Kuitana hummingbird mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi sizolondola kwathunthu: mutuwu ukhoza kunyamulidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wochokera kubanja lalikulu lomweli. Ndi yopepuka ngati nthenga ya nthiwatiwa komanso yofanana ndi bumblebee yayikulu Mellisuga helenae kapena njuchi ya hummingbird.
Kuwonekera, kufotokoza kwa mbalame ya hummingbird
Dongosolo la hummingbirds limaimiridwa ndi banja limodzi, koma lochuluka kwambiri komanso losiyanasiyana la hummingbird, lodziwika ndi akatswiri azakuthambo pansi pa dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Trochilidae.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala zofanana ndi mbalame zodutsa: zili ndi khosi lalifupi, mapiko aatali, ndi mutu wapakati.... Apa ndipomwe kufanana kumatha - odutsa sangathe kudzitama ndi "milomo" yayikulu, kapena nthenga zokongola zomwe chilengedwe chapatsa mbalame za hummingbird.
Amuna (motsutsana ndi maziko a akazi) amakhala ndi mawonekedwe achisangalalo chifukwa cha utoto wowala ndi nthenga zosamveka pamutu ndi mchira, nthawi zambiri amatenga magulu kapena ziphuphu. Mlomo ukhoza kukhala wowongoka kwathunthu kapena wopindika mmwamba / pansi, wautali kwambiri (theka la thupi) kapena m'malo modzichepetsa.
Ndizosangalatsa!Chodziwika ndi milomo ndi theka lakumtunda lomwe limatchinga mbali yake yakumunsi, komanso kusapezeka kwamiyala m'munsi ndi lilime lalitali lokwoloka lomwe limayambira kupitirira pakamwa.
Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa miyendo yawo, mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird sizidumphira pansi, koma zimatha kumamatira panthambi ndikukhala pamenepo. Komabe, mbalame sizimalira kwenikweni chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yofooka, ndipo zimathera moyo wawo wonse kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo.
Utsi ndi mapiko
Mapiko a hummingbird amafanana ndi phiko la gulugufe: mafupa omwe ali mkati mwake amakula limodzi kuti chonyamulira, chosandulika ndege imodzi, chiwonjezeke kwambiri. Kulamulira mapiko otere kumafunikira kusuntha kwapafupipafupi ndi minofu yolimba: mu hummingbirds, amawerengera 25-30% ya kulemera kwathunthu.
Mchira, ngakhale mitundu yonse, imakhala pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nthenga 10. Kupatula mbalame yotchedwa raketbird, yomwe mchira wake muli nthenga za mchira 4.
Chifukwa cha kunyezimira, kusiyanasiyana ndi nthenga zachitsulo, mbalame za hummingbird nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa miyala yamiyala. Mbiri yayikulu yadzina losyasyalika ndi ya nthenga zodabwitsa: zimabweza kuwala kutengera mawonekedwe ake.
Kuchokera mbali imodzi, nthenga zimawoneka ngati emarodi, koma mbalameyo ikangosintha pang'ono, mtundu wobiriwirawo umasanduka wofiira.
Mitundu ya hummingbird
Mwa mitundu 330 yodziwika bwino pali mbalame zazing'ono komanso "zolimba".
Yaikulu kwambiri imadziwika kuti Patagona gigas, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yotchedwa hummingbird yomwe imakhala mdera lalikulu ku South America, nthawi zambiri imawuluka kutalika kwa 4-5 mita mita. Ili ndi mlomo wowongoka, wopingasa, mchira wofanana ndi mphanda ndi kutalika kwa mbiri ya mbalame ya hummingbird - 21.6 cm.
Wamng'ono kwambiri m'banja, njuchi, amakhala ku Cuba... Mphuno yam'mwamba yamwamuna imayang'aniridwa ndi buluu, mwa akazi - wobiriwira. Mbalame yayikulu sikukula kuposa 5.7 cm ndipo imalemera 1.6 g.
Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird, yomwe imakhala ku Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador ndi Peru, imadziwika chifukwa cha mlomo wake wopindika (pafupifupi 90 °).
Ndizosangalatsa!Selasphorus rufus, ocher hummingbird, yemwenso amadziwika kuti red selasphorus, adatchuka chifukwa chokhacho hummingbird yomwe idawulukira ku Russia. M'chilimwe cha 1976, selasphorus yofiira idapita ku Chilumba cha Ratmanov, ndipo mboni zowona zidati adawona mbalame za hummingbird ku Chukotka ndi Wrangel Island.
North America (kuchokera kumadzulo kwa California mpaka kumwera kwa Alaska) amadziwika kuti ndi malo okhala. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imathawira ku Mexico. Mbalameyi ili ndi mlomo woonda ngati awl komanso wamfupi (8-8.5 cm).
Wina wochititsa chidwi wabanjali amakhala ndi mlomo wautali kwambiri (motsutsana ndi thupi): 9-11 masentimita ndi mbalame kutalika kwa masentimita 17-23. Mbalame yomwe ili ndi nthenga zobiriwira zobiriwira idalandira dzina loti "lupanga-lolipidwa".
Zinyama
Mbalame za hummingbird zimakonda kukhala masiku awo pakati pa maluwa onunkhira, posankha, monga lamulo, nkhalango zotentha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo obadwira mbalame zonse zam'madzi ndi Dziko Latsopano. Mbalame za hummingbird zaukira Central ndi South America, komanso madera akumwera a North America. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya hummingbird imakhala pansi. Kupatula pamakhala mitundu ingapo, kuphatikizapo ruby-throated hummingbird, yemwe amakhala ku Canada ndi mapiri a Rocky.
Mkhalidwe wamakhalidwe okakamiza umakakamiza mitundu iyi ndikuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira kuti ipite ku Mexico, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 4-5,000. Ali panjira, mbalame yotchedwa ruby-throated hummingbird imakwera liwiro labwino pomanga - pafupifupi 80 km / h.
Mitundu yamitundumitundu imangokhala m'deralo. Mitunduyi, yotchedwa endemics, imaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, njuchi yotchedwa hummingbird-njuchi, yomwe siziuluka ku Cuba.
Moyo wa hummingbird
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi nyama zazing'ono, mbalame za hummingbird zimalipira kukula kwake kokhazikika ndi chikhalidwe chodzetsa ndewu, kukonda moyo komanso kuyenda mwamphamvu. Samazengereza kuukira mbalame zazikuluzikulu, makamaka pankhani yoteteza ana.
Mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird zimakhala moyo wokhazikika, kuwonetsa mphamvu zawo m'mawa ndi masana. Pofika madzulo, amagwa mu kugona pang'ono usiku.
Ndizosangalatsa!Kusala kudya kwambiri kumafuna kukhuta nthawi zonse, komwe sikungakhale usiku. Pochepetsa kuchepa kwa thupi, mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imagona tulo: panthawiyi, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsikira ku 17-21 C °, ndipo zimachitika pang'onopang'ono. Dzuwa likakwera, kuzizira kumatha.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, si mbalame zonse za hummingbird zomwe zimachita zikwapu 50-100 pamphindikati pothawa: mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimangokhala ndi zikwapu 8-10.
Kuuluka kwa mbalame pang'ono kumafanana ndi kuuluka kwa gulugufe, koma kumapitilira njirayi mwamphamvu komanso kovuta kuyendetsa. Mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imauluka m'mwamba ndi pansi, mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, kumbali, imangoyenda yokhayokha, ndipo imayambanso ndi kutera molunjika.
Mukamauluka, mapiko a mbalameyo amafotokoza eyiti mlengalenga, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi woti musayendeyende, ndikugwira thupi la hummingbird mozungulira. Izi zimasiyanitsa mbalame za hummingbird ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimatha kupachika mosadukiza. Mayendedwe a mapikowo ndi achangu kwambiri kotero kuti mawonekedwe ake amasokonekera: zikuwoneka kuti mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imangouma pamaso pa duwa.
Kudyetsa, kugwira mbalame za hummingbird
Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kofulumira, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuti zizidzidyetsa zokha mosalekeza, zomwe zimakhala zotanganidwa kufunafuna usana ndi usiku. Mbalame ya hummingbird imakhutira kwambiri moti imadya kawiri kuposa tsiku lililonse polemera.... Simudzawona mbalame yamadzulo itakhala pansi kapena panthambi - chakudyacho chimangochitika pa ntchentche yokha.
Ndizosangalatsa!Zakudya zambiri za hummingbird ndi timadzi tokoma ndi mungu wochokera ku zomera zotentha. Mbalame za hummingbird zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zomwe amakonda: m'modzi amauluka kuchokera maluwa mpaka maluwa, ndipo wina amatha kudya timadzi tokoma kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi wa zomera.
Pali lingaliro lakuti mawonekedwe a milomo ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hummingbird amachititsanso kapangidwe ka kapu ya maluwa.
Kuti atenge timadzi tokoma, mbalameyo imayenera kutsitsa lilime lake m'khosi mwawo maulendo 20 pamphindikati. Mutakhudza chinthu chotsekemera, lilime lopotanalo limakulitsa ndikukhotakhota mukalilowetsa mulomo.
Nectar ndi mungu zimapatsa mbalame chakudya chambiri, koma sizingakwaniritse zosowa zawo zomanga thupi. Ndiye chifukwa chake amayenera kusaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timagwira pa ntchentche kapena kuzingula pa intaneti.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalameyi
Mwachilengedwe, mbalame za hummingbird zilibe adani ambiri. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasakidwa ndi akangaude a tarantula ndi njoka zamitengo, nthawi yawo ikakhala pakati pa malo obiriwira obiriwira.
Mndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a hummingbird ukhozanso kuphatikiza munthu amene amawononga mbalame zazing'ono chifukwa cha nthenga zonyezimira. Alenje a nthenga ayesa kwambiri kuti awonetsetse kuti mitundu ina ya hummingbirds (makamaka yomwe ili ndi malire ochepa) ikuchepa, ikuyandikira kutha kwathunthu.
Kuswana kwa hummingbird
Mbalame ndi mitala: Mitundu yakumwera imaswana chaka chonse, kumpoto kokha chilimwe. Wamwamuna amaona kuti ndiudindo wake kuteteza malowo mwankhanza kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo, koma atakwatirana, amabisala kwa alimony ndikupatsa wamkazi ntchito zonse zomwe zikubwera zokhudza ana awo wamba.
Chinthu choyamba chimene bwenzi lolekedwa ndikumanga chisa, chomwe chimagwiritsira ntchito masamba a udzu, moss, fluff ndi ndere. Chisa chimamangiriridwa ndi masamba, nthambi komanso ngakhale malo amiyala: malovu a mbalame amakhala ngati chosinthira.
Chisa chaching'ono chimakhala ngati theka la mtedza ndipo chimasunga mazira angapo oyera mtondo... Mkazi amawamasulira kwa masiku 14-19, kumangosokoneza chakudya ndi chitetezo kwa adani achilengedwe omwe akuyesera kuti alowemo. Amawalimbikira mwachangu, ndikuponyera mlomo wawo wakuthwa m'diso la njoka kapena thupi la kangaude osadandaula.
Anapiye ongobadwa kumene amafunika mphamvu zowonjezera nthawi zonse monga timadzi tokoma. Amabweretsedwa ndi amayi ake, akumangoyenda pakati pa chisa ndi maluwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakalibe mayi kwa nthawi yayitali, anapiye anjala amagona, ndipo mbalameyo imayenera kudzutsa ana ake opanda mphamvu kuti iwakankhire timadzi tokoma.
Anapiye amakula modumphadumpha ndipo atatha masiku 20-25 ali okonzeka kutuluka mchisa chawo.
Chiwerengero, kuchuluka kwa anthu
Kusagwidwa kwa mbalame za hummingbird kunachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo kunachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo ena amayenera kulowetsedwa mu Red Book. Tsopano anthu ambiri amakhala ku Ecuador, Colombia ndi Venezuela, koma pafupifupi m'malo onse mbalamezi zimawopsezedwa kuti ziwonongedwa.
Kukhazikika kwa anthu ndikogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe: mbalame imodzi yotchedwa hummingbird imayenera kutenga timadzi tokoma kuchokera kumaluwa 1,500 tsiku lililonse, kupereka mphamvu zowuluka kwambiri (150 km / h) ndikuwuluka mlengalenga nthawi zonse.
Instituzione Scientifica Centro Colibrì yayesa kwazaka zambiri kuti isunthire mazira a hummingbird. Izi zinali zovuta kwambiri chifukwa mazira a hummingbird amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi CO₂, kutentha ndi chinyezi. A Petersime adathandizira asayansi, ndikupatsa Embryo-Response Technology ™... Chifukwa chake, mu 2015, kusanganikirana kwa mazira a hummingbird kudakwaniritsidwa kwanthawi yoyamba, ndikupatsa chiyembekezo chobwezeretsa anthu.
Zolemba za hummingbird
Kuphatikiza pa kuti mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi yatchulidwa pamgulu la hummingbird, palinso zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zakusiyanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame:
- mbalame za mtundu wa hummingbird ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazing'ono kwambiri;
- izo (mbalame zokhazokha) zimatha kuuluka molowera kwina;
- mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird amatchedwa mbalame yolusa kwambiri padziko lapansi;
- kugunda kwa mtima pakupuma ndi kumenyedwa kwa 500 pamphindi, ndikuuluka - 1200 kapena kuposa.
- munthu akagwedeza manja ake pa liwiro la mapiko a hummingbird pamphindi, amatentha mpaka 400 ° C;
- mtima wa hummingbird umakhala ndi 40-50% yama voliyumu amthupi.
