Albatross wokonda ufulu amakondedwa ndi olemba ndakatulo komanso okonda zachikondi. Ndakatulo zadzipereka kwa iye ndipo amakhulupirira kuti kumwamba kumateteza mbalameyi: malinga ndi nthano, palibe wakupha albatross aliyense amene salangidwa.
Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe a albatross
Mbalame yokongola iyi yapanyanja ndi yomwe idapangidwa ndi ma petrel... International Union for Conservation of Nature igawaniza banja lalikulu la albatross m'magulu anayi ndi mitundu 22, koma chiwerengerochi chikutsutsanabe.
Mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, ma albatross achifumu komanso oyendayenda, amaposa mbalame zonse zamoyo zamapiko (kupitirira 3.4 m).
Nthenga za akulu zimamangidwa mosiyana ndi gawo lakuda lakumtunda / lakunja la mapiko ndi chifuwa choyera: mitundu ina imatha kukhala yofiirira, ina - yoyera ngati chipale chofewa, ngati amuna a albatross wachifumu. Mwa nyama zazing'ono, mtundu womaliza wa nthenga umaonekera patatha zaka zingapo.
Mlomo wamphamvu wa albatross umathera ndi mlomo wokololedwa. Chifukwa cha mphuno zazitali zomwe zimatambasulidwa, mbalameyi imadziwa bwino fungo (lomwe si lachilendo kwa mbalame), lomwe "limalitsogolera" kumbuyo kwake.
Palibe chala chilichonse chakumbuyo paliponse, koma pali zala zitatu zakumaso zolumikizidwa ndi membo. Miyendo yamphamvu imalola mbalame zonse zotchedwa albatross kuyenda mosavuta pamtunda.
Pofunafuna chakudya, ma albatross amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali popanda kuchita khama, pogwiritsa ntchito oblique kapena hover wamphamvu. Mapiko awo amapangidwa mwanjira yoti mbalameyo imatha kuuluka mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, koma samadziwa kuwuluka kwakutali. Mbalame ya albatross imagwira mapiko ake mwamphamvu pokhapokha ikauluka, ikudalira mphamvu ndi kayendedwe ka mphepo.
Pakakhala bata, mbalame zimayenda pamwamba pamadzi mpaka kuwomba koyamba. Pa mafunde a m'nyanja, samangopuma panjira, komanso amagona.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mawu oti "albatross" amachokera ku Arabic al-ġaţţās ("diver"), yomwe mu Chipwitikizi idayamba kumveka ngati alcatraz, kenako idasamukira ku Chingerezi ndi Chirasha. Mothandizidwa ndi Latin albus ("yoyera"), alcatraz pambuyo pake idakhala albatross. Alcatraz ndi dzina lachilumba ku California komwe zigawenga zoopsa kwambiri zimasungidwa.
Malo okhala nyama zakutchire
Ma albatross ambiri amakhala kumwera chakum'mwera, kufalikira kuchokera ku Australia kupita ku Antarctica, komanso ku South America ndi South Africa.
Kupatula pamakhala mitundu inayi yamtundu wa Phoebastria. Atatu mwa iwo amakhala ku North Pacific Ocean, kuchokera ku Hawaii kupita ku Japan, California ndi Alaska. Mtundu wachinayi, Galapagos albatross, umafesa pagombe la Pacific ku South America ndipo umawonekera kuzilumba za Galapagos.
Gawo logawana ma albatross ndilokhudzana makamaka ndi kulephera kwawo kuyenda pandege, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kudutsa gawo lamtendere likhale losatheka. Ndipo ndi ma Galapagos albatross okha omwe adaphunzira kugonjetsa mafunde omwe amapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi nyanja yozizira ya Humboldt.
Oyang'anira mbalame, pogwiritsa ntchito masetilaiti kuti adziwe kayendedwe ka ma albatross pamwamba pa nyanja, apeza kuti mbalame sizimachita nawo nyengo zosamuka. Mbalame zotchedwa Albatrosses zimabalalika kumadera osiyanasiyana nyengo yakuberekayi itatha.
Mtundu uliwonse umasankha gawo ndi njira yake: mwachitsanzo, ma albatross akumwera nthawi zambiri amayenda maulendo ozungulira padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zigawo, chakudya chakudya
Mitundu ya Albatross (komanso ngakhale anthu wamba) samasiyana kokha m'malo okhalamo, komanso muzakudya zam'mimba, ngakhale chakudya chawo chimafanana. Gawo lokha la chakudya limasiyana, lomwe lingakhale:
- nsomba;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhanu;
- zooplankton;
- zovunda.
Ena amakonda kudya squid, ena amakonda nsomba za krill kapena nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, mwa mitundu iwiri ya "Hawaiian", imodzi, albatross yolumikizidwa ndi mdima, imayang'ana kwambiri squid, ndipo yachiwiri, albatross yamiyendo yakuda, yoyang'ana nsomba.
Alonda a mbalame apeza kuti mitundu ina ya albatross imadya nyama yowola yokha... Chifukwa chake, albatross yongoyendayenda imagwiritsa ntchito nyamayi yomwe imafa ikamabereka, yotayidwa ngati zinyalala zausodzi, komanso imakanidwa ndi nyama zina.
Kufunika kogwera pamndandanda wazinthu zina (monga mutu wa imvi kapena ma albatross akuda) sikuli kwakukulu: nyamayi zazing'ono zimakhala nyama yawo, yomwe, ikaphedwa, imapita pansi msanga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Osati kale kwambiri, malingaliro akuti ma albatross amatenga chakudya pamwamba pa nyanja adathetsedwa. Anali ndi zokuzira mawu zomwe zimayeza kuya kwakomwe mbalamezo zinamira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo apeza kuti mitundu ingapo (kuphatikizapo albatross yoyendayenda) imadumphira pafupifupi mita imodzi, pomwe ina (kuphatikiza ndi albatross yamtambo) imatha kutsika mpaka 5 mita, kukulitsa kuya mpaka mamitala 12.5 ngati kuli kofunikira.
Amadziwika kuti ma albatross amapeza chakudya masana, ndikumira pambuyo pa wozunzidwayo osati m'madzi komanso mlengalenga.
Moyo, adani a albatross
Chodabwitsachi ndikuti ma albatross onse, osakhala ndi adani achilengedwe, ali pafupi kutha m'zaka zathu zapitazi ndipo akutetezedwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zidabweretsa mbalamezi pamzera wophawu ndi izi:
- kuwonongeka kwawo kwakukulu chifukwa cha nthenga za zipewa za amayi;
- anayambitsa nyama, omwe nyama zawo ndi mazira, anapiye ndi mbalame zazikulu;
- kuwononga chilengedwe;
- imfa ya ma albatross panthawi yopha nsomba;
- Kutha kwa nsomba zam'nyanja
Mwambo wosaka ma albatross unachokera pakati pa Apolinesiya ndi Amwenye akale: chifukwa cha iwo, anthu onse adasowa, monga momwe zidalili pachilumbachi. Isitala. Pambuyo pake, oyenda panyanja aku Europe nawonso adathandizira, pogwira mbalame zokongoletsera patebulo kapena zosangalatsa zamasewera.
Kupha kumeneku kudakwera kwambiri panthawi yokhazikika ku Australia, kutha ndikubwera kwa malamulo amfuti... M'zaka 100 zapitazo, mbalame yotchedwa albatross yoyera ndi mbalame inatsala pang'ono kutheratu, yomwe inaponyedwa mwankhanza ndi osaka nthenga.
Zofunika!M'nthawi yathu ino, ma albatross amapitilizabe kufa pazifukwa zina, kuphatikizapo kumeza mbedza za nsomba. Ornithologists apeza kuti izi ndi mbalame zosachepera 100,000 pachaka.
Chiwopsezo chotsatira chimachokera ku nyama zomwe zatulutsidwa (mbewa, makoswe ndi amphaka amphaka), zowononga zisa ndikuukira achikulire. Mbalame zotchedwa Albatross zilibe luso lodzitchinjiriza chifukwa zimakhalira kutali ndi nyama zolusa zakutchire. Ng'ombe zimabweretsa. Amsterdam, idakhala chifukwa chosakhazikika cha ma albatross, chifukwa adadya udzu pomwe mbalame zimabisa zisa zawo.
Choopsa china ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe zimakhazikika m'mimba zosagayidwa kapena kutsekereza m'mimba kuti mbalameyo isamve njala. Ngati pulasitiki ifika kwa mwana wankhuku, imasiya kukula bwino, chifukwa sikutanthauza chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo, ndikumva kuti satiety.
Anthu ambiri oteteza zachilengedwe tsopano akukonzekera njira zochepetsera zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe zimathera munyanja.
Utali wamoyo
Ma Albatross amatha kuwerengedwa ngati mbalame zotalika pakati pa mbalame... Oyang'anira mbalame akuyerekezera kuti azikhala ndi moyo pafupifupi theka la zana. Asayansi amatengera zomwe apeza pamtundu umodzi wamtundu wa Diomedea sanfordi (royal albatross). Analimbikitsidwa ali wamkulu, ndipo adamutsatira kwa zaka 51.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ananena kuti mtundu wa albatross wokhala ndi nkhuku wakhala zaka zachilengedwe pafupifupi 61.
Kutulutsa ma albatross
Mitundu yonse imawonetsa philopatricity (kukhulupirika kumalo obadwirako), kuchokera kozizira osati kumadera kwawo, koma pafupi ndi zisa zawo za makolo. Zoswana, zilumba zokhala ndi miyala yamiyala zimasankhidwa, pomwe kulibe nyama zolusa, koma pali mwayi wopezeka kunyanja.
Ma Albatross amatha kubereka mochedwa (ali ndi zaka 5), ndipo amayamba kukwererana pambuyo pake: mitundu ina siyinafike zaka khumi. Albatross ndiyofunika kwambiri posankha bwenzi lomanga nalo banja, lomwe limangosintha pokhapokha ngati awiriwo alibe mwana.
Kwa zaka zingapo (!) Mwamuna wakhala akuyang'anira mkwatibwi wake, akuyendera nyumbayi chaka ndi chaka ndikusamalira akazi angapo... Chaka chilichonse amachepetsa mabwenzi omwe angakhale nawo mpaka atakhazikika pa m'modzi yekha.
Pali dzira limodzi lokha mu clutch la albatross: ngati yawonongeka mwangozi, mkazi amayikira yachiwiri. Zisa zimamangidwa kuchokera kuzomera zozungulira kapena nthaka / peat.
Ndizosangalatsa! Phoebastria irrorata (Galapagos albatross) sichimavutikira kumanga chisa, posankha kugubuduza dzira loumbalo mozungulira malowo. Nthawi zambiri amayendetsa galimotoyo pamtunda wa mita 50 ndipo nthawi zonse samatsimikizira kuti ndi yotetezeka.
Makolo amakhala pa zowalamulira motsatana, osadzuka pachisa kuyambira masiku 1 mpaka 21. Atabereka anapiyewo, makolo amawasangalatsa kwa milungu itatu ina, powadyetsa nsomba, squid, krill ndi mafuta owala, omwe amapangidwa m'mimba mwa mbalameyo.
Ma albatross ang'onoang'ono amathawira koyamba m'masiku 140-170, ndipo nthumwi za Diomedea ngakhale pambuyo pake - patatha masiku 280. Chokwera pamapiko, mwana wankhukuyo safunikiranso thandizo la makolo ndipo amatha kusiya chisa chake.
