Mwinamwake palibe wotsanzira bwino mitundu yonse ya mawu mdziko la avian kuposa a Sturnus vulgaris odzichepetsa - mbalame wamba. Amanena kuti kuchokera pagulu lomwe likuwuluka, mulu wa mphaka umamveka kawirikawiri: ndipo iyi ndi njere yaying'ono chabe ya mphatso ya nyenyezi.
Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe
Starling imafaniziridwa nthawi zonse ndi blackbird, kutchula kufanana kwa kukula kwake, nthenga zonyezimira zakuda ndi mtundu wa milomo.
Zowona kuti pali nyenyezi pamaso panu idzawuzidwa ndi mchira wake waufupi, thupi lowoneka bwino komanso kutha kuthamanga pansi, mosiyana ndi kudumpha. M'chaka, kuwala kochepa kumawonekera kwambiri mwa akazi, koma pofika nthawi yophukira, chifukwa cha kusungunuka, gululi limachotsedwa.
Mlomo ndi wamtali pang'ono komanso wakuthwa, mopindika moonekera pansi: wachikaso - m'nyengo yokwanira, m'miyezi ina - wakuda... Mpaka anapiye atha msinkhu, milomo yawo imangokhala yakuda bii. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimaperekedwanso ndi nthenga yonse yakuda (yopanda utoto wowala mwa achikulire), kuzungulira kwamapiko ndi khosi lowala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zatsimikizika kuti mtundu wa mayendedwe achitsulo satsimikizika ndi mtundu wa pigment, koma ndi kapangidwe ka nthenga zokha. Mukasintha ngodya ndi kuyatsa, nthenga zonyezimira zimasinthanso mawonekedwe ake.
Mbalame yonyamula mbalame wamba siimakula kupitirira masentimita 22 ndi masentimita 75 ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 39. Ili ndi thupi lalikulu lokhala pamapazi ofiira ofiira, mutu wolinganizidwa bwino ndi mchira waufupi (6-7 cm).
Owonerera mbalame amagawaniza mbalame m'mitundu ingapo, yomwe nthenga zawo zakuda zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, nyenyezi zaku Europe zimawala zobiriwira ndi zofiirira padzuwa, m'ma subspecies ena, kumbuyo, pachifuwa ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi kunyezimira ndi buluu ndi bronze.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mbalamezi zimakhala paliponse kupatula Central ndi South America. Chifukwa cha munthu, mbalameyi yafalikira ku New Zealand, Australia, South West Africa ndi North America.
Adayesa kuzula nyenyezi ku USA kangapo: chopambana kwambiri ndikuyesera mu 1891, pomwe mbalame zana zidamasulidwa kuthengo ku Central Park ku New York. Ngakhale kuti mbalame zambiri zidamwalira, zotsalazo zinali zokwanira kuti "zigwire" pang'onopang'ono kontrakitala (kuchokera ku Florida mpaka kumwera kwa Canada).
Nyenyezi zazikuluzikuluzi zidatenga madera akuluakulu ku Eurasia: kuchokera ku Iceland / Kola Peninsula (kumpoto) kumwera kwa France, kumpoto kwa Spain, Italy, kumpoto kwa Greece, Yugoslavia, Turkey, kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India (kumwera) ...
Ndizosangalatsa! Kum'mawa, malowa amafikira ku Nyanja ya Baikal (kuphatikiza), ndipo kumadzulo kuli ma Azores. Mbalameyi inkawoneka ku Siberia pafupifupi 60 ° kumpoto.
Mbalame zina sizimachoka m'malo omwe zimakhala (izi zikuphatikizapo mbalame zakumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe), gawo lina (kuchokera kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa madera aku Europe) nthawi zonse zimauluka kumwera mpaka nthawi yozizira.
Mbalame yodziwika bwino siyokonda kwambiri komwe imakhala, koma imapewa mapiri, posankha zigwa ndi madambo amchere, nkhalango, madambo ndi madera, komanso malo olimidwa (minda / mapaki). Amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi minda, makamaka, osati kutali ndi munthu yemwe amapatsa nyenyezi zomwezi chakudya chochuluka.
Moyo wapamwamba
Moyo wovuta kwambiri kwa ana osamuka omwe amabwerera kwawo kumayambiriro kwa Epulo... Zimachitika kuti nthawi ino chipale chofewa chimagweranso, kuyendetsa mbalamezo kumwera: omwe analibe nthawi yosamuka amangofa.
Amuna ndiwo oyamba kufika. Atsikana awo amabwera pambuyo pake, pomwe anthu omwe angakhale osankhidwa asankha kale malo opangira zisa (kuphatikiza maenje ndi nyumba zambalame), ndipo tsopano akwanitsa kutulutsa mawu, osayiwala kumenya nkhondo ndi oyandikana nawo.
Nyenyeziyo imakwera m'mwamba, ikutsegula pakamwa pake ndi kukutambasula mapiko ake. Phokoso logwirizana silimatuluka nthawi zonse m'khosi mwake: nthawi zambiri limalira ndikulira mosasangalatsa. Nthawi zina mbalame zosamuka zimatsatira mwaluso mawu a mbalame zotentha, koma nthawi zambiri mbalame zaku Russia zimakhala zitsanzo, monga:
- oriole;
- khungu;
- jay ndi thrush;
- wankhondo;
- zinziri;
- buluu;
- kumeza
- tambala, nkhuku;
- bakha ndi ena.
Starlings amatha kutsanzira osati mbalame zokha: zimabereka mosakola kugalu kwa agalu, paka meow, kulira kwa nkhosa, kulira kwa achule, chikwapu / ngolo, kukwapula kwa mbusa komanso ngakhale kulira kwa taipi.
Woimbayo akubwereza mawu omwe amamukonda kwambiri ndi lilime lomaliza, kumaliza magwiridwewo ndikulira pang'ono ndikumangirira "(2-3), pambuyo pake amakhala chete. Okalamba omwe ali ndi nyenyezi, ndikuchulukitsa kwawo.
Khalidwe la mbalame
Mbalame yodziwika bwino siyomwe imakhala yoyandikana nayo: imalowa nawo pankhondo yolimbana ndi mbalame zina, ngati malo opezako zisa ali pangozi. Chifukwa chake, ku USA, nyenyezi zidathamangitsa opindika matabwa, aborigine aku North America, m'nyumba zawo. Ku Europe, nyenyezi zimamenyera malo abwino okhala ndi nkhalango zobiriwira komanso ma Roller..
Starlings ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimatha kucheza, chifukwa chake zimakhamukira ndikukhala m'magawo oyandikana kwambiri (awiriawiri angapo). Mukuuluka, gulu lalikulu la mbalame zikwi zingapo limapangidwa, likuwuluka motsatizana, kutembenuka ndikufika. Ndipo kale pansi, "amwazikana" kudera lalikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pokula ndi kuteteza anawo, samachoka m'dera lawo (ndi utali wozungulira 10 m), osalola mbalame zina kulowa. Kuti adye chakudya amauluka kupita kuminda yamasamba, minda, madacha ndi m'mphepete mwa malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Nthawi zambiri amagonanso usiku m'magulu, monga lamulo, panthambi zamitengo / zitsamba m'mapaki ndi minda yam'mizinda kapena m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja okhala ndi misondodzi / bango. Panyengo yozizira, kampani yambalame zogona usiku imatha kukhala ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni.
Kusamuka
Kutali kwambiri kumpoto ndi kum'maŵa (m'zigawo za ku Europe) kumakhala mbalame, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kusamuka kwawo. Chifukwa chake, okhala ku England ndi Ireland amakonda kukhala kwathunthu, ndipo ku Belgium pafupifupi theka la mbalamezi zimauluka kumwera. Wachisanu mwa nyenyezi zaku Dutch amakhala nthawi yozizira kunyumba, otsalawo amasuntha 500 km kumwera - ku Belgium, England ndi Northern France.
Magulu oyamba amasamukira kumwera koyambirira kwa Seputembala, akangomaliza kusungunuka. Pachimake pa kusamuka kumachitika mu Okutobala ndipo kumatha Novembala. Nyama zazing'ono zosungulumwa zimasonkhanitsa mwachangu kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira, kuyambira kale koyambirira kwa Julayi.
Ku Czech Republic, East Germany ndi Slovakia, nyumba za nkhuku zachisanu zimakhala pafupifupi 8%, ndipo zochepa (2.5%) kumwera kwa Germany ndi Switzerland.
Pafupifupi nyenyezi zonse zomwe zimakhala kum'mawa kwa Poland, kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, Northern Ukraine ndi Russia ndizosamuka. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumwera kwa Europe, India kapena kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa (Algeria, Egypt kapena Tunisia), ndikuyenda mtunda wamakilomita 1-2 zikwi paulendo wapaulendo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama zoyenda, zikufika kumwera ndi masauzande, zimakwiyitsa anthu akumaloko. Pafupifupi nthawi yonse yozizira, nzika zaku Roma sizimakonda kusiya nyumba zawo nthawi yamadzulo, pomwe mbalame zomwe zimadzaza m'mapaki ndi m'mabwalo zimalira kotero kuti zizimitsa phokoso la magalimoto odutsa.
Nyenyezi zina zimabwerera kuchokera ku malo achisangalalo molawirira, mu February-Marichi, kukadali chipale chofewa pansi. Patatha mwezi umodzi (koyambirira kwa Meyi) omwe amakhala kumadera akumpoto kwachilengedwe amabwera kwawo.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo wa nyenyezi wamba kumalembedwa... Chidziwitsochi chinaperekedwa ndi akatswiri odziwa zamankhwala Anatoly Shapoval ndi Vladimir Paevsky, omwe amaphunzira mbalame m'dera la Kaliningrad pamalo amodzi. Malinga ndi asayansi, mbalame zodziwika bwino zimakhala kuthengo pafupifupi zaka 12.
Chakudya, zakudya zopatsa chidwi
Kutalika kwakukhala ndi moyo kwa kambalame kakang'ono kameneka kumachitika chifukwa chakapangidwe kake kokometsa: Nyamayi imadya zakudya zamasamba komanso zomanga thupi.
Zotsatirazi zikuphatikiza:
- ziphuphu;
- Nkhono;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- ziwala;
- mbozi ndi agulugufe;
- zokometsera;
- akangaude.
Sukulu za nyenyezi zimasakaza minda yayikulu yambewu ndi minda yamphesa, zimawononga okhala mchilimwe, kudya zipatso zam'munda, komanso zipatso / mbewu za mitengo yazipatso (apulo, peyala, chitumbuwa, maula, apurikoti ndi ena).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zomwe zili zipatso, zobisika pansi pa chipolopolo cholimba, zimachotsedwa ndi nyenyezi pogwiritsa ntchito lever yosavuta. Mbalameyi imalowetsa mlomo wake mu dzenje losaonekera ndipo imayamba kutambasula, mosasunthika mobwerezabwereza.
Kuswana mbalame
Nyama zogona zimakhwima kumayambiriro kwa masika, zosamukira atangofika. Kutalika kwa nyengo yokwanira kumatengera nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Okwatirana chisa osati m'nyumba za mbalame ndi m'mapanga, komanso pansi pa mbalame zazikulu (egrets kapena ziwombankhanga zoyera). Atasankha malo, nyenyezi yoyimba imayitanira mkaziyo poyimba, nthawi yomweyo kudziwitsa omwe akupikisana nawo kuti "nyumbayo" imakhala.
Zonsezi zimamanga chisa, kufunafuna zimayambira ndi mizu, nthambi ndi masamba, nthenga ndi ubweya wa zinyalala zake... Ziwombankhanga zimawoneka mu polygyny: sizimangokopa azimayi angapo nthawi imodzi, komanso zimawathira (mmodzi ndi mnzake). Zingwe zitatu pa nyengo zimafotokozedwanso ndi mitala: chachitatu chimachitika masiku 40-50 pambuyo poyambirira.
Mu zowalamulira, monga ulamuliro, kuchokera 4 mpaka 7 mazira abuluu owala (aliyense 6.6 g). Nthawi yosakaniza imatha masiku 11-13. Nthawi imeneyi, yamphongo nthawi zina imalowetsa yaikazi, kukhala pamazira osatha.
Mfundo yakuti anapiye adabadwa imadziwika ndi chipolopolo pansi pa chisa. Makolo amapuma mokwanira ndikuyamba, makamaka usiku, ndipo m'mawa ndi madzulo amakhala otanganidwa kufunafuna chakudya, kusiya chakudya cha ana kangapo patsiku.
Poyamba, ndi zakudya zofewa zokha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kenako zimasinthidwa ndi ziwala, mbozi, kafadala ndi nkhono. Pakatha milungu itatu, anapiyewo amatha kutuluka kale pachisa, koma nthawi zina amaopa kuchita izi. Pofuna kutulutsa "ma alamu", mbalame zazikuluzikulu zikuyenda pafupi ndi chisa ndi chakudya chitatsekedwa pakamwa.
Starling ndi munthu
Starling wamba imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubale wosamveka bwino ndi umunthu... Harbinger wam'masika uyu ndi woimba waluso adatha kuwononga malingaliro abwino kwa iye mwini ndi zambiri:
- anayambitsa mitundu ikuchuluka mbalame zakomweko;
- gulu lalikulu la mbalame m'malo okwerera ndege zimawopseza chitetezo cha ndege;
- kuwononga kwambiri minda (mbewu za tirigu, minda yamphesa ndi minda ya mabulosi);
- ali onyamula matenda owopsa kwa anthu (cysticercosis, blastomycosis ndi histoplasmosis).
Kuphatikiza apo, nyenyezi zimapha tizilombo tambiri, kuphatikizapo dzombe, mbozi ndi slugs, Meyi kafadala, komanso ma dipterans (ntchentche, ntchentche ndi ntchentche) ndi mphutsi zawo. Nzosadabwitsa kuti anthu aphunzira momwe angapangire nyumba zodyeramo mbalame, kukopa ana a nyenyezi ku minda yawo ndi nyumba zazing'ono za chilimwe.
