mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamawu, ndikupeza kuti theka lawo ndi ochezeka:
- mwamtendere;
- khanda;
- chenjezo;
- zoteteza;
- nthawi ya estrus;
- aukali.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mukamayenda m'nkhalango komanso mukamadya, ma macaque aku Japan amatulutsa mawu omwe amathandiza mamembala kuti adziwe komwe ali.
Luso la kuphunzira
Mu 1950, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku yunivesite ya Tokyo adaganiza zophunzitsa ma macaque omwe amakhala pafupi. Kosima, kwa mbatata (mbatata), ndikumwaza pansi. Mu 1952, adadya kale mbatata, kutsuka mchenga ndi dothi, mpaka mayi wazaka 1.5 wazaka Imo adatsuka mbatata m'madzi amtsinje.
Khalidwe lake lidatengera mlongo wake ndi amayi ake, ndipo pofika 1959, ma macaque achichepere 15 mwa 19 achichepere ndi anyani akuluakulu awiri mwa khumi ndi m'modzi anali kutsuka tubers mumtsinje. Mu 1962, chizolowezi chotsuka mbatata asanadye chidakhazikitsidwa pafupifupi m'ma macaque onse aku Japan, kupatula omwe adabadwa 1950 isanakwane.
Masiku ano, ma macaque achijapani amathanso kutsuka tirigu wothira mchenga: amaponya chisakanizo m'madzi, kulekanitsa zonse ziwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma macaque aphunzira kupanga ma snowball. Akatswiri a zamoyo amati ndi momwe amasungira chakudya chochuluka m'chipale chofewa, chomwe adzadya pambuyo pake.
Utali wamoyo
Mwachilengedwe, ma macaque aku Japan amakhala zaka 25-30, mu ukapolo - zambiri... Ponena za kutalika kwa moyo, akazi amakhala patsogolo pang'ono kuposa amuna: akale amakhala (pafupifupi) zaka 32, pomwe omaliza - pafupifupi zaka 28.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu wachilengedwe wa macaque achi Japan umakwirira zilumba zitatu - Kyushu, Shikoku ndi Honshu.
Pachilumba cha Yakushima, chakum'mwera kwenikweni kuzilumba zaku Japan, kuli Macaca fuscata yakui, masheya odziyimira pawokha a macaque. Oimira anthuwa amasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe amaso awo ndi ubweya wafupi, komanso machitidwe ena.
Alendo omwe amabwera kudzawona anyani olimba kwambiri nthawi zambiri amawatcha kuti macaques.... Zowonadi, nyama zakhala zikuzolowera chipale chofewa (chomwe sichimasungunuka kwa miyezi inayi pachaka) komanso nyengo yozizira, pomwe kutentha kwapakati kumasungidwa -5 ° C.
Kuti adzipulumutse ku hypothermia, ma macaque amatsikira akasupe otentha. Choipa chokha cha kutentha koteroko ndi ubweya wonyowa, womwe umagwira m'chiwombocho mukachoka pagwero. Ndipo muyenera kusiya "kusamba" kotentherako kuti mukamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma macaque adatulukira ndi njira yotulukamo, kusiya "operekera zakudya" angapo pamtunda, kubweretsa chakudya chamadzulo kwa iwo omwe amakhala pazitsime. Kuphatikiza apo, alendo achifundo amadyetsa anyani omwe amakonda.
Ma macaque a chipale chofewa samangodyera nkhalango zonse zaku Japan kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumadera otentha, komanso adalowera ku North America.
Mu 1972, m'modzi mwa alimi adabweretsa abulu 150 ku famu yake ku United States, komwe zaka zingapo pambuyo pake adapeza mpata mpandawo ndikuthawa. Umu ndi momwe anthu odziyimira pawokha a ma macaque aku Japan adawonekera mdera la Texas.
Ku Japan, komabe, anyaniwa amadziwika kuti ndi chuma chamayiko ndipo amatetezedwa mosamala pamaboma.
Zakudya zaku Japan zaku macaque
Mitundu yamtunduwu imakhala yopanda tsankho mu chakudya ndipo sinatchulidwepo za gastronomic. Akatswiri a zooology akuti pali mitundu pafupifupi 213 yazomera zomwe zimadyedwa ndi macaque aku Japan.
Monkey menu (makamaka nthawi yachisanu) imaphatikizapo:
- mphukira ndi khungwa la mitengo;
- masamba ndi rhizomes;
- mtedza ndi zipatso;
- nkhanu, nsomba ndi molluscs;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo;
- mazira a mbalame;
- zinyalala chakudya.
Ngati pali chakudya chochuluka, nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito zikwama zamasaya kuti zizidzaze ndi chakudya chosungidwa. Nthawi yamasana ikafika, anyani amakhazikika pansi kuti apumule ndikutulutsa chakudya chobisika m'masaya mwawo, zomwe sizophweka kuchita. Kuyeserera kwamizeremizere kumasowa ndipo anyaniwa amagwiritsa ntchito manja awo kufinya zinthu zomwe zinali mchikwama mkamwa mwawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale pakudya, ma macaque amatsata olamulira mosamalitsa. Mtsogoleri amayamba kudya kaye, kenako okhawo omwe ali otsika. Mosadabwitsa, nyama zopweteka kwambiri zimapita kwa anyani okhala ndi mbiri yotsika.
Kubereka ndi ana
Pakuswana, ma macaque achijapani amatsata nyengo yomwe imadziwika, yomwe imawathandiza kuti azolowere moyo wovuta. Nthawi yakumasirana imakwezedwa kuyambira pakati pa Marichi ndi Seputembara.
Amayi amakula msinkhu pafupifupi zaka 3.5, amuna patatha chaka chimodzi, ali ndi zaka 4.5... Kukhala pachibwenzi kumawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri: panthawiyi, akazi amayang'anitsitsa anzawo, posankha omwe akudziwa bwino kwambiri komanso olimba.
Mtsogoleri woyamba wa onse amatenga akazi otsogola, ndipo akazi ena onse amakwatirana ndi amuna okhwima ogonana am'magulu otsika, osayankha zonena za atsikana achichepere. Ndicho chifukwa chake omaliza (kufunafuna bwenzi kumbali) nthawi zambiri amasiya gulu lawo, koma nthawi zambiri amabwerera nthawi yozizira.
Atasankha banja, anyaniwo amakhala limodzi kwa tsiku limodzi ndi theka: amadya, kupuma ndikugonana. Kuyamba kwa mimba kumatenga masiku 170-180 ndipo kumatha ndikubereka mwana pakona ina yokhayokha patali ndi fuko.
Kwa macaque aku Japan, ana omwe ali ngati mwana wamwamuna mmodzi ndi mawonekedwe, amapasa amabadwa kawirikawiri (1 vuto lililonse pobadwa 488). Mwana wakhanda, patadutsa maola awiri, atakakamira kale kwa mayi, amalemera 0,5-0.55 kg. M'mwezi woyamba, mwana amapachika, atagwira ubweya pachifuwa, kenako nkupita kumbuyo kwa mayi.
Banja lalikulu lonse likuyembekezera kubadwa kwa macaque yaying'ono, ndipo akazi amabwera kudzagwira atangobadwa. Alongo achikulire ndi azakhali awo akupitilizabe kusamalira mwana wamng'onoyo akamakula, amakhala anamwino odzipereka komanso osewera nawo. Koma ngati kusangalalako kumakhala koopsa, mwana amapulumuka m'manja mwa amayi.
Ma Macaque amaletsa kuyamwa miyezi 6-8, nthawi zina chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo (pazaka 2.5), bola mayi asabereke mwana watsopano panthawiyi. Mwa kuletsa kuyamwitsa, mayiyo akupitilizabe kumusunga, kumutenthetsa usiku wozizira wa chisanu ndikumuteteza ku ngozi.
Chodetsa nkhaŵa cholera mwana wagwera pamapewa a kholo: amuna samachita nawo izi. Ngakhale amayi amakonda amayi, kufa kwa makanda ku macaque aku Japan ndiokwera - 28.5%.
Ndizosangalatsa!Macaque wamkulu amadziwika kuti ndi membala wathunthu wachinyamata akadzakwanitsa zaka zitatu.
Adani achilengedwe
Kumtchire, anyaniwa amakhala ndi zilombo zambiri. Zowopseza zazikuluzikulu ndi chiwombankhanga cham'mapiri, nkhandwe yaku Japan, hawk, raccoon, agalu oyenda komanso, tsoka, anthu. Zimadziwika kuti mu 1998 mokha, ma macaque opitilira 10 aku Japan, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi tizirombo taulimi, adawonongedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, macaque aku Japan ndiotetezedwa, palibe amene amawasaka, komabe, mitunduyo imaphatikizidwa mu Msonkhano wa CITES II, womwe umaletsa kugulitsa anyaniwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha macaque achi Japan pafupifupi 114.5 zikwi.
