Chiwombankhanga (Gyps tenuirostris).
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa chiwombankhanga chochepa kwambiri
Vulture ili ndi kukula pafupifupi masentimita 103. Kulemera - kuchokera 2 mpaka 2.6 makilogalamu.
Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula ndipo imawoneka yolemera kuposa ma Gyps indicus, koma mapiko ake ndi ofupikirapo pang'ono ndipo mulomo wake siwamphamvu ngati wowonda kwambiri. Mutu ndi khosi ndi mdima. Mu nthenga, pali kusowa koonekeratu koyera pansi. Kumbuyo ndi mulomo kulinso mdima kuposa ziwalo zina za thupi. Pali makwinya ndi mapanga akuya pakhosi ndi pamutu, omwe nthawi zambiri sawoneka pakhosi la India. Kutseguka kwamakutu ndikokulirapo komanso kowonekera.
Iris ndi bulauni yakuda. Sera imakhala yakuda kwathunthu. Mbalame zazing'ono zoonda zazing'ono zimafanana ndi mbalame zazikulu, koma zimakhala zotumbululuka kumtunda ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi. Khungu pakhosi ndi lakuda.
Malo okhala mpheta yopyapyala
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala m'malo otseguka, m'malo am'mapiri okhala ndi mitengo komanso m'mapiri okwera mpaka 1,500 mita pamwamba pamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonekera pafupi ndi mudziwo komanso malo ophera nyama. Ku Myanmar, mbalame zodya nyama nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu "malo odyera ziwombankhanga," omwe ndi malo omwe nyama zonyansa zimayikidwa kuti zipereke chakudya cha ziwombankhanga chakudya chikasowa. Malowa, monga lamulo, ali pamtunda wa mamita 200 mpaka 1,200, nyama zakufa zomwe zimapulumuka mbalame - obisala nthawi zonse amabweretsedwa kumeneko.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhala m'malo opanda madzi kufupi ndi malo okhala anthu, komanso chisa m'malo otseguka kutali ndi midzi ikuluikulu.
Kufalikira kwa chiwombankhanga
Mbalameyi imagawidwa m'malo akumapiri kumapiri a Himalaya, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India (boma la Haryana) kumwera kwa Cambodia, Nepal, Assam ndi Burma. Amapezeka ku India, kumpoto, kuphatikiza Indo-Gangetic Plain, kumadzulo, amakhala ku Himachal Pradesh ndi Punjab. Mtunduwu umafalikira kumwera - mpaka South West Bengal (ndipo mwina North Orissa), chakum'mawa kudutsa zigwa za Assam, ndikudutsa kumwera kwa Nepal, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Bangladesh. Makhalidwe a khwangwala wochepa.
Khalidwe la mbalameyi ndilofanana kwambiri ndi ziwombankhanga zina zomwe zimakhala ku Indian subcontinent.
Amapezeka, monga lamulo, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono limodzi ndi ena omwe amadya mtembo. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pamwamba pamitengo kapena kanjedza. Amagona usiku wonse pansi pamadenga a nyumba zosiyidwa kapena pamakoma akale pafupi ndi malo ophera nyama, malo otayira zinyalala kunja kwa mudzi ndi nyumba zoyandikana nawo. M'malo oterewa, chilichonse chaipitsidwa ndi ndowe, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa mitengo ngati miimba imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali ngati tambala. Poterepa, ziwombankhanga zazing'onozing'ono zimawononga minda ya mango, mitengo ya coconut ndi minda yazipatso ngati itakhazikika pakati pawo.
Mimbulu yoonda imachita mantha ndi anthu ndipo imathawa ikafika, ikukankha pansi ndi mapiko awo. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwombankhanga zimathanso kuyenda modabwitsa kumwamba komanso zimauluka popanda mapiko awo. Amathera nthawi yawo yayitali akufufuza malowa posaka chakudya ndikuyenda maulendo ataliatali kuti apeze nyama zakufa. Mimbulu yolusa imayenda mozungulira kwa maola ambiri. Ali ndi maso owoneka bwino modabwitsa, omwe amawathandiza kuti azitha kuwona zakufa mwachangu kwambiri, ngakhale zitabisika pansi pa mitengo. Kukhalapo kwa akhwangwala ndi agalu kumathandizira kusaka, komwe kumapereka malangizo owonjezera kwa amphawi ndi kukhalapo kwawo.
Mtembo umadyedwanso munthawi yolemba: kuyambira 60 mpaka 70 miimba palimodzi imatha kusenda nyama ya makilogalamu 125 mumphindi 40. Kuyamwa kwa nyama kumayendera limodzi ndi mikangano ndi mikangano, pomwe miimba imachita phokoso kwambiri, imakuwa, kulira, kupukuta ndi moo.
Chifukwa chodya mopitirira muyeso, kugwa, ziwombankhanga zowonda zidakakamizika kugona pansi, osatha kukwera m'mwamba. Pofuna kunyamula thupi lawo lolemera, miimba iyenera kumwazikana, ndikupanga mapiko akulu. Koma chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa sichimalola kuti zizikwera mlengalenga. Kawirikawiri ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimadikirira masiku angapo kuti chakudya chigayike. Pakudyetsa, miimba imapanga magulu akulu ndikupumula pakhomopo. Mbalamezi ndizochezera ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbali ya gulu lodziwika bwino, kulumikizana ndi miimba ina ikamadya mitembo.
Kubereka kwa chiwombankhanga chaching'ono
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhalira chisa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi. Amamanga zisa zazikulu, zophatikizana zomwe ndizotalika 60 mpaka 90 cm komanso 35 cm mpaka 50. Chisa chili pamtunda wa 7-16 mita pamwamba pa nthaka pamtengo waukulu womwe ukukula pafupi ndi mudziwo. Pali dzira limodzi lokha mu clutch; makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 50.
Ndi anapiye 87% okha omwe amakhala ndi moyo.
Kudyetsa ziwombankhanga
Mbalameyi imadyetsa nyama zokhazokha, m'malo omwe amaweta ziweto ndipo ng'ombe zambiri zimadya. Mbalameyi imakokololanso zinyalala m'malo otayira zinyalala ndi malo ophera nyama. Amayang'ana madera, zigwa ndi mapiri komwe kumapezeka zilombo zazikulu zamtchire.
Kuteteza kwa chiwombankhanga
Vulture ili mu CRITICAL HAZARD. Kudya nyama yakufa yovulazidwa ndimankhwala kumawopsa chiwombankhanga. Mbalameyi yasowa ku Thailand ndi Malaysia, ziwerengero zake zikucheperachepera kumwera kwa Cambodia, ndipo mbalame zimapulumuka ndi chakudya choperekedwa ndi anthu. Ku Nepal, Southeast Asia ndi India mbalame yodyerayi nayenso ilibe chakudya.
Vulture amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Mbalame zambiri ku Indian subcontinent zafa ndi mankhwala opatsirana ndi diclofenac, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira ziweto. Mankhwalawa amachititsa impso kulephera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti miimba ifa. Ngakhale mapulogalamu amaphunziro omwe amafotokoza za kuwopsa kwa mankhwalawa kwa mbalame, anthu akumaloko akugwiritsabe ntchito.
Mankhwala achiwiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku India, ketoprofen, nawonso amapha Vulture. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupezeka kwake m'mitembo yokwanira kumatha kufa kwa mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zifukwa zina zomwe zimakhudza kuchepa kwa chiombankhanga:
- kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama muzochita za anthu,
- ukhondo wa nyama zakufa,
- "chimfine cha mbalame",
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kupezeka kwathunthu kwa chiwombankhanga ndi chifukwa chakutha kwa nyama zazikulu zamtchire.
Kuyambira 2009, pofuna kuteteza mbalame zazing'onozing'ono, pulogalamu yokhazikitsanso mitunduyi yakhala ikugwira ntchito ku Pingjor ndi Haryana.
