Nkhanu za Horseshoe - nyama yotsalira

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Pamphepete mwa magombe amchenga, m'madzi osaya a m'nyanja zambiri za Far East, gombe la Atlantic ku North America, komanso m'nyanja za Southeast Asia, mutha kuwona cholengedwa chomwe sichinasinthe pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri kukhalapo kwake.

Amakhala pansi pa nyanja ngakhale ma dinosaurs asanafike, adapulumuka pamavuto onse, ndipo akupitilizabe kukhalabe masiku ano m'malo omwe amawadziwa. Zowona, mwa mitundu yambiri ya nkhanu za akavalo, ndi anayi okha omwe adapulumuka, ndipo kuwononga kwa anthu kwadzetsa mavuto ambiri kwa anthu.

Kufotokozera za nkhanu za akavalo

Zolengedwa zakale kwambiri zimatha kubisala bwino... Kukhala wouma pamchenga pangozi, umakhala ngati mwala wa mawonekedwe achilendo kwambiri. Chokhacho chomwe chingaperekeko nkhanu ya akavalo ndi mchira wautali - chingwe chokhala ndi notches, chomwe mungadandaule nacho mopweteka kwambiri mukangoyenda ndi phazi lanu. Madzi a chelicerae ali m'gulu la Merostomaceae. Nyamazi sizitchedwa nkhanu, koma palibe amene amazitcha akangaude, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri.

Maonekedwe

Thupi la nkhanu ya akavalo lidagawika magawo awiri. Cephalothorax yake - prosoma - ili ndi chishango cholimba, ndipo gawo lakumbuyo, opisthosoma, ili ndi chishango chake. Ngakhale zida zamphamvu kwambiri, ziwalo zonse ziwiri za thupi ndizoyenda. Maso awiri mbali, awiri ena akuyembekezera. Ocelli yakutsogolo ndiyandikana kwambiri kotero kuti imangokhala imodzi. Kutalika kwa nkhanu ya akavalo kumafika 50 - 95 cm, m'mimba mwake mwa zikopa - zipolopolo - mpaka 35 cm.

Ndizosangalatsa! Miyendo isanu ndi iwiri ya miyendo, chifukwa chake nkhanu ya akavalo imatha kuyenda pansi ndikusambira m'madzi, kugwira ndikupha nyama, kupukuta musanadye, imabisika pansi pa zikopa.

Mchira wautali wokhala ndi msana wokhotakhota ndi wofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi mafunde; nkhanu ya akavalo imagwiritsa ntchito kukhalabe olimba, kugubuduza kumbuyo kwake ndi kumbuyo, komanso kudziteteza.

Pakamwa pamabisika ndi miyendo inayi yayifupi yomwe nyamakazi imatha kuyenda nayo. Miphika imathandizira nkhanu ya akavalo kupuma pansi pamadzi, mpaka itawuma, imatha kupumira pamtunda.

Cholengedwa chakumbuchi ichi chidafotokozedwa bwino ndi aku Britain, ndikuchotsa nkhanu ya kavalo, chifukwa chipika chonse chimafanana ndi ziboda zamahatchi zoponyedwa pagombe.

Khalidwe, moyo

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi akuya kwa 10 mpaka 15 mita. Zoyenda pansi pa silt, nkhanu za mahatchi zimayang'ana nyongolotsi, mollusks, carrion, zomwe amadya, ndikung'amba zidutswa zazing'ono ndikuzitumiza mkamwa mwawo (nkhanu za akavalo sizinapeze mano kwa zaka mamiliyoni azisinthiko).

Ndizosangalatsa kuwona momwe nkhanu za akavalo amaikidwa m'mchenga.... Kupinda pansi pomwe cephalothorax imadutsa pamimba, kupumula miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndi mchira mumchenga, ndi mbali yayikulu kutsogolo kwa chipolopolo chake, imayamba "kukumba", ikungosunthira mchenga ndi silt, kupita mozama, kenako ndikubisala pansi pakulimba kwathunthu. Ndipo nkhanu ya akavalo imasambira nthawi zambiri m'mimba, pogwiritsa ntchito chipolopolo chake m'malo mwa "bwato".

Kukula kwakukulu kwa zolengedwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pagombe kumatha kuwonedwa nthawi yoswana. Zikwi zambiri zimafika pagombe, ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apadera. Mutha kusilira chithunzichi kwamuyaya, poganiza kuti ndi momwe zonse zidachitikira zaka masauzande ndi mamiliyoni zapitazo.

Komabe, kulingalira si gawo la ambiri, koma owerengeka. Anthu adazindikira kuti chibadwa cha zida zakale zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zikwi za nkhanu za akavalo zinasonkhanitsidwa kuti apange ziweto, feteleza kuchokera kwa iwo, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ena kukonzekera mbale ndi zikumbutso zosowa. Kuwononga anthu ambiri kwadzetsa chenicheni chakuti lero nkhanu za akavalo zili pafupi kutha.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mwa mitundu mazana ambiri ya zinthu yomwe imadziwika kuchokera pazofukulidwa zakale, zotsalira, zatsala zinayi zokha, koma zimatha kutha.

Utali wamoyo

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakhala ndi moyo wautali kwa ma arthropods. Amakhala akuluakulu azaka 10 zokha, m'chilengedwe amakhala mpaka zaka 20, ngati apewedwa zoopsa. M'nyanja zam'madzi, ndipo nkhanu za akavalo akuyambidwanso kwambiri monga ziweto, amakhala zochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, sizimaswana mu ukapolo.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakhala kum'mawa kuchokera kugombe la South ndi Central America, Southeast Asia. Amapezeka ku Bay of Bengal, ku Borneo, pafupi ndi zilumba za Indonesia, Philippines. Vietnam, China, Japan - mayiko omwe nkhanu za mahatchi sizimangogwiritsidwa ntchito pamafakitale, komanso zimadyedwa.

Malo okhala nkhanu za akavalo zimadalira kutentha kwa madzi. Satha kupirira kuzizira, chifukwa chake amakhala komwe kutentha kwapakati sikutsika kuposa madigiri 22 - 25. Kuphatikiza apo, sakonda malo ozama kwambiri, chifukwa chake nkhanu za nsapato za akavalo zimakhala m'mashelefu ndi pamiyendo. Sangathetse makilomita makumi angapo am'nyanja kuti akwaniritse malo abwino okhala, ku Cuba kapena ku Carribean, ndipo si osambira abwino kwambiri.

Zakudya, zakudya

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakonda kudya, ndizodya, koma sizimakana ndere... Katundu wa nkhanu ya akavalo akhoza kukhala wachangu yemwe sanazindikire kuopsa kwa nsomba zazing'ono, nkhono, nkhono. Amadya arthropods ndi annelids. Nthawi zambiri, anthu angapo amatha kuwona nthawi yomweyo pafupi ndi nyama zazikulu zam'madzi zakufa. Ndikung'amba nyama ndi zikhadabo, nkhanu za akavalo zimasinja bwino zidutswazo ndikuziyika mkamwa ndi miyendo yomwe ili pafupi nayo.

Kupera bwino kumafunika kuthandizira kugaya chakudya mwachangu, dongosolo la m'mimba la nyamayi ndilovuta kwambiri. Ndipo m'malo azinyumba zanyumba, atero okonda kukongola uku, zotsalira zokutidwa ndi zida sizimakana nyama komanso soseji. Ndikofunikira kuwunika kuyera ndi mpweya wa madzi, kuti asawononge nkhanu za akavalo.

Kubereka ndi ana

Pakubala ana, zikwizikwi za nkhanu za akavalo amathamangira kumtunda. Zazimayi, zokulirapo, zimathamangira kupanga chisa cha ana, ndipo amuna amafunafuna chibwenzi choyenera.

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimakhwima msanga pakadutsa zaka khumi atabadwa, kotero kuti nthumwi zazikulu za mitunduyo zimafika kumtunda. Makamaka, akazi amapita kunyanja, ndipo abambo amtsogolo nthawi zambiri amangodumpha m'madzi, akumamatira ku chipolopolo chachikazi, ndikuphimba pamimba pake, ndi zikoko zakutsogolo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mzimayi amakumba dzenje ndikuikira mazira mpaka 1000 mmenemo, kenako amalola kuti imuna iwapatse feteleza. Mazira ndi obiriwira kapena achikasu, ndi mamilimita ochepa okha m'litali.

Mkazi amapanga dzenje lotsatira, njirayi imabwerezedwa. Ndipo nkhanu za akavalo zimabwerera kumadzi ndikudzikundikira kambiri - maderawo amapasulika asanabadwe. Matama ambiri satetezedwa, mazira amakhala nyama zosavuta mbalame ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi magombe.

Pakadutsa mwezi umodzi ndi theka, mbozi zazing'ono zimatuluka m'manja omwe apulumuka, ofanana kwambiri ndi makolo awo, omwe matupi awo amakhalanso ndi magawo awiri. Mphutsi ndizofanana ndi ma trilobites, zilibe ma peyala angapo am'mimba ndipo zimakhala ndi ziwalo zamkati zosakwanira. Pambuyo pa molt woyamba, mphutsi imakhala ngati nkhanu ya akulu ya akavalo, koma patangopita zaka zochepa, patadutsa zaka zambiri, nkhanu ya horseshoe imadzakwaniritsidwa.

Adani achilengedwe

Mazira ndi mphutsi za nkhanu za akavalo nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka m'milomo ya waders, gulls, ndi abuluzi ndi nkhanu sizidana nazo. Koma wamkulu nyamakazi ndiotetezedwa bwino, pafupifupi palibe amene amamuopa chifukwa cha chipolopolo cholimba.

Munthu ndi zolengedwa izi adakhala wolusa woopsa kwambiri... Popeza adapulumuka pamavuto apadziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwa nyengo, nkhanu za akavalo, zosungidwa momwe zidaliri kale, sizingathe kukana "chitukuko". Anthu adatha kupeza mwayi woti "nyama yamoyo" ikukwawa kumtunda kuti ibereke. Chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku, nkhanu za nsapato za mahatchi kuti zimeretse minda - palibe malire pazanzeru za anthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mwankhanza chilichonse komanso aliyense kuti apindule.

Podzitchinjiriza ku ngoziyi, nkhanu za akavalo sakanatha kuthawa kapena kubisala akamasonkhanitsidwa matani ndikutsanuliridwa munyuzipepala. Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nyambo ya nsomba zazikulu, zomwe zimawononganso kwambiri mitundu ya zamoyo. Kungowopseza kuti awonongedwa kwathunthu komwe kumapangitsa anthu kuti asiye. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nyamakazi inali itatsika kangapo.

Achinyamata amakhala nyama zodyera nsomba, mbalame, mbalame zambiri zosamuka zimadya mazira onse, omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pomwe nyamakazi imatsata kuti ikwere. Ndipo owonera mbalame amati ndi magombe awa omwe ali ndi mwayi wopuma komanso chakudya chabwino chomwe chimapulumutsa mitundu yambirimbiri. Chifukwa chake nkhanu yaing'ono ya akavalo imagwira ntchito yayikulu pachilengedwe.

Zowopsa kwa anthu

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimawoneka zowopsa kwambiri: chipolopolo chonyowa chowala pamchenga chimafanana ndi chisoti, chotetemera chimatha kugunda kuti chizidula khungu. Mukaponda mumchenga, simungangowononga khungu, komanso kupweteketsa chilondacho. Chifukwa chake, kuyenda osavala nsapato komwe kumakhala nyama izi sikofunika. Koma kawirikawiri, nkhanu za akavalo sizimawopseza anthu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nkhanu za akavalo pafupifupi kulikonse zimayamikiridwa osati monga chakudya m'maiko ena komanso zokumbutsa zipolopolo.

Asayansi omwe amaphunzira nkhanu za akavalo aphunzira zambiri zam'mbuyomu. Titha kunena kuti ma arthropods amawerengedwa kuti ndi nthambi yakufa, chifukwa kusakhala kosintha, kusinthika, chitukuko chikuwonetsa kuti mtunduwu ulibe tsogolo. Komabe, iwo anapulumuka, ndinazolowera zinthu zatsopano, popanda kusintha. Asayansi akadali ndi zinsinsi zambiri zoti athetse.

Ndizosangalatsa! Chimodzi mwa izo ndi magazi amtambo. Zimakhala chonchi zikagwirizana ndi mpweya, chifukwa mulibe hemoglobin mmenemo.

Koma imakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zakunja, kuteteza thupi kuzinthu zilizonse zakunja, kuchepetsa ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda. Chifukwa chake, sizikudziwika zenizeni zakufa kwakukulu kwa zolengedwa izi.

Nkhanu za Horseshoe zimayesa kuyerekezera kwa mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito magazi awo ngati chisonyezo... Hemolymph imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma reagents kuti aone ngati mankhwala ndi oyera. Pafupifupi anthu atatu pa anthu 100 aliwonse amamwalira akumwa mawere. Komabe, kufunika kwa sayansi ya nkhanu za akavalo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zidakopa chidwi chavutoli.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ngakhale kuyesayesa kuteteza nkhanu za akavalo ku chiwonongeko chankhanza, pakhala pali milandu yakufa kwambiri kwa nyamakazi komwe kumamangidwa magombe, komwe akazi adamanga zisa, pomwe mashelufu achilengedwe adawonongeka.

Ndizosangalatsa! M'mayiko ambiri, nkhanu za akavalo zimatetezedwa ndi malamulo, koma nyama zimafa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kusokonezedwa ndi anthu m'malo awo achilengedwe.

Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ngakhale ali mu ukapolo, amaberekana pokhapokha mchenga ukawonekera m'nyanja yamadzi kuchokera kunyanja komwe nkhanu za akavalo zidabadwira. Popeza adapulumuka zaka zikwizikwi za chisinthiko, nkhanu ya akavalo sikuyenera kuzimiririka padziko lapansi.

Vidiyo ya nkhanu ya Horseshoe

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