Kangaude nkhandwe Ndi wothamanga pa dziko la arachnid. Samaluka ukonde, koma amangothamangitsa ndi kumenya nyama yake ngati nkhandwe. Ngati mwawonapo kangaude pafupi ndi kwanu, msonkhanowu mwina sungakumbukike. Anthu ena amawapeza okongola komanso apadera, pomwe ena amanjenjemera powawona.
Akangaude a Wolf amatha kulakwitsa chifukwa cha tarantulas chifukwa ali ndi thupi lakuda komanso laubweya. Ngakhale zimawoneka zowopsa, ndizothandiza komanso zopanda vuto. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi tizirombo tambiri tomwe tingalowe mnyumba za anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kangaude nkhandwe
Akangaude a Wolf kapena akangaude kapena akalulu achimuna ndi mamembala a banja la Lycosidae, dzinalo limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek loti "λ« κο, "lotanthauza" nkhandwe ". Ili ndi gulu lalikulu komanso lofalikira.
Akangaude a nkhandwe adatchula dzina lawo polemekeza chizolowezi cha nkhandwe cholimbana ndi gulu lonse. Poyamba zimaganiziridwa kuti tizilombo timeneti timagwiranso gulu. Chiphunzitsochi tsopano chadziwika kuti ndi cholakwika.
Pali mitundu yopitilira zikwi ziwiri yophatikizidwa pamitundu 116. Pafupifupi mibadwo 125 imapezeka ku North America, pafupifupi 50 ku Europe. Mitundu yambiri imapezeka ngakhale kumpoto kwa Arctic Circle.
Akangaude akhala akusintha kwa zaka 380 miliyoni. Akangaude oyamba adachokera ku makolo achi crustacean. Mitundu yoposa 45,000 yomwe idalipo tsopano yafotokozedwa. Mitundu yazinthu zakale ndizochulukirapo kuposa momwe arachnid angapangire. Magawo akuluakulu osinthika akuphatikizapo kukula kwa ma spinnerets ndi ma kangaude.
Kanema: Kangaude nkhandwe
Zina mwazinthu zakale zakale zapadziko lapansi ndi ma trigonotarbitas, omwe akuimira kutha kwa arachnids. ali ndi mawonekedwe ambiri ofanana ndi akangaude, kuphatikiza moyo wapadziko lapansi, kupuma ndikuyenda ndi miyendo isanu ndi itatu paliponse pafupi pakamwa. Komabe, sizikudziwika ngati ali ndi kuthekera kopanga intaneti. Trigonotarbides si akangaude enieni. Mitundu yawo yambiri ilibe ana amoyo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude nkhandwe nyama
Akangaude ambiri a nkhandwe amakhala ochepa mpaka kukula. Munthu wamkulu kwambiri amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 2.5 ndipo miyendo ndiyofanana. Maso awo ali ndi maso asanu ndi atatu. Mzere wapansi uli ndi maso anayi ang'onoang'ono, mzere wapakati uli ndi maso akulu awiri, ndipo mzere wapamwamba uli ndi maso awiri apakatikati. Mosiyana ndi ma arachnids ena, ali ndi maso abwino. Tsitsi lanyama ndi miyendo ndi thupi zimawapatsa chidwi chakukhudza.
Kuwala kwa kuwala kwa kangaude wa nkhandwe kumatulutsa kuwala kodabwitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kunyezimira kwa kuwala kochokera m'maso kubwerera komwe kunachokera, ndikupanga "kunyezimira" kosavuta kuwona.
Chifukwa akangaude amadalira chobisalira podziteteza kwa adani, utoto wawo ulibe mitundu yowala, yovuta ya mitundu ina ya kangaude. Mitundu yakunja imagwirizana ndi malo omwe mumawakonda kwambiri. Akangaude ambiri ammbulu ndi ofiira. Thupi laubweya ndilitali komanso lalifupi, lokhala ndi miyendo yolimba yayitali. Amadziwika chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri. Amatha kudziwika mosavuta ndi kuchuluka komanso komwe maso ali. Nsagwada ndizodziwika komanso zamphamvu.
Akangaude a Wolf amakhala ndi mawonekedwe akale:
- cephalothorax imagwira ntchito ya masomphenya, kuyamwa kwa chakudya, kupuma komanso kuyang'anira magalimoto;
- pamimba pamakhala ziwalo zamkati.
Kutalika kwa moyo kumadalira kukula kwa mitunduyo. Mitundu yaying'ono imakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mitundu ikuluikulu - zaka ziwiri, nthawi zina kupitilira apo. Akazi achonde kapena akangaude obadwa amakhala nthawi yozizira.
Hogna ndiye mtundu wa kangaude wamkulu kwambiri, wokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 200 yomwe imapezeka m'makontinenti onse. Mitundu yambiri yaying'ono ya akangaude a nkhandwe imakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso m'minda ndipo imadyetsa nyama zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimagwira gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera masoka a anthu omwe amasunga tizilombo pafupi ndi akangaude.
Kodi kangaude wa nkhandwe amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamphaka wakupha
Akangaude a Wolf amatha kukhala kulikonse kupatula ku Antarctica. Mitundu ina imapezeka pamapiri ozizira komanso amiyala, pomwe ina imakhala munjira zophulika. Amapezeka m'mapululu, nkhalango zam'mvula, madambo komanso kapinga wakumidzi. Mtundu umodzi wapezeka ngakhale mu mbewu za tirigu, kudyetsa tizirombo monga nsabwe za m'masamba.
Mitundu ina ya akangaude a nkhandwe amakhala m'mabowo obisika, pomwe ambiri amapezeka m'malo obiriwira. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka obisika m'malo abwalo omwe amapereka pogona ndi chitetezo cha akangaude, kuphatikizapo:
- m'masamba ndi kuzungulira zomera kapena zitsamba;
- mu udzu wamtali kapena wandiweyani;
- pansi pa milu yayitali komanso mulu wamatabwa.
Mosiyana ndi mayina awo amiyendo inayi, akangaude a nkhandwe samasaka m'matumba. Ndiwo "mimbulu" yosungulumwa yomwe safuna kukumana ndi anthu. Akangaude amtundu wa Pirata nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi mayiwe kapena mitsinje ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ngati V kumbuyo. Pamadzi osalala, amathamanga osabatizidwa komanso amasaka tizilombo pamwamba pamadzi. Akangaude otumbula (Geolycosa) amakhala nthawi yayitali m'manda ndipo amakhala ndi miyendo yakutsogolo yolemetsa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba.
Ngati ena ali m'nyumbamo, amapewa kutentha kwambiri panja kapena chifukwa chothamangitsa tizilombo tina m'nyumba. Akangaude a Wolf amayesa kuzembera mozungulira zipinda zapansi. Amachita izi mwakukwawa pamakoma kapena pansi pa mipando.
Kodi kangaude amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamphongo wamwamuna
Akangaude a Wolf samaluka mawebusayiti kuti agwire nyama yawo, ndi osakira enieni ndipo amapeza chakudya chomwe chingakhale chowoneka kapena potetemera ndi tsitsi lawo losazindikira. Nthawi zambiri amabisalira nyama yawo mozembera kapena kuwayendetsa mwadala.
Menyu yawo imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa tizilombo monga:
- njoka;
- ziwala;
- kafadala;
- nyerere;
- akangaude ena;
- nsabwe;
- ntchentche;
- cicadas;
- njenjete;
- mbozi;
- mphemvu;
- udzudzu.
Akangaude ena amasaka nyama ikaipeza ikafika kapenanso kuthamangitsa kamtunda kochepa pambuyo pake. Ena amadikirira kuti nyamayo idutse kapena kukhala pafupi ndi dzenje. Akangaude akangolanda nyama yawo, amatha kuipukuta mu mpira kapena kumulowetsa poyizoni, ndikusintha ziwalo zamkati mwa munthu wosaukayo kukhala wowongoka. Amadya omwe amawazunza, kuwakankhira pansi kapena malo ena ndi mawoko awo. Kangaudeyu amalepheretsa anthu ambiri kubayidwa ndi jakisoni.
Miyendo ya akangaude ili ndi ma 48 opindika, ndiye kuti, mwendo uliwonse uli ndi zolumikizira 6. Kangaude wa nkhandwe amabayira poizoni ngati wapsa mtima nthawi zonse. Zizindikiro za kuluma kwake ndi monga kutupa, kupweteka pang'ono ndi kuyabwa.
M'mbuyomu, kulumidwa ndi necrotic nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ina ya akalulu aku South America, koma kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mavuto omwe adachitika adayambitsidwa ndi kulumidwa kuchokera ku genera lina. Mamembala aku Australia amtunduwu adalumikizidwanso ndi zilonda za necrotic, koma kuyang'anitsitsa kulumidwa kwawonetsanso zotsatira zoyipa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kangaude nkhandwe wamkazi
Akangaude ndi mimbulu amakhala okha. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhala nthawi pansi. Mitundu yakuda, yamawangamawanga ya matupi awo amathandizira kusakanikirana ndi zomera zowola akamasaka kapena kubisala kwa adani awo. Nthawi zina amakumba maenje kapena kupanga mabowo pansi pamiyala ndi mitengo kuti azikhalamo.
Ma Lycosidae ena, monga H. carolinensis, amapanga maenje akuya omwe amabisalamo nthawi zambiri. Ena, monga H. helluo, amathawira pansi pamiyala ndi malo ena obisalako omwe chilengedwe chimapereka. Akamayendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana, amatha kukhala m'nyumba za anthu nyengo ikamazizira. Amuna pafupifupi mitundu yonse nthawi zina amatha kupezeka m'nyumba momwe amayenda kufunafuna akazi nthawi yakugwa.
M'malo mwa magazi, akangaude amakhala ndi hemolymph, yomwe imakhala ndi mkuwa. Ikakhala panja, imakhala yabuluu. Mitsempha + yamitsempha kulibiretu, kulumikizana pakati pa ziwalo kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito hemolymph.
Mitundu yambiri imamanga zisa zamatope pansi ndi zofolera za ulusi. Ena amabisa khomo ndi zinyalala, ena amamanga nyumba yofanana ndi nsanja pakhomo. Usiku amasiya malo obisalako ndikupita kukasaka. Kangaudeyu amayesetsa kupeza malo abwino oti tizilombo tizidutsa. Kuchokera patali masentimita angapo, kangaude wa nkhandwe amalumpha kutsogolo ndikugwira nyama.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kangaude nkhandwe
Nthawi ikafika yoti ibwere, amuna amakopa akazi mwa kusesa mkamwa mwawo mokoma (palps) kapena kuwayesa pamasamba. Amuna amayandikira chachikazi kuti akakwatirane ndi miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo. Kufunitsitsa kukwatira mwina kumawonetsedwa ndi fungo, lomwe limamveka kale patali mita.
Amuna amtundu wa Allocosa brasiliensis amatha kudya wamkazi yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zoberekera kapena wamkazi wokalamba yemwe sangathe kubereka. Izi zamoyo zinalembedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba.
Kenako yamphongo imayenda mozungulira molingana ndi dongosolo lokhazikika la miyendo (pedipalps), momwe matumba a seminal amapezeka. Mkazi wokwatiwa amayankha pogogoda ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo ndikutengapo mbali zingapo kupita kwa yamphongo, yomwe imayambiranso chibwenzi. Izi zimapitilira mpaka atatsala pang'ono kukhudza. Mitundu yamadzulo, zizindikilo zamayimbidwe zimachita mbali yofunika; pamitundu yamasana, zowoneka bwino.
Yamphongo imakwawa kutsogolo kwa mkazi ndipo imapinda mbali imodzi ya pamimba kuti ilowe mu palpus yoyamba. Mkazi amawongola mimba yake. Kenako palpus yachiwiri imayikidwa kuchokera mbali inayo. Akangaude a Wolf ndi apadera chifukwa amanyamula mazira awo mu chikuku. Akakwerana, yaikazi imapotoza thumba la kangaude lozungulira lokhala ndi mazira, nkumata ndi timizere timene timakhala kumapeto kwa mimba, ndipo imanyamula ana osabadwa.
Mtundu uwu wa kangaude uli ndi chibadwa champhamvu kwambiri cha amayi. Ngati mkazi mwanjira inayake wataya chikuku chake ndi ana, amakhala wosakhazikika, amayamba kuyendayenda mopanda cholinga, kuyipeza. Akalephera kupeza thumba, wamkazi amamatira pachinthu chilichonse chofanana nacho. Zitha kukhala tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta ubweya wa thonje, ulusi wa thonje, ndi zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake, amayesa kupanga chinyengo chobala ana.
Mimba iyenera kukhala pamalo okwera kuti thumba lisakokere pansi. Koma ngakhale pantchito imeneyi, akazi amatha kusaka. Mbali ina yomwe kangaude wa nkhandwe imadziwika ndi njira yawo yosamalira ana aang'ono. Akangaude akangotuluka pachotetezera chofewa, amakwera miyendo ya amayi kumbuyo.
Mazana a akalulu ang'onoang'ono ammbulu amamatira kumutu kwa amayi ndikukhala pa iwo m'magawo angapo, kudya khungu. Pakadali pano, mayiyo amayendayenda kuti apeze malo abwino okhala ndi ma microclimatic komanso malo ogona abwino a ana ake. Pofuna kuti asakhale pachiwopsezo, amakana kusaka pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi atatu. Mayi amanyamula akangaudewo kwa milungu ingapo asanakwanitse kudzisamalira okha.
Adani achilengedwe a kangaude wammbulu
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamphongo
Pali zolusa zambiri kunja uko zomwe zingakonde kudya kangaude wa nkhandwe, koma ma arachnidswa ali ndi njira zingapo zodzitetezera kuti asakodwe ndi unyolo. Mitundu ya akalulu akungoyenda imagwiritsa ntchito kutha kwawo komanso kutha msanga, komanso mitundu yapadera yomwe imagwirizana ndi malo awo.
Zowononga zomwe muyenera kusamala zikuphatikizapo:
- mavu. Samadya kangaude, koma amaumitsa pang'onopang'ono ndi mbola asanalowetse dzira mkati. Mphutsi zikamakula, tizilomboti timakula mkati mwa kangaude. Mavu ena amakokera kangaude ku chisa chawo ndikuchikankhira kwathunthu, kuteteza mphutsi. Mitundu ina imayika dzira mkati ndikusiya kangaude wa nkhandwe ayende momasuka;
- amphibiya ndi zokwawa zazing'ono. Amphibian amasangalalanso ndi chakudya chokoma choperekedwa ndi kangaude wa nkhandwe. Zolengedwa monga achule ndi salamanders amadziwika kuti amadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya akangaude. Ziweto zomwe zimadya nyama zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama iliyonse yaying'ono kuti izimeze bwinobwino. Zokwawa zazing'ono monga njoka ndi abuluzi zimadyanso akangaude a nkhandwe, ngakhale kuti mitundu ikuluikulu ingadumphe kangaudeyu posankha chakudya chokulirapo;
- zikopa ndi mimbulu. Ngakhale akangaude a nkhandwe amakhala arachnids, ali pafupi kwambiri ndi tizilombo tomwe timakonda kukhala tcheru. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timafunikira kudya chakudya pafupipafupi kuti chikhalebe ndi mphamvu. Amphaka nawonso nthawi zina amadya akangaude;
- mbalame. Ngakhale mbalame zina zimakonda mbewu ndi zomera, mbalame zina zimakonda kudya nyama. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, kuphatikizapo akadzidzi ndi mbalame zam'madzi, ndi nyama zolusa za kangaude. Ma arachnids awa sagwiritsa ntchito nthiti, chifukwa amayenera kupita kokasaka ndi kudya, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chouluka kuchokera kumwamba.
Ngati kangaude amakakamizidwa kumenya nkhondo, imaluma adani ake ndi nsagwada zake zazikulu. Ngati akukumana ndi imfa, ali wokonzeka kudzipereka ngakhale mwendo kuti apulumuke, ngakhale kutayika kwa mwendo kumawapangitsa pang'onopang'ono komanso kukhala pachiwopsezo chamtsogolo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kangaude nkhandwe ndi poizoni
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya kangaude wa nkhandwe imakhala ndi anthu osakhazikika. Amakhala ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ena, monga kangaude wa chipululu ku Portugal ndi kangaude wamapanga Adelocosa anops ochokera ku Kauai kuzilumba za Hawaii, ali pangozi. Kufanana kwa kangaude wa nkhandwe ndi nyama yowopsa, kangaude wa karakurt, zidapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kuwononga zamoyozi atangoziwona mkatikati mwawo ngakhale pomwe anali pafupi ndi nyumba yawo.
Kugwira arachnid iyi kuyenera kuyandikira mosamala, chifukwa imatha kukhala kangaude ndipo mazana a akangaude amatha kuthawa kwa mayi woponderezedwa mnyumbayo.
Kuluma kangaude kungakhale kopweteka, koma osati koopsa kwa achikulire athanzi. Izi ndichifukwa choti poyizoni samakhala ndi neurotoxicity, chifukwa chake samavulaza kwambiri. Komabe, anthu osazindikira monga ana, okalamba, komanso anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chodetsa nkhawa akhoza kukhala ndi vuto linalake. Chifukwa chake, ngati ana kapena okalamba akukhala mnyumbamo, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe mungachite kuti muteteze kufalikira kwa akangaude:
- Chotsani zomera mozungulira nyumba yonse;
- chotsani zinyalala za pabwalo monga mitengo yakugwa, miyala ndi milu yamatabwa;
- tsekani ming'alu kapena mabowo aliwonse m'munsi mwa nyumbayo komanso kuzungulira mawindo ndi zitseko;
- chepetsani kuyatsa kwakunja, popeza kuwalako kumakopa tizilombo tomwe akangaude amakonda kudya;
- ngati kangaude wa nkhandwe walowa mnyumbayo, gwiritsani ntchito chisindikizo kuti muwononge.
Ngakhale amawoneka owopsa, kangaude nkhandwe sichikuwopseza anthu. Ngakhale amafulumira kusakasaka nyama zawo, saluma anthu pokhapokha atakwiya. Mukakumana ndi kangaude wammbulu, chidwi chake choyamba ndikubwerera m'mbuyo. Komabe, ngati atathamangitsidwa kapena kutsekedwa, kangaude amadzimva kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndipo atha kubwezeranso kumbuyo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/16/2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 21:30
