Island botrops (Bothrops insularis) kapena botrops za golide ndizomwe zimayambira.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa zisumbu.
Zomera pachilumbachi ndi mphalapala wa mphiri yapoizoni kwambiri wokhala ndi maenje owoneka bwino otentha pakati pa mphuno ndi maso. Monga njoka zina, mutu umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi thupi ndipo umafanana ndi mkondo mmaonekedwe, mchira wake ndi wamfupi, ndipo umachita ziboda pakhungu. Maso ndi ozungulira.
Mtunduwo ndi wachikasu, nthawi zina wokhala ndi zipsera zosawoneka bwino komanso utali wakuda kumchira. Mawanga amatenga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndipo amapezeka popanda mtundu winawake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mukasungidwa mu ukapolo, khungu la pachilumbacho limayamba kuda, izi zimachitika chifukwa chophwanya zikhalidwe zosunga njokayo, zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwamachitidwe opatsirana. Mtundu wamimba ndi wolimba, wachikasu wonyezimira kapena azitona.
Zomera zapachilumba zitha kukhala pakati pa masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri kutalika. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina ya banja la botrops pachilumbachi ndi mchira wautali, koma wosakhazikika kwambiri, womwe umakwera mitengo mwangwiro.
Kufalitsa mabulosi otsekemera.
Zomera zam'madzi zimapezeka pachilumba chaching'ono cha Keimada Grande, chomwe chili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya São Paulo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil. Chilumba ichi chili ndi malo a 0.43 km2 okha.
Malo okhala pachilumba chotchedwa botrops.
Zomera zapachilumba zimakhala zitsamba komanso pakati pa mitengo yotsika yomwe imamera pamiyala. Nyengo pachilumbachi ndi yotentha komanso yamvula. Kutentha sikumatsika kwenikweni pansi pa madigiri khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu a Celsius. Kutentha kwambiri ndi madigiri makumi awiri ndi awiri. Chilumba cha Keimada Grande sichimayendera ndi anthu, chifukwa chake masamba obiriwira amakhala malo abwino pachilumbachi.
Makhalidwe apadera pachilumbachi.
Zomera pachilumbachi ndizochuluka kwambiri ngati njoka yamitengo kuposa mitundu ina yofananira. Amatha kukwera mitengo posaka mbalame, ndipo amakhala akugwira ntchito masana. Pali zosiyana zingapo pamakhalidwe ndi momwe thupi limasiyanitsira botrops yazilumbazi ndi anthu akutali amtundu wa Bothropoides. Mofanana ndi mbalame zina zammbenje, imagwiritsa ntchito maenje ake otentha kuti ipeze nyama. Mithini yayitali, yopanda mabowo imapinda pansi pomwe sinaigwiritse ntchito, ndipo imakokedwa kutsogolo pomwe jakisoni wabayidwa.
Chakudya cha botrops pachilumba.
Zomera zapachilumba, mosiyana ndi mitundu ya kumtunda, yomwe imadyetsa makoswe, imasinthira kudya mbalame chifukwa chakusowa kwazinyama zazing'ono pachilumbachi. Kudyetsa makoswe ndikosavuta kuposa kugwira mbalame. Chilumba cha botrops chimayamba kutsata nyamayo, ndiye, itagwira mbalameyo, iyenera kuigwira ndikuwonetsa poizoni mwachangu kuti wovulalayo asakhale ndi nthawi yowuluka. Chifukwa chake, botrops wazilumba amabayitsa poyizoni nthawi yomweyo, yomwe imapatsa poizoni katatu kapena kasanu kuposa poizoni wamtundu uliwonse wa kumtunda. Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, zokwawa zina, ndi amphibiya, matumba agolide amasaka zinkhanira, akangaude, abuluzi, ndi njoka zina. Milandu yakudya anthu ena idadziwika, pomwe zilumba zam'misewu zimadya anthu amtundu wawo.
Malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Zilumbazi ndizomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo zalembedwa pa IUCN Red List. Ili ndi kuchuluka kwambiri pakati pa njoka, koma ambiri manambala ake ndi ochepa, pakati pa 2000 ndi 4000 anthu.
Malo okhala pachilumbachi omwe akukhalapo ali pachiwopsezo cha kusintha chifukwa chodula ndikuwotcha mitengo.
Chiwerengero cha njoka chatsika kwambiri mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zawonjezeredwa ndikutengedwa kwa botrops zogulitsa kosaloledwa. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, pali mitundu ingapo ya mbalame, akangaude ndi abuluzi osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Keimada Grande, omwe amadya njoka zazing'ono ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo.
Ngakhale kuti zisumbu za pachilumbachi ndizotetezedwa pakadali pano, malo ake okhala awonongeka kwambiri ndipo malo omwe mitengo, yomwe tsopano ili ndiudzu, idakula kale, itenga zaka kukonzanso nkhalango. Ma botrops agolide ali pachiwopsezo makamaka chifukwa cha ziwopsezo izi, chifukwa kuberekana kwa mitunduyo kumachepa. Ndipo tsoka lililonse lazachilengedwe pachilumbachi (makamaka moto wamtchire) limatha kuwononga njoka zonse pachilumbachi. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa njoka, kuswana kofanana kwambiri kumachitika pakati pazilumba zam'madzi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu amtundu wa hermaphrodite amawoneka, omwe ndi osabala ndipo samapereka ana.
Chitetezo cha botrops pachilumba.
Chilumba cha botrops ndi njoka yapoizoni komanso yowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa wasonyeza kuti mavu a golide a botrops amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala pochiza matenda ena. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha zisumbu zizikhala zofunikira kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, njoka yamtunduwu sinaphunzire mokwanira chifukwa chakutali kwachilumbachi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthochi zidayamba kulima m'derali, zomwe zidapangitsanso kuchepa kwa anthu pachilumbachi.
Zochita za asayansi omwe amaphunzira njokazi zimawonjezera nkhawa.
Akatswiri amachita maphunziro angapo ndi njira zotetezera kuti apeze zambiri za biology ndi zamoyo zamtunduwu, komanso kuwunika kuchuluka kwake. Pofuna kuteteza zilumba zapachilumbachi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiletse kutumizira njoka mosaloledwa. Amakonzedwanso kuti apange njira yoberekera yogwira pofuna kuteteza kutha kwa mitundu yakuthengo, ndipo zochitikazi zithandizira kupitiliza kuphunzira za zamoyo zamtunduwu ndi poizoni wake, osagwira njoka zamtchire. Mapulogalamu ophunzitsira anthu ammudzi amathanso kuchepetsa kutchera kosavomerezeka kwa zokwawa zosowa m'dera la Keimada Grande, kuthandiza kupeza tsogolo la njoka yapaderayi.
Kuberekanso kwa zilumba zapachilumba.
Zomera zapachilumba zimaswana pakati pa Marichi ndi Julayi. Njoka zazing'ono zimawoneka kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Seputembara. Anawa amakhala ndi ana ochepa kuposa mainland botrops, kuyambira 2 mpaka 10. Amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 23-25 kutalika ndipo amalemera magalamu 10-11, amakonda kukhala moyo wapausiku kuposa achikulire. Ma botrops achichepere amadya nyama zopanda mafupa.
Island Botrops ndi njoka yoopsa.
Poizoni wa pachilumba ndi owopsa makamaka kwa anthu. Koma palibe milandu yolembedwa mwalamulo yakufa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi cholengedwa chokwawa chakupha. Chilumbachi chili kutali ndipo alendo sakufuna kukaona chilumba chaching'ono. Bottrops insular ndi imodzi mwa njoka zoopsa kwambiri ku Latin America.
Ngakhale atalandira chithandizo chamankhwala panthaŵi yake, pafupifupi anthu atatu pa anthu atatu aliwonse amafa ndi kuluma. Kulowa kwa poizoni mthupi kumatsagana ndi ululu, kusanza ndi mseru, kuwoneka kwa hematomas ndi kutuluka kwaminyewa muubongo. Poizoni wa pachilumbachi amachita zinthu mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kasanu kuposa poizoni wina aliyense.
