Chiwombankhanga cha mchira wautali (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) ndi cha dongosolo la Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa mphungu yayitali
Chiwombankhanga chachitali chotalika chimakhala ndi masentimita 84. Mapikowo amatambasula mamita 1.8 - 2.15. Amuna amalemera kuyambira 2.0 mpaka 3.3 makilogalamu, akazi amalemera pang'ono: 2.1 - 3.7 kg.
Mutu, pakhosi ndi chifuwa ndi mchira zimalumikizidwa ndi mzere wakuda wopingasa. Khalidwe ili ndilophatikiza kwapadera pakudziwitsa mitundu ya mphungu yayitali. Poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chokulirapo cha zoyera, ilibe mchira woboola pakati, ndipo mapiko ake akuda bulauni ndi ocheperako pang'ono komanso ocheperako. Kumbuyo kuli kofiira, mdima pansipa. Mchirawo ndi wakuda wokhala ndi mzere woyera, woonekera. Pali lamizeremizere woyera pa zapamadzi Chipilala Chipilala.
Ziwombankhanga zazitali zazitali zimakhala zakuda mofananamo, ndi mchira wakuda, koma muwonetsero zowuluka mwamapiko okhala ndi mapiko olimba, okhala ndi mzere woyerera pazobisalamo.
Mutu ndi wopepuka kuposa uja wa mbalame zazikulu, ndipo nthenga zokhala ndi zowala zotumbululuka zilipo kumtunda. Mchira ulibe mikwingwirima. Maonekedwe aulesi osawoneka bwino a ziwombankhanga zazitali kwambiri amakhala ochititsa chidwi, ndipo ngakhale atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi nthenga zimayamba kufanana ndi nthenga za mbalame zazikulu, zimatenga zaka zinayi kapena zisanu kuti mtunduwo ukhale wodziwika bwino.
Malo okhala chiwombankhanga
Mphungu yamiyala yayitali imakhala pafupi ndi matupi akulu amadzi kapena mitsinje, momwe imapezako chakudya. Imafalikira mpaka 4000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Mphungu yamtali wautali imafalikira
Kugawidwa kwa mphungu zazitali kumachitika pamtunda waukulu. Derali limayambira ku Kazakhstan, mpaka kumwera kwa Russia, limalanda Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Kum'mawa, kudzera ku Mongolia ndi China, kumwera - kumpoto kwa India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh ndi Myanmar. Ndi mbalame yosamuka komanso yozizira ku Nepal ndipo imaswana ku Afghanistan. Anthu ambiri akupezeka ku China, Mongolia ndi India. Makhalidwe a chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mchira wautali.
Ziwombankhanga zam'nyanja mwina zimasamukira kwina ngati nyama. Ku Burma, amakhala pansi, ndipo kuchokera kumadera akumpoto kwambiri amasamukira ku India komanso kumwera kwa Himalaya, ku Iran ndi Iraq. M'nyengo yokhwima, ziwombankhanga zazitali zimalira kwambiri, koma nthawi yonseyo ziwombankhanga zimakhala chete. Ndegeyo imafanana ndi kuyenda kwa chiwombankhanga choyera, koma mopepuka ndikuwombera mwachangu mapiko ake.
Kutulutsa kwa mphungu zazitali
Ziwombankhanga zazitali kwambiri sizimagwiritsa ntchito mitengo nthawi zonse popuma ndi pobisalira. Zachidziwikire, kumadera akumwera kwa magawidwe, amamanga chisa chawo pamtengo, koma, kuwonjezera apo, zimakhazikika m'malo momwe muli zitsamba zamabango zomwe zagona pansi ndi mphepo. Chisa ndi chachikulu, chomangidwa makamaka ndi nthambi ndipo chimatha kukhala mpaka 2 mita m'mimba mwake.
Mu Marichi-Epulo, mkazi nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira awiri, osatinso anayi. Makulitsidwe amatha masiku 40. Mbalame zazing'ono zimachoka pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, koma zimadalirabe kwa makolo awo kwa miyezi ingapo.
Chakudya cha mphungu
Ziwombankhanga zazitali kwambiri zimadya nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi, nyama. Samasaka mbewa ngati mbewa, ndipo samadya nsomba zakufa. Amayang'anitsitsa nyama yomwe ikuthawa kapena yobisalira, atakhala pathanthwe kapena pamtengo wawutali. Njira yosodza ndiyosavuta: ziwombankhanga zazitali kwambiri zimadikirira nyama zawo ndikuziwombera kuti zigwire nsomba zomwe zimasambira pafupi ndi madzi. Nthawi zina amatulutsa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kuzikokera kumtunda m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo, kapena kungoziponya m'madzi.
Zolusa za nthenga zimasakanso atsekwe wamkulu. Amabera zisa za zibweya, tern ndi cormorants, ngakhale mbalame zina zodya nyama, kudya anapiye. Amalimbana ndi achule, akamba ndi abuluzi.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga chalitali
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri kulikonse. M'malo ambiri okhalamo, kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chitalitali kumachepa, malo okhala zisa akuchepa. Kuperewera kwa malo oyenera kukaikira mbalame pafupi ndi kudyetsa matupi amadzi, koma kutali ndi malo okhala anthu, kumabweretsa mavuto. Kuwononga kwa matupi amadzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso poyizoni wa ziwombankhanga kumawononga bwino kubereka. Mitengo yaitali, yokhayokha yokhala ndi zisa za ziwombankhanga zazitali ilipo kuti ziwonongeke.
Kuphatikiza pakutsata molunjika, kuchepa kwa chiombankhanga chosowa nthawi yayitali kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kuipitsa, ngalande kapena kuwonjezeka kwa nsomba m'madzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kuwonongeka, kumakulitsidwa ndi zisokonezo m'maulamuliro a madambo. Kuchepetsa chakudya, makamaka chifukwa cha kusaka ndi kusodza, zotsatira zina zakuchulukirachulukira kwa mphamvu ya anthropogenic kumabweretsa mavuto.
Ku Myanmar ndi China, chitukuko cha minda yamafuta ndi gasi ndichowopsa kwa mbalame zodya nyama. Ku Mongolia, pakufufuza komwe kudachitika mchilimwe cha 2009, zidadziwika kuti madamu awiri omwe amangidwa kumene opangira magetsi amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kutsitsa madzi, zomwe zimachepetsa malo abwino okhala ndi zisa.
Kuteteza kwa chiwombankhanga chalitali
Mphungu yamtali wautali imaphatikizidwa mu IUCN Red List, yolembedwa mu Zowonjezera II za CITES. Kutetezedwa ndi Annex 2 ya Msonkhano wa Bonn. Imatetezedwa ndi mgwirizano waku Russia ndi India pankhani yoteteza mbalame zosamuka. Chiwombankhanga chachitali chotalika ndi chamoyo chosavutikira, chomwe chili ndi manambala kuyambira 2,500 mpaka 10,000.
Njira Zosungira Mphungu Zautali
Pofuna kuteteza chiwombankhanga chachitali chachitali, kafukufuku akuchitika pankhani yazachilengedwe ndi kuswana kwa zamoyozo, kutsata satelayiti kusamuka kwa mbalame kumachitika.
Ntchito yomwe idachitika ku Central Asia ndi Myanmar idakhazikitsa magawidwe ndi kuwopseza kukhalapo kwa mbalame zodya nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, poteteza mitundu yonse yosaoneka ya mbalame, ndikofunikira kupanga malo otetezedwa kwa anthu ofunikira. Phatikizani pakupanga njira zachilengedwe:
- kuyendetsa bwino madambo, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinyalala za mafakitale mozungulira madambwe m'malo okhala ndi zisa.
- Tetezani mitengo yotsala yodzala.
- Chititsani ntchito zidziwitso pakati paomwe akukhala. Gawani timabuku tomwe timakhala ndi chiwombankhanga chosawerengeka kuti chiteteze imfa zangozi za mbalame.
- Fufuzani za zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitundu yazakudya kuti muwone momwe zimakhudzira ziwombankhanga zazitali.
