Chiwombankhanga choyera (Haliaeetus leucogaster) ndi cha dongosolo la Falconiformes. Ndi mbalame yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yodya nyama ku Australia pambuyo pa mphungu ya ku Australia (Aquila Audax), yomwe ndi yayikulu masentimita 15 mpaka 20 okha kuposa iyo.
Zizindikiro zakunja za chiwombankhanga choyera.
Mphungu yamiyala yoyera imakhala ndi kukula kwake: masentimita 75 - 85. Wingspan: kuyambira masentimita 178 mpaka 218. Kulemera kwake: 1800 mpaka 3900 magalamu. Nthenga za mutu, khosi, mimba, ntchafu ndi nthenga za mchira zoyera ndizoyera. Kumbuyo, mapiko ophimba, nthenga zazikulu zamapiko, ndi nthenga zazikulu za mchira zitha kukhala zakuda mpaka zakuda. Iris ya diso ndi yakuda bulauni, pafupifupi yakuda. Mphungu yamiyala yoyera ili ndi mlomo waukulu, wotuwa, wolumikizidwa womwe umathera mu mbedza yakuda. Miyendo yochepa kwambiri ilibe nthenga, mtundu wawo umasiyana kuyambira imvi mpaka kirimu. Misomali ndi yayikulu komanso yakuda. Mchira ndi wamfupi, woboola pakati.
Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimawonetsa mawonekedwe azakugonana, akazi amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Wapakati Mphungu yamphongo imakhala masentimita 66 mpaka 80, imakhala ndi mapiko a 1.6 mpaka 2.1 m, ndipo imalemera pakati pa 1.8 ndi 2.9 kg, pomwe azimayi amakhala masentimita 80 mpaka 90 kutalika kuchokera 2.0 mpaka 90 Ili ndi mapiko a 2.3 m ndipo imalemera pakati pa 2.5 ndi 3.9 kg.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zoyera zimakhala ndi mitundu ina kusiyana ndi mbalame zazikulu. Ali ndi mutu wokhala ndi nthenga zokoma, kupatula mzere wofiirira kumbuyo kwa maso. Nthenga zotsalazo ndi zofiirira komanso nsonga za zonona, kupatula nthenga zoyera pansi pamchira. Mtundu wa nthenga za chiwombankhanga chokulirapo chimawonekera pang’onopang’ono ndipo pang’onopang’ono, nthenga zimasintha mitundu yawo, ngati zidutswa za nsalu m’chiwombankhanga. Mtundu womaliza umakhazikitsidwa ali ndi zaka 4-5. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zoyera nthawi zina zimasokonezedwa ndi ziwombankhanga zaku Australia. Koma pakati pawo amasiyana ndi mutu ndi mchira wonyezimira, komanso m'mapiko akulu, mbalame zowonekera zimawuka.
Mverani mawu a chiwombankhanga choyera.
Malo okhala mphungu zoyera.
Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimakhala pamphepete mwa nyanja, m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi zisumbu. Amakhala awiriawiri okhazikika omwe amakhala mokhazikika chaka chonse. Monga lamulo, mbalame zimakhala pamwamba pamitengo kapena zimauluka pamwamba pamtsinje m'malire a tsamba lawo. Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimauluka patali pang'ono, kufunafuna malo otseguka. Dera likakhala lamatabwa kwambiri, monga ku Borneo, mbalame zodya nyama sizidutsa mtunda wopitilira makilomita 20 kuchokera mumtsinje.
Kufalikira kwa chiwombankhanga choyera.
Mphungu yamiyala yoyera imapezeka ku Australia ndi Tasmania. Gawoli limafikira ku New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Indonesia, China, Southeast Asia, India ndi Sri Lanka. Mitunduyi ikuphatikizapo Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Laos. Komanso Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.
Makhalidwe a chiwombankhanga choyera.
Masana, ziwombankhanga zoyera zimauluka kapena zikauluka pakati pa mitengo pamiyala yapafupi ndi mtsinjewo, komwe mbalame zimakonda kusaka.
Gawo losaka la ziwombankhanga zoyera ndilocheperako, ndipo chilombo, monga lamulo, chimagwiritsa ntchito obisalira omwewo, tsiku ndi tsiku. Nthawi zambiri posaka nyama, amamira m'madzi ndikudumphira pansi, kuti apeze yemwe amugwire. Poterepa, kudumphira m'madzi ndikuthira kwakukulu kumawoneka kodabwitsa. Chiwombankhanga choyera chimasakanso njoka zam'nyanja, zomwe zimakwera pamwamba ndikupuma. Njira iyi yosakira ndi yomwe imagwidwa ndi nthenga ndipo imachitika kuchokera kutalika kwambiri.
Kubalana kwa chiwombankhanga choyera.
Nthawi yoswana imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi ku India, kuyambira Meyi mpaka Novembala ku New Guinea, kuyambira Juni mpaka Disembala ku Australia, kuyambira Disembala mpaka Meyi ku Southeast Asia konse. Pamalo aliwonsewa, nthawi kuyambira pachimake mpaka pakuthyola ndi pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri ndipo imachitika pang'ono mchaka kapena chilimwe. Izi ndichifukwa choti anapiye amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha, komwe kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anapiye.
Nyengo yakumasirana kwa ziwombankhanga zoyera imayamba ndikuimba kawiri. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndikuwonetsa maulendo apaulendo ndi zidule - kuphatikizaponso kuzungulirazungulira, kuthamangitsa, kudumphira m'madzi, zovuta zina mlengalenga. Ndegezi zimachitika chaka chonse, koma pafupipafupi zimawonjezeka panthawi yoswana.
Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimapanga awiriawiri moyo wawo wonse. Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimakonda kwambiri kukhala ndi nkhawa. Ngati zasokonezeka pakamakulira, ndiye kuti mbalame zimasiya zowalamulira ndipo sizimaswa ana nyengo ino. Chisa chachikulu chimakhala pamtengo wamtali pafupifupi mita 30 kuchokera pansi. Komabe, nthawi zina mbalame zimaikira pansi, tchire, kapena miyala ngati sipapezeka mtengo woyenera.
Kukula kwapakati pa chisa ndi 1.2 mpaka 1.5 mita mulifupi, 0,5 mpaka 1.8 mita kuya.
Zomangira - nthambi, masamba, udzu, algae.
Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yoswana, mbalame zimawonjezera masamba obiriwira ndi nthambi. Zisa zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi 2.5 mita mulifupi ndi 4.5 mita kuya.
Kukula zowalamulira ndi mazira chimodzi kapena zitatu. Mwa kukakamira kwa dzira loposa limodzi, mwana wankhuku woyamba amaswa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawononga enawo. Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 35 - 44. Mazirawo amasamaliramo yaikazi ndi yaimuna. Ana a ziwombankhanga zoyera m'masiku 65 mpaka 95 oyamba amoyo, pambuyo pake amakula kukhala anapiye. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi makolo awo kwa mwezi umodzi - miyezi inayi, ndipo zimakhala zodziyimira pawokha zikafika miyezi itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi. Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimatha kuswana pakati pa zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Chakudya cha chiwombankhanga choyera.
Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimadya makamaka nyama zam'madzi monga nsomba, akamba ndi njoka zam'nyanja. Komabe, amagwiranso mbalame ndi nyama zakutchire. Awa ndi alenje, aluso kwambiri komanso aluso, otha kugwira nyama zazikulu, mpaka kukula kwa nsomba. Amadyanso nyama zakufa, kuphatikiza mitembo ya ana ankhosa kapena zotsalira za nsomba zakufa zomwe zili pagombe. Amatenganso chakudya kuchokera ku mbalame zina akamanyamula nyama zawo. Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimasaka zokha, awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Kuteteza kwa chiwombankhanga choyera.
Chiwombankhanga chimasankhidwa kuti sichidandaula ndi IUCN ndipo chimakhala ndi udindo wapadera pansi pa CITES.
Mtundu uwu umatetezedwa ndi malamulo ku Tasmania.
Anthu onse ndi ovuta kulingalira, koma akukhulupirira kuti ali pakati pa anthu 1,000 ndi 10,000. Chiwerengero cha mbalame chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha mphamvu ya anthropogenic, kuwombera, poyizoni, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, mwina, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mphungu yamiyala yoyera yatsala pang'ono kukhala mtundu wosatetezeka. Pofuna kuteteza, mabacteria amapangidwira m'malo omwe nyama zolusa zomwe zimapezeka kawirikawiri. Mwinanso njira izi zitha kuchepetsa kusokonekera kwa mitundu iwiri ya mbalame ndikuletsa kuchepa kwa ziweto.
