Mphamvu ndi kukongola, kukhazikika ndi luso lodabwitsa - zonsezi ndi cougar, imodzi mwa amphaka ochititsa chidwi kwambiri padziko lapansi (malo a 4 pambuyo pa mkango, nyamazi ndi kambuku). Ku America, jaguar yekha ndi wamkulu kuposa cougar, yemwe amatchedwanso cougar kapena mkango wamapiri.
Kufotokozera kwa cougar
Puma concolor - ili ndi dzina la mitunduyo m'Chilatini, pomwe gawo lachiwiri limamasuliridwa kuti "mtundu umodzi", ndipo mawuwa ndiowona ngati tingawone mtunduwo pakusowa kwamachitidwe. Kumbali inayi, chinyama sichimawoneka ngati cha monochrome kotheratu: gawo lakumtunda limasiyana ndi mimba yopepuka, ndipo malo oyera a chibwano ndi mkamwa amadziwika bwino pamphuno.
Maonekedwe
Mwamuna wamkulu amakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu kuposa azimayi ndipo amalemera 60-80 kg ndi kutalika kwa mita 1-1.8... Zitsanzo zina zimapeza 100-105 kg. Cougar ndi 0.6-0.9 m wamtali, ndipo mchira wolimba, wofananira wa pubescent ndi 0.6-0.75 m. Cougar ili ndi thupi lokhalitsa komanso losinthasintha, wokhala ndi mutu wofanana wokhala ndi makutu ozungulira. Cougar ili ndi chidwi kwambiri komanso maso okongola akuda. Mtundu wa iris umachokera ku hazel ndi imvi yopepuka mpaka yobiriwira.
Miyendo yakumbuyo yotambalala (yokhala ndi zala 4) ndiyokulirapo kuposa yoyambayo, yokhala ndi zala zisanu. Zala zakumiyendo zili ndi zikhadabo zopindika komanso zowongoka zomwe zimasuntha ngati amphaka onse. Zikhadabo zobwezeretsedwera zimafunika kuti zigwire ndikumugwira, komanso kukwera mitengo. Chovala cha mkango wamapiri ndi chachifupi, chowindama, koma chakuda, chofanana ndi mtundu wa nyama yake yayikulu - nswala. Mwa akuluakulu, kumunsi kwa thupi kumakhala kopepuka kuposa pamwamba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi yofiira, imvi-bulauni, mchenga ndi bulauni wachikasu. Zolemba zoyera zimawoneka pakhosi, pachifuwa ndi pamimba.
Zitsamba zimakhala ndi utoto wosiyana: ubweya wawo wolimba uli ndi mdima, pafupifupi mawanga akuda, pali mikwingwirima kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, ndi mphete kumchira. Mitundu ya ma pumas imakhudzidwanso ndi nyengo. Omwe amakhala mdera lotentha amapereka malankhulidwe ofiira, pomwe omwe akumpoto amakonda kuwonetsa imvi.
Mitundu ya Cougar
Mpaka 1999, akatswiri azamoyo adagwira ntchito ndi mtundu wakale wama cougars, kutengera mtundu wawo wamakhalidwe, ndikudziwika pafupifupi ma subspecies 30. Gulu lamakono (lotengera kafukufuku wamtundu) lachepetsa kuwerengera, ndikuchepetsa mitundu yonse ya ma cougars kukhala subspecies 6 zokha, zomwe zimaphatikizidwanso m'magulu amtundu wa phylogeographic.
Mwachidule, olusa amasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'ma genome awo komanso momwe amaphatikizira kudera linalake:
- Puma concolor costaricensis - Central America;
- Puma concolor couguar - North America;
- Puma concolor cabrerae - Central South America;
- Puma concolor capricornensis - kum'mawa kwa South America;
- Puma concolor puma - gawo lakumwera kwa South America;
- Puma concolor concolor ndi kumpoto kwa South America.
Ndizosangalatsa! Puma concolor coryi, cougar waku Florida wokhala nkhalango / madambo aku South Florida, amadziwika kuti ndi subspecies osowa kwambiri.
Mndende yayikulu kwambiri idadziwika mu Big Cypress National Preserve (USA)... Mu 2011, anthu opitilira 160 adakhala kuno, ndichifukwa chake ma subspecies adaphatikizidwa ndi IUCN Red List omwe ali "pangozi yayikulu" (ovuta). Kusowa kwa cougar ku Florida, malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, ndi amene amachititsa kuti munthu amene adasefukira m'madambo ndikumusaka chifukwa cha masewera. Inbreeding, ziweto zogwirizana kwambiri zikakwatirana (chifukwa cha anthu ochepa), zimathandizanso kutha.
Moyo, khalidwe
Cougars ndi osungulumwa omwe amakhala okhaokha omwe amasintha nthawi yokwanira basi osaposa sabata. Zazikazi zokhala ndi mphaka zimasunganso limodzi. Amuna achikulire si abwenzi: ichi ndi chikhalidwe chokha cha ma cougars achichepere, omwe posachedwa adachoka pamimba la amayi awo. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhudzidwa ndikupezeka kwamasewera: cougar imodzi imatha kuyendetsa pa 85 km², komanso opitilira khumi ndi awiri pa theka laling'ono.
Monga lamulo, malo osakira akazi amakhala kuchokera 26 mpaka 350 km², moyandikana ndi dera lamwamuna. Gawo lomwe amuna amasaka ndi lokulirapo (140-760 km²) ndipo silimalumikizana ndi gawo lampikisano. Mizere imadziwika ndi mkodzo / ndowe ndi zokopa za mitengo. Cougar imasintha malo ake patsambalo kutengera nyengo. Mikango yam'mapiri imasinthidwa mwanjira zamoyo kukhala m'malo ovuta: ndi ma jumpers abwino (abwino kwambiri kuposa onse) kutalika komanso kutalika.
Zolemba za Cougar:
- kulumpha kwakukulu - 7.5 m;
- kudumpha kwakukulu - 4.5 m;
- kudumpha kuchokera kutalika - 18 m (monga kuchokera padenga la nyumba yosanjikiza isanu).
Ndizosangalatsa! Cougar imathamanga mpaka 50 km / h, koma imangotuluka mwachangu, koma imangogonjetsa mapiri, kukwera miyala ndi mitengo bwino. Cougars, akuthawa agalu m'zipululu zakumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, adakweranso chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa cacti. Nyamayo imasambiranso bwino, koma sichisonyeza chidwi pamasewerawa.
Puma imasaka madzulo, posankha kugwetsa wovulalayo mwamphamvu ndi kulumpha kamodzi kwamphamvu, ndipo masana nyamayi imagona m dzenje, imasala padzuwa kapena kudzinyambititsa, monga amphaka onse. Kwa nthawi yayitali panali nkhani zonena za kulira kozizira kopangidwa ndi cougar, koma zonse zidakhala zabodza. Kufuula kwamphamvu kwambiri kumachitika munthawi yovutitsa, ndipo nthawi yonseyo nyamayo imangokhala kubangula, kung'ung'udza, kutsinya, kukuwa komanso khola lachilendo "meow".
Utali wamoyo
Kumtchire, cougar amatha kukhala ndi zaka 18-20 ngati singagwere pamaso pa mfuti yosaka kapena m'manja mwa nyama yayikulu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ndi mphaka wamtchire wokha ku America, wokhala m'malo atali kwambiri ku kontrakitala.... Zaka mazana angapo m'mbuyomu, cougar imapezeka m'chigawo chachikulu kuchokera kumwera kwa Patagonia (Argentina) mpaka Canada ndi Alaska. Masiku ano, malowa afupika kwambiri, ndipo ma cougars (ngati tikambirana za United States ndi Canada) amapezeka ku Florida kokha, komanso kumadera akumadzulo okhala ndi anthu ochepa. Zowona, gawo lazofunikira zawo akadali South America yonse.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale aona kuti cougar imabwereza kufalitsa nyama zamtchire, zomwe ndizosodza kwambiri. Sizodabwitsa kuti chilombocho chimatchedwa mkango wam'mapiri - chimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zazitali (mpaka 4700 m pamwamba pamadzi), koma sizipewa zigwa. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti nyama zamphongo ndi masewera ena azakudya ayenera kupezeka mochuluka mdera lomwe mwasankha.
Cougars amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana monga:
- nkhalango zamvula;
- nkhalango za coniferous;
- pampas;
- zigwa zaudzu;
- madambo.
Zowona, ma cougars ang'onoang'ono aku South America amawopa kuti adzawonekere m'malo otsika omwe nyamazi zimasaka.
Chakudya cha Cougar
Chilombocho chimapita kukasaka kukayamba mdima ndipo nthawi zambiri chimamubisalira kuti chizilumpha kwambiri. Kulimbana momasuka ndi ng'ombe kapena nguluwe kumakhala kovuta kwa cougar, chifukwa chake amagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chodabwitsa, kuchilimbitsa ndi kulumpha kolondola pamsana pa wovulalayo. Ikakhala pamwamba, cougar, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake, imapotoza khosi lake kapena (monga amphaka ena) imakumba mano ake pakhosi ndi pakhosi. Zakudya za cougar zimapangidwa makamaka ndi nyama zopanda ungwiro, koma nthawi zina amazisakaniza ndi makoswe ndi nyama zina. Cougar yawonedwanso ngati kudya anzawo.
Zakudya zamkango wamapiri zimawoneka ngati izi:
- nswala (zoyera, zoyera-zakuda, pampas, caribou ndi wapiti);
- mphalapala, ng'ombe zamphongo ndi nkhosa zazikulu;
- nungu, maulesi ndi ma possum;
- akalulu, agologolo ndi mbewa;
- beavers, muskrats ndi agouti;
- zikopa, ma armadillos ndi ma raccoons;
- anyani, ziphuphu ndi mphalapala.
Cougar sikukana mbalame, nsomba, tizilombo ndi nkhono. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, saopa kumenyana ndi mbala, ma alligator ndi ma grizzies akuluakulu. Mosiyana ndi akambuku ndi akambuku, kwa cougar palibe kusiyana pakati pa nyama zoweta ndi zakutchire: ngati zingatheke, amadula ziweto / nkhuku, osasiyanso amphaka ndi agalu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chaka chimodzi, cougar imodzi imadya makilogalamu 860 mpaka 1300 a nyama, omwe ndi ofanana ndi kulemera konse kwa ma ungulates makumi asanu. Nthawi zambiri amakoka mtembo wodya theka kuti abisale (wokutidwa ndi matabwa, masamba kapena matalala) ndikubwerera pamenepo mtsogolo.
Cougar ili ndi chizolowezi choyipa chakupha masewera ndi nkhokwe, ndiye kuti, mu voliyumu yopitilira zosowa zake. Amwenye, omwe amadziwa izi, amayang'ana mayendedwe a nyamayo ndikuchotsa mitembo yomwe amakumba, nthawi zambiri sanakhudzidwepo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Amakhulupirira kuti mikango yamapiri ilibe nyengo yokhazikika, ndipo kwa ma cougars omwe amakhala kumpoto chakumpoto, pali gawo lina - iyi ndi nthawi kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi. Zazikazi zimayikidwa kuti zizigonana masiku pafupifupi 9. Chowonadi chakuti ma cougars akufunafuna bwenzi lawo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kulira kopweteketsa mtima kwa amuna ndi ndewu zawo. Amuna amalimbana ndi akazi onse a estrus omwe amayenda m'dera lake.
Cougar imabereka ana kuyambira masiku 82 mpaka 96, imabala ana amphaka 6, iliyonse yomwe imalemera 0.2-0.4 kg ndipo ndi 0.3 m kutalika.Kwa milungu ingapo, ana obadwa kumene amawona kuwala ndikuyang'ana padziko lapansi ndi maso abuluu. Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, utoto wakuthambo umasinthika kukhala amber kapena imvi. Pofika chaka chimodzi ndi theka, tiana ta tiana ta tiana ta tiana ta tiana tija tomwe tatuluka kale mano athu timayamba kudya, koma osakana mkaka wa mayi. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri ikukumana ndi mayi, yemwe amakakamizidwa kunyamula nyama kwa ana ake okulirapo (katatu kuposa iyemwini).
Pofika miyezi 9, mawanga amdima amayamba kutha pa malaya amphaka, atha msinkhu ali ndi zaka ziwiri... Zitsamba sizisiya amayi awo mpaka pafupifupi zaka 1.5-2, kenako zimamwazikana posaka masamba awo. Kusiya amayi awo, ma cougars achichepere amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kwakanthawi ndipo pamapeto pake amabalalika, kulowa munthawi yakutha msinkhu. Kwa akazi, kubereka kumachitika zaka 2.5, mwa amuna - miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake.
Adani achilengedwe
Cougar ilibe chilichonse chotere. Mwakutambasula, nyama zazikulu ngati izi zimatha kukhala chifukwa cha omwe adafuna:
- nyamazi;
- mimbulu (m'matumba);
- grizzly;
- zikopa zakuda;
- Zilumba za Mississippi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cougar amapirira msampha wozunzidwa (mosiyana ndi jaguar ndi tiger). Amayesa kangapo kuti adzimasule, pambuyo pake amadzipereka kuti akhale wopanda tsogolo ndikukhala osasunthika mpaka mlenje atafika.
Nyama zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimamenyana ndi zikopa zofooka kapena zazing'ono. Mmodzi mwa adani a cougar ndi munthu amene amawombera ndi kutchera misampha.
Puma ndi munthu
Theodore Roosevelt adapanga gulu lotetezera nyama, koma pazifukwa zina sanakonde ma cougars ndipo (mothandizidwa ndi mutu wa Zoological Society of New York) adalola kuti awonongeke osalangidwa mdziko lonselo. Alenje sanayenera kukopa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mamiliyoni zikwi zikwi za ziwombankhanga zinawonongedwa kudera la America, ngakhale kuti chilombocho chimapewa munthu ndikumuzunza kwambiri... Zonsezi, zosakwana zana zowonongedwa za cougar zidachitika ku United States ndi Canada (kuyambira 1890 mpaka 2004), zambiri zomwe zidachitika pafupifupi. Vancouver.
M'malo okhala cougar, zofunikira pakuwunika ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa:
- kuyang'anira ana;
- tengani ndodo yolimba nanu;
- osasuntha wekha;
- akaopsezedwa, sayenera kuthawa cougar: wina ayenera kumuyang'ana molunjika m'maso ndi ... kulira.
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti chilombocho chikuwopa anthu atali. Monga mwalamulo, zomwe amamuukira ndi ana kapena akuluakulu omwe akudutsa mumsewu mumdima.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha zoteteza (kuyambira 1971, cougars akhala akutetezedwa ndi boma), anthu akuchira pang'onopang'ono. Kusaka zikopa ndizoletsedwa kapena zoletsedwa ku America konse, koma akuwomberedwabe, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika posaka malonda ndi ziweto.
Ngakhale kuwombera kwakanthawi ndikusintha kwachilengedwe, mitundu ina ya cougar yawonjezera kuchuluka kwawo, chifukwa adazolowera malo omwe sanali achilendo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala ndi cougar atsitsimutsidwa, omwe adakhazikika kumadzulo kwa United States ndipo adawonongedwa kumeneko mzaka zapitazi. Masiku ano, ili ndi pafupifupi nyama zikwi makumi atatu, zomwe zayamba chitukuko chakum'mawa ndi kumwera.
Ndizosangalatsa!Komabe, ma subspecies atatu (Puma concolor coryi, Puma concolor couguar onse ndi Puma concolor costaricensis) adatchulidwanso mu CITES Appendix I pa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Ndipo chinthu chomaliza. Olimba mtima kwambiri amatenga maphunziro a ana okongola a cougar... Mafashoni amakhudza oimira nyama zakunja ndi zowopsa. Momwe kuyesa kulimbitsa nyama zakutchire kumatha, tikudziwa kuchokera pachitsanzo cha banja la Berberov.
