Chiwombankhanga cha Steller (Haliaeetus pelagicus) kapena chiwombankhanga cha Steller ndi cha dongosolo la Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa mphungu ya Steller.
Chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimakhala chachikulu pafupifupi masentimita 105. Mapiko ake ndi masentimita 195 - 245. Kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 287. Kulemera kwa mbalame yodya nyama kumachokera pa magalamu 6000 mpaka 9000. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu kwambiri. Zili choncho chifukwa cha mapiko ake apadera ooneka ngati opalasa ndi mchira wautali woboola pakati. Nsonga za mapiko zimangofika kumapeto kwa mchira. Ilinso ndi mlomo waukulu, wotchuka komanso wowala.
Nthenga za mbalame yakudyayo ndi yakuda bulauni, koma pamphumi, mapewa, ntchafu, mchira pamwamba ndi pansipa ndi zoyera modabwitsa. Mikwingwirima imvi imawoneka pa kapu ndi pakhosi. Nthenga pamapazi zimapanga "mathalauza" oyera.
Mutu ndi khosi zimakutidwa ndi mizere yoyera komanso yoyera, yomwe imapatsa mbalamezo imvi. Makamaka mitu yakuda mu ziwombankhanga zakale. Mapiko okhala ndi madontho akulu oyera. Khungu la nkhope, mlomo ndi mawoko ndi achikasu-lalanje. Mlengalenga, chiwombankhanga cha Steller chikuwoneka chakuda kwathunthu pakumveka, ndipo mapiko ndi mchira wokha ndizoyera mosiyana ndi nthenga zazikulu.
Kujambula nthenga zazikulu kumapezeka pa 4-5 wazaka zakubadwa, koma mtundu womaliza wa maula umakhazikitsidwa kokha ndi zaka 8-10.
Mkazi ndi wamkulu kuposa wamwamuna. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda zakuda zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda pamutu ndi pachifuwa, komanso timadontho tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pakati komanso m'mbali mwa thupi. Mchira ndi yoyera m'mphepete mwa mdima.
Iris, mlomo ndi miyendo ndi zachikasu. Pothawira, mabala otumbululuka amawonekera kuchokera pansi pachifuwa ndi m'khwapa.
Pansi pa nthenga za mchira ndi zoyera ndi mzere wamdima. Nsonga ya mchira ndiyokulungika kwambiri; imadyedwa mbalame zazikulu.
Malo okhala ziwombankhanga.
Moyo wonse wa Steller chiwombankhanga ndi pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha m'madzi. Pafupifupi zisa zonse zili pamtunda wa kilomita imodzi ndi theka kuchokera pagombe. Zisa ndizotalika mamita 1.6 ndi mita imodzi kutalika. M'nyengo yoswana, mbalame zodya nyama zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo omwe muli mapiri ataliatali okhala ndi mitengo, ndipo malo otsetsereka a nkhalango amasinthana ndi magombe, madambo, mitsinje.
Chiwombankhanga cha Steller chinafalikira.
Chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimafikira m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Amapezeka pa Kamchatka Peninsula komanso kumpoto kwa Siberia. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira, ziwombankhanga zam'madzi za Steller zimatsikira kumwera kulowera ku Ussuri, kumpoto kwa Chilumba cha Sakhalin, komanso ku Japan ndi Korea, komwe amadikirira nyengo yovutayi.
Makhalidwe a Steller chiwombankhanga.
Chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zosakira: kuchokera pamalo obisalira, omwe amakonzekera pamtengo kuyambira 5 mpaka 30 mita kutalika, womwe umaweramira pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe umagwera nyama yake. Nyama yamphongoyo imayang'ananso nsomba, ndikupanga kuzungulira ndi 6 kapena 7 mita pamwambapa. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amavutika kusaka, pomwe nsomba zimadziunjikira m'madzi osaya panthawi yopuma kapena malo osungiramo madzi oundana, ndiye kuti chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimagwira nsomba m'mayendedwe.
Ndipo kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, nsomba zikafa, ziwombankhanga zimasonkhana pagulu la anthu m'mbali mwa mtsinjewo, ndikudya chakudya chochuluka. Mlomo wawo wawukulu komanso wamphamvu ndiwothandiza kuti ang'ambe tizidutswa tating'ono kenako ndikumeza mwachangu.
Mverani mawu a chiwombankhanga Steller.
Kuswana chiwombankhanga.
Ziwombankhanga za Steller zimaswana zili ndi zaka 6 kapena 7. Nyengo yodzala zipatso imayamba molawirira, kumapeto kwa February ku Kamchatka, koyambirira kwa Marichi kunyanja ya Okhotsk. Mbalame zodya nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zisa ziwiri kapena zitatu, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mosinthana zaka.
Ku Kamchatka, zisa 47.9% zili pa birches, 37% pamitambwi, ndipo pafupifupi 5% pamitengo yamitundu ina.
Pamphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, zisa zambiri zimapezeka pa larch, poplars kapena miyala. Amakwezedwa mita 5 mpaka 20 pamtunda. Zisa zimalimbikitsidwa ndikukonzedwa chaka chilichonse, kuti pakatha nyengo zingapo, zimatha kufika mamita 2.50 m'mimba mwake ndi mamita 4 kuya. Zisa zina zimakhala zolemera kwambiri mwakuti zimagwa pansi ndi kugwera pansi, ndipo anapiyewo amafa. Mwa mabanja onse omwe amamanga zisa, 40% yokha amaikira mazira chaka chilichonse. Ku Kamchatka, clutch imachitika kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi ndipo imakhala ndi mazira 1-3 obiriwira oyera. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 38 - 45. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimachoka pachisa pakati pa Ogasiti kapena koyambirira kwa Seputembala.
Kudyetsa chiwombankhanga cha Steller.
Ziwombankhanga za Steller zimakonda kudya nyama yamoyo kuposa nyama zakufa. Kuchuluka kwa magawidwe awo kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndipo, makamaka, nsomba, ngakhale zimadya agwape, hares, nkhandwe, ma squirrel apansi, nyama zam'madzi, komanso nthawi zina molluscs. Chakudya chimasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo, dera komanso mitundu yazinyama zomwe zilipo. Pavuli paki, ziwombankhanga za Steller zimasakasaka ntchentche, mbewa, abakha, ndi zisindikizo zazing'ono.
Nyengo yamchere imayamba mu Meyi ku Kamchatka komanso pakati pa Juni mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk, ndipo chakudya ichi chimapezeka mpaka Disembala ndi Okutobala, motsatana. Mitundu ya mbalame zodya nyama m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'mbali zonse za ziwombankhanga khumi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaukira magulu am'nyanja zam'nyanja kumapeto kwa nsomba. Ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimakhazikika m'mbali mwa nyanja, zimadyetsa nsomba zokhazokha: udzu wouma, nsomba zam'madzi, ndi nyama zamtanda. M'malo ena, nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba, nsomba za chum, carp, catfish, pike zimadyedwa. Ziwombankhanga za Steller zimasaka mitu yakuda, tern, abakha, ndi akhwangwala. Amawukira hares kapena muskrat. Nthawi zina, amadya zinyalala za nyama ndi zowola.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiombankhanga cha Steller.
Kuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga cha Steller kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nsomba komanso kupezeka kwa chinthu chodetsa nkhawa alendo. Alenje amawombera ndikugwira mbalame zodya nyama, kuwonetsa kuti ziwombankhanga zimawononga zikopa za nyama zamalonda zamalonda. Nthawi zina mbalame zodya nyama zimawombera, poganiza kuti zimavulaza mphalapala. Pamphepete mwa mitsinje pafupi ndi misewu ikuluikulu ndi malo okhala, zovuta zimachulukirachulukira, ndipo mbalame zazikulu zimachoka.
Njira zachitetezo zofunika.
Chiwombankhanga cha Steller ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri mu 2004 Mndandanda wa Red IUCN. Mitundu iyi ya mbalame zodya nyama ili m'gulu la Red Data Books of Asia, Russian Federation ndi Far East. Mtundu uwu walembedwa mu Zowonjezera 2 CITES, Zowonjezera 1 za Msonkhano wa Bonn. Kutetezedwa molingana ndi Zakumapeto kwamgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe Russia ndi Japan, USA, DPRK ndi Korea adachita poteteza mbalame zosamuka. Chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimatetezedwa m'malo apadera achilengedwe. ziwembu. Chiwerengero cha mbalame zosawerengeka ndizochepa ndipo chimafikira pafupifupi anthu 7,500. Ziwombankhanga za Steller zimasungidwa m'malo osungira 20, kuphatikiza Moscow, Sapporo, Alma-Ata.
