Marble salamander (Ambystoma opacum), yemwenso amadziwika kuti marist ambistoma, ndi a gulu la amphibian.
Kufalitsa kwa miyala ya mabulo.
Msangalabwi wa mabulo amapezeka pafupifupi kum'mawa kwa United States, Massachusetts, pakati pa Illinois, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Missouri, ndi Oklahoma, ndi kum'mawa kwa Texas, mpaka ku Gulf of Mexico ndi gombe lakum'maŵa kumwera. Sanapezeke ku Florida Peninsula. Anthu osagwirizana amapezeka kum'mawa kwa Missouri, pakati pa Illinois, Ohio, kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Indiana, komanso m'mphepete chakumwera kwa Nyanja ya Michigan ndi Nyanja ya Erie.
Malo okhalamo miyala yamiyala.
Ma salamanders achikulire amakhala mu nkhalango zonyowa, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi kapena mitsinje. Ma salamanders awa nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo otsetsereka owuma, koma osati kutali ndi malo amvula. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yofananira, ma salamanders a marble samabala m'madzi. Amapeza maiwe owuma, maiwe, madambo ndi ngalande, ndipo zazikazi zimaikira mazira awo pansi pa masamba. Mazira amakula m'madziwe ndi ngalande zimadzazidwanso ndi madzi mvula itagwa kwambiri. Zomangamanga zimaphimbidwa pang'ono ndi dothi, masamba, silt. M'malo owuma, miyala yamiyala ya marble imapezeka pamapiri amiyala ndi m'malo otsetsereka ndi milu ya mchenga. Akuluakulu amphibians amabisala pamtunda pansi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena mobisa.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa miyala yamiyala.
The salamander salamander ndi imodzi mwazing'ono kwambiri mumtundu wa Ambystomatidae. Akuluakulu amphibiya amatalika masentimita 9-10.7. Mitunduyi nthawi zina imatchedwa bandam salamander, chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mawanga akulu oyera oyera kapena otuwa pamutu, kumbuyo ndi mchira. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi ndipo amakhala ndi zigamba zazikulu zoyera. Pakati pa nyengo yobereka, mawanga amakhala oyera kwambiri ndipo tiziwalo timene timazungulira cloaca yamwamuna timakulitsa.
Kubalana kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya mabulo.
The salamander salamander ali ndi nyengo yachilendo kwambiri yoswana. M'malo moikira mazira m'madziwe kapena madzi ena osatha m'miyezi yachilimwe, nsangalabwiyo imapanga chingwe pansi. Amuna akakumana ndi akazi, nthawi zambiri amayenda mozungulira ndi iwo. Kenako yamphongoyo imapinditsa mchira wake m'mafunde n'kukweza thupi lake. Kutsatira izi, kumayika spermatophore pansi, ndipo mkazi amatenga ndi cloaca.
Akakwatirana, wamkazi amapita kuchitsime ndikusankha kukhumudwa pang'ono pansi.
Malo okhala nthawi zambiri amakhala pagombe la dziwe kapena ngalande yowuma; nthawi zina, chisa chimakonzedwa posungira kwakanthawi. Pogwira mazira makumi asanu ndi limodzi, mkazi amakhala pafupi ndi dzira ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti likhalebe lonyowa. Mvula yophukira ikangoyamba, mazira amakula, ngati mvula siigwa, mazirawo amakhalabe opanda nthawi yozizira, ndipo ngati kutentha sikutsika kwambiri, ndiye mpaka masika otsatira.
Mphutsi zofiira 1 cm kutalika zimatuluka m'mazira, zimakula mwachangu kwambiri, zimadya zooplankton. Mphutsi zomwe zimakula zimadyanso mphutsi za ma amphibiya ena ndi mazira. Nthawi yomwe kusintha kwake kumachitika kumatengera malo. Mphutsi zomwe zimapezeka kumwera zimasinthidwa miyezi iwiri yokha, zomwe zimamera kumpoto zimasintha miyezi isanu ndi itatu mpaka isanu ndi inayi. Achinyamata a marble sandamanders ali pafupifupi masentimita asanu ndikufika pofika pakukhala pafupifupi miyezi 15.
Khalidwe la salamander wa marble.
Marble salamanders ndi okhawo amphibians. Nthawi zambiri, amabisala pansi pa masamba omwe agwa kapena mobisa pakuya mita imodzi. Nthawi zina, akuluakulu achikulire amadzitchinjiriza kubisalira m'zinyama zomwezo. Komabe, amayamba kukangana wina ndi mnzake chakudya chikasowa. Makamaka, akazi ndi amuna amalumikizana nthawi yoswana. Amuna nthawi zambiri amawonekera koyamba pamalo oswana, pafupifupi sabata asanakwane akazi.
Kudya salamander wa mabulo.
Ma salamanders a Marble, ngakhale amakhala ochepa thupi, ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimadya chakudya chochuluka. Zakudyazi zimakhala ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono, tizilombo, slugs, nkhono.
Ma marble salamanders amangosaka nyama yosunthira, amakopeka ndi kununkhira kwa wovulalayo, samadya nyama yakufa.
Mphutsi za ma marble salamanders nawonso ndi nyama zolusa; amalamulira matupi amadzi kwakanthawi. Amadya zooplankton (makamaka ma copepods ndi cladocerans) akamatuluka m'mazira awo. Akamakula, amapita kukadyera nkhanu zazikuluzikulu (isopods, shrimps zazing'ono), tizilombo, nkhono, nyongolotsi zazing'ono, amphibian caviar, nthawi zina ngakhale kudya miyala ya marble. M'madamu osungira nkhalango, mphutsi zomwe zakula za marble salamander zimadya mbozi zomwe zagwera m'madzi. Zinyama zosiyanasiyana zakutchire (njoka, ma raccoon, akadzidzi, ma weasel, zikopa, ndi ma shrews) zimasaka ma salamanders. Mafinya omwe ali pamchira amateteza ku chiopsezo.
Malo osungira miyala yamiyala yamiyala.
The salamander salamander ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi Dipatimenti Yachilengedwe ya Michigan. Kwina konse, mtundu uwu wa amphibian sudetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndipo ukhoza kukhala woimira wamba wama amphibiya. Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN ulibe mwayi wosamalira.
Kuchepa kwa ma salamanders am'madera am'madzi am'magawo akuluakulu atha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa malo okhala, koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchepa kwa ziwerengero ndi zotsatira zakuchulukirachulukira kwa kutentha padziko lonse lapansi.
Zowopsa zazikulu pamalopo zikuphatikizapo kudula mitengo mwamphamvu, komwe kumawononga osati mitengo yayitali yokha, komanso mabulosi apansi, nkhalango zosasunthika ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo yomwe ili pafupi ndi malo okhala zisa. Habitat imawonongedwa ndikuwonongeka chifukwa cha ngalande zam'madzi onyowa, kuchuluka kwa miyala yamiyala ya marble kumawonekera, komwe kumatha kudzetsa kuwonongeka kosakanikirana kwambiri komanso kutsika kwa kuberekana ndi kutulutsa mitundu.
Ma marble salamanders, monga mitundu ina yambiri ya nyama, atha kutayika mtsogolo, ngati mitundu ya amphibian, chifukwa chakutha kwa malo okhala. Mitunduyi imagulitsidwa ndi ziweto padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kugulitsa sikungochepetsedwa ndi lamulo. Njira zodzitetezera m'malo okhalamo ma marble salamanders zimaphatikizapo kuteteza matupi amadzi ndi nkhalango zoyandikana zomwe zili mkati mwa madzi osachepera 200-250 mita, kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuyimitsa kugawanika kwa nkhalango.
