Amwenye amalemekeza mphungu yamphongo ngati mbalame yaumulungu, kuitcha mkhalapakati pakati pa anthu ndi Mzimu Wamkulu yemwe adalenga chilengedwe chonse. Mwa ulemu wake, nthano zimapangidwa ndipo miyambo imaperekedwa, yosonyeza zipewa, mitengo, zikopa, zovala ndi mbale. Chizindikiro cha fuko Iroquois - mphungu atakhazikika pa mtengo wa paini.
Kuwonekera, kufotokoza kwa chiwombankhanga
Dziko lapansi linaphunzira za chiwombankhanga cham'miyala mu 1766 kuchokera kuukadaulo wa Karl Linnaeus. Wachilengedwe adapereka mbalameyo dzina lachilatini la Falco leucocephalus, ponena kuti ndi banja la mphamba.
Katswiri wazamoyo waku France Jules Savigny sanagwirizane ndi a Sweden pomwe mu 1809 adaphatikizanso mphungu yamphongo mumtundu wa Haliaeetus, yomwe kale inali mphungu yoyera yokha.
Tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe ta chiwombankhanga tsopano timadziwika, mosiyana kukula kwake. Ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayimira mbalame zomwe zimadya kwambiri ku North America: ndi chiwombankhanga choyera chokha chachikulu kuposa icho.
Ziwombankhanga zazimuna zimakhala zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa anzawo... Mbalame zimalemera kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 6.5 kg, zimakula mpaka 0.7-1.2 m yokhala ndi mita 2 (ndipo nthawi zina zochulukirapo) yamapiko ozungulira.
Ndizosangalatsa!Miyendo ya chiwombankhanga ilibe nthenga ndipo ili ndi utoto (ngati mlomo wolumikizidwa) mumtundu wachikaso wagolide.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti mbalameyi ikunyamula nkhope: zotsatirazi zimapangidwa ndi zophuka pamasamba. Kuwoneka kowopsa kwa chiwombankhanga kumasiyana ndi mawu ake ofooka, omwe amawonetsedwa ndi likhweru kapena kulira kwamphamvu.
Zala zamphamvu zimakula mpaka masentimita 15, ndikutha ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Chikhadabo chakumbuyo chimachita ngati ulusi, kuboola ziwalo zofunika za wovulalayo, pomwe zikhadazo zakumaso zimalepheretsa kuthawa.
Chovala cha nthenga ya chiwombankhanga chimayang'ana kwathunthu patatha zaka zisanu. Pamsinkhu uwu, mbalameyo imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wake woyera ndi mchira (wofanana ndi mphete) motsutsana ndi nthunzi yakuda yakuda.
Zinyama
Mphungu satha kukhala kutali ndi madzi. Madzi achilengedwe (nyanja, mtsinje, chigwa kapena nyanja) ayenera kukhala pamtunda wamamita 200-2000 kuchokera pamalo obisalira.
Habitat, geography
Chiwombankhanga chimasankha nkhalango zokhazokha kapena zitsamba zodulira zisa / kupumula, ndikuganiza zadamu, zimachokera ku "assortment" komanso kuchuluka kwa masewera.
Mitundu ya mitunduyi imafikira ku USA ndi Canada, zomwe zidaphimba Mexico (zigawo zakumpoto).
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu June 1782, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi dazi chidakhala chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha United States of America. Benjamin Franklin, yemwe adaumirira kusankha mbalameyi, pambuyo pake adanong'oneza bondo izi, ndikuwonetsa "makhalidwe ake oyipa." Amatanthawuza kukonda kwa chiwombankhanga chakufa ndi chizolowezi chosiya ana nyama zolusa zina.
Orlan amapezeka pazilumba za Miquelon ndi Saint-Pierre, zomwe ndi za French Republic. Malo okhala zisa "amwazikana" mosagwirizana kwambiri: kuchuluka kwawo kumapezeka pagombe la nyanja, komanso m'malo am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje.
Nthawi zina, ziwombankhanga zimalowa m'zilumba za US Virgin, Bermuda, Ireland, Belize ndi Puerto Rico. Ziwombankhanga zimawonedwa kambirimbiri ku Far East kwathu.
Moyo wa mphungu
Chiwombankhanga ndi imodzi mwa nyama zosawerengeka kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi nthenga zomwe zimatha kukula kwambiri. Mazana mazana komanso ngakhale ziwombankhanga zimasonkhana pomwe pali chakudya chochuluka: pafupi ndi malo opangira magetsi kapena m'malo omwe amafa ng'ombe zambiri.
Malo osungira madziwo akaundana, mbalame zimachoka, ndikuthamangira kumwera, kuphatikiza kunyanja zotentha. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimatha kukhala m'dziko lakwawo ngati m'mphepete mwa nyanja simudzazidwa ndi ayezi, zomwe zimawathandiza kuwedza.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mwachilengedwe, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi dazi chimakhala zaka 15 mpaka 20. Amadziwika kuti chiwombankhanga chimodzi (cholumikizidwa muubwana) chakhala zaka pafupifupi 33. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo opangira zinthu, mbalamezi zimakhala zaka zopitilira 40.
Zakudya, zakudya
Zosankha za chiwombankhanga chimayang'aniridwa ndi nsomba ndipo makamaka kangapo masewera apakatikati. Sazengereza kusankha nyama zina zomwe zimadya nyama ndipo samapewa zakufa.
Chifukwa cha kafukufuku, zidapezeka kuti chakudya cha chiwombankhanga chikuwoneka motere:
- Nsomba - 56%.
- Mbalame - 28%.
- Zinyama - 14%.
- Nyama zina - 2%.
Udindo womaliza umaimiridwa ndi zokwawa, makamaka akamba.
Pazilumba za Pacific Ocean, ziwombankhanga zimatsata ma otter am'madzi, komanso zisindikizo zazing'ono ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Mbalamezi zimadya nyama zotchedwa muskrats, akalulu, agologolo apansi, ma barnacle, hares, agologolo, makoswe ndi ma beavers achichepere. Sizitengera kanthu kuti chiwombankhanga chikweze nkhosa yaying'ono kapena chiweto china.
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi nthenga zimakonda kuzitenga modzidzimutsa pamtunda kapena m'madzi, koma zimatha kuzigwira ntchentchezo. Kotero, chilombocho chimawulukira kwa tsekwe kuchokera pansi ndipo, potembenuka, chimamatira pachifuwa ndi zikhadabo zake. Pofunafuna kalulu kapena mphalapala, ziwombankhanga zimapanga mgwirizano wosakhalitsa, momwe imodzi mwa izo imasokoneza chinthucho, ndipo ina imawukira kumbuyo.
Mbalameyi imasaka nsomba, nyama yake yayikulu, m'madzi osaya: monga nkhono, chiwombankhanga chimayang'ana nyama kuchokera kumtunda ndikutsamira nacho liwiro la 120-160 km / h, ndikuigwira ndi zikhadabo zolimba. Nthawi yomweyo, mlenje amayesetsa kuti asanyowetse nthenga zake, koma sizimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Chiwombankhanga chimadya nsomba zomwe zangotengedwa kumene komanso zosaka.
Pofika nthawi yozizira, pomwe malo osungira madziwo amaundana, gawo lomwe limagwera mumndandanda wa mbalame limakula kwambiri. Ziwombankhanga zimazungulira mitembo ya nyama zazikulu ndi zazikulu, monga:
- mphalapala;
- mphalapala;
- njati;
- mimbulu;
- nkhosa zamphongo;
- ng'ombe;
- Ankhandwe aku Arctic ndi ena.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (nkhandwe, mimbulu, ndi mphalapala) sangapikisane ndi ziwombankhanga zazikulu pomenyera mitembo, koma zimatha kuthamangitsa zomwe sizingafanane nazo.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimapeza njira ina - osakhoza kusaka nyama zamoyo, sizimangotenga nyama zazing'ono (akalwi, akhwangwala ndi ntchentche), komanso zimapha omwe alandidwa.
Chiwombankhanga chosazengereza sichizengereza kunyamula zinyalala zodyeramo kapena zinyenyeswazi za chakudya pafupi ndi mabwalo amisasa.
Adani akuluakulu a mbalameyi
Ngati simulingalira anthu, mndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a mphungu uyenera kuphatikizapo chikopa cha Virginia ndi nkhandwe yamizeremizere: nyamazi sizimavulaza achikulire, koma zimawopseza ana a ziwombankhanga, kuwononga mazira ndi anapiye.
Ngoziyi imabweranso ndi nkhandwe ku Arctic, koma pokhapokha ngati chisa chaikidwa pansi... Khwangwala amatha kusokoneza ziwombankhanga nthawi yomwe amakumbatira anapiye awo, osafikapo mpaka kukawononga zisa zawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Amwenye anapangira mluzu ankhondo ndi zida zotulutsira matenda m'mafupa a chiwombankhanga, ndi zodzikongoletsera ndi zithumwa za zikhadabo za mbalame. Mmwenye wa Ojibwe amatha kulandira nthenga kuti achite bwino, monga kukweza kapena kugwira mdani. Nthenga, zosonyeza ulemerero ndi mphamvu, zidasungidwa mu fuko, ndikudutsa cholowa.
Kuswana kwa mphungu
Mbalame zimalowa msinkhu wosapitirira zaka zinayi, nthawi zina zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mofanana ndi akabawi ambiri, ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi amuna amodzi. Mgwirizano wawo umatha kawiri kokha: ngati mulibe ana awiriwo kapena mbalame imodzi siyibwerera kuchokera kumwera.
Ukwati umawerengedwa kuti wasindikizidwa pomwe ziwombankhanga zimayamba kumanga chisa - kapangidwe kakang'ono ka nthambi ndi nthambi zomwe zimayikidwa pamwamba pa mtengo wautali.
Nyumbayi (yolemera tani imodzi) ndi yayikulu kuposa chisa cha mbalame zonse zaku North America, mpaka kutalika kwa 4 mita ndi 2.5 mita m'mimba mwake. Ntchito yomanga chisa, yomwe imachitika ndi makolo onse awiri, imatha sabata limodzi mpaka miyezi itatu, koma nthambi zimayikidwa ndi mnzake.
Pa nthawi yoyenera (ndi tsiku limodzi kapena awiri), amaikira mazira 1-3, osachepera anayi. Ngati zowalamulira zawonongeka, mazira amayikidwanso. Makulitsidwe, opatsidwa makamaka kwa akazi, amatenga masiku 35. Nthawi zina amasinthidwa ndi mnzake yemwe ntchito yake ndikupeza chakudya.
Anapiye amayenera kumenyera chakudya: nzosadabwitsa kuti ang'onoang'ono amafa. Anawo akakhala ndi masabata 5-6, makolo amawuluka pachisa, kutsatira ana ochokera kunthambi yapafupi. Pamsinkhu uwu, makanda amadziwa kale kulumpha nthambi kuchokera ku nthambi kupita kunthambi ndikung'amba nyama, ndipo pambuyo pa masabata 10-12.5 amayamba kuwuluka.
Chiwerengero, kuchuluka kwa anthu
Asanafufuze kumpoto kwa America ndi azungu, 250-500 zikwi zamphungu zimakhala pano (malinga ndi akatswiri azakuthambo). Okhazikikawo adangosintha mawonekedwe, komanso mbalame zopanda manyazi, zokopeka ndi nthenga zawo zokongola.
Kutuluka kwa midzi yatsopano kunapangitsa kuchepa kwa malo osungira madzi, pomwe ziwombankhanga zimatha kuwedza. Alimi anapha ziwombankhanga dala, kuwabwezera chifukwa chakuba nkhosa / nkhuku zoweta, komanso nsomba zomwe anthu akumudzimo sanafune kugawana ndi mbalamezo.
Thallium sulphate ndi strychnine adagwiritsidwanso ntchito: adakonkhedwa pamitembo ya ng'ombe, kuwateteza ku mimbulu, ziwombankhanga ndi nkhandwe. Kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga kwatsika kwambiri kotero kuti ku United States mbalame yatsala pang'ono kutha, kutsalira ku Alaska kokha.
Ndizosangalatsa!Mu 1940, a Franklin Roosevelt adakakamizidwa kuti apereke Bald Eagle Conservation Act. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo kudali pafupifupi anthu zikwi 50.
Kuukira kwatsopano kudali kuyembekezera ziwombankhanga, mankhwala owopsa a DDT, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwalawa sanavulaze ziwombankhanga zazikulu, koma zidakhudzanso zigoba za mazira, zomwe zimang'ambika panthawi yophatikizira.
Chifukwa cha DDT, panali magulu awiri okha a mbalame 487 ku United States pofika 1963. Pambuyo poletsa mankhwalawa, anthu adayamba kuchira. Tsopano chiwombankhanga (malinga ndi International Red Data Book) amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosadandaula kwenikweni.
