Chinyama ndi nyama yomwe imangowonekera pakungosintha mitundu, komanso kuthekera kosunthira maso mosadutsana. Osati izi zokha zimamupangitsa iye abuluzi wodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Zinyama ndi malo okhala
Pali malingaliro akuti dzina loti "chameleon" lidachokera ku Chi Greek ndipo limatanthauza "mkango wapadziko lapansi". Mtundu wa chameleon ndi Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka ndi Southern Europe.
Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'masamba ndi m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, ena amakhala m'mapiri ndipo ochepa amakhala m'malo opondaponda. Lero pali mitundu pafupifupi 160 ya zokwawa. Oposa 60 a iwo amakhala ku Madagascar.
Mabwinja a bilimankhwe akale kwambiri, omwe ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 26 miliyoni, apezeka ku Europe. Kutalika kwa reptile pafupifupi ndi masentimita 30. Anthu akulu kwambiri Mitundu ya bilimankhwe Furcifer oustaleti amakula mpaka masentimita 70. Brookesia micra imangokhalira mpaka 15 mm.
Mutu wa bwanamkubwa umakongoletsedwa ndi kakhosi, ziphuphu kapena nyanga zazitali komanso zosongoka. Zinthu zotere zimapezeka mwa amuna okha. Mwa mawonekedwe ake bilimankhwe zikuwoneka ngati buluzi, komatu sizofanana kwenikweni.
Kumbali, thupi la bwanamkubwa limakhala lofewa mwakuti zimawoneka ngati anali pamavuto. Kukhalapo kwa mtunda wonyezimira komanso wosongoka kumawoneka ngati chinjoka chaching'ono, khosi kulibe.
Pa miyendo yayitali ndi yopyapyala pali zala zisanu, zomwe zakula limodzi mbali inayo motsatizana pakati pa zala ziwiri ndi zitatu ndikupanga mtundu wamakhola. Chala chilichonse chili ndi chikhadabo chakuthwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nyamayo igwire bwino ndikuyenda pamwamba pamitengo.
Mchira wa bilimankhwe ndi wandiweyani, koma kumapeto kwake umakhala wopapatiza ndipo umatha kupindika. Ichi ndi chiwalo chogwira chokwawa. Komabe, mitundu ina imakhala ndi mchira waufupi.
Lilime la zokwawa limatenga utali umodzi ndi theka mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa thupi. Amagwira nawo nyama. Akutaya lilime lawo mwachangu (masekondi 0.07), ma chameleon amamugwira, osasiya mpata uliwonse wopulumutsidwa. Makutu akunja ndi apakati kulibe nyama, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osamva. Koma, komabe, amatha kuzindikira phokoso pakati pa 200-600 Hertz.
Izi ndizopindulitsa ndi masomphenya abwino. Zilonda zamanyazi nthawi zonse zimaphimba maso, monga amaphatikizidwa. Pali mabowo apadera a ophunzira. Maso akumanzere ndi kumanja amayenda mosagwirizana, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowona zonse zokuzungulirani kuchokera pakuwona kwa madigiri 360.
Asanafike, nyamayo imayang'ana maso ake onse pa nyamayo. Khalidwe la masomphenya limapangitsa kuti tizilombo tipeze patali mita khumi. Mabwanawa amawona bwino kwambiri mu kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Zokwawa zimagwira ntchito kwambiri m'chigawochi cha zowala kuposa momwe zimakhalira.
Diso la chameleon pachithunzichi
Kutchuka makamaka buluzi adapeza chifukwa chakusintha kwawo Mtundu... Amakhulupirira kuti posintha mtundu, chinyama chimasandulika ngati chilengedwe, koma izi ndi zolakwika. Kutengeka mtima (mantha, kumva njala, masewera olimbirana, ndi zina zambiri), komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira (chinyezi, kutentha, kuwala, ndi zina zambiri) ndizomwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa mtundu wa reptile.
Kusintha kwamtundu kumachitika chifukwa cha ma chromatophores - maselo omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yofananira. Izi zimatenga mphindi zingapo, kupatula apo, mtunduwo sukusintha modabwitsa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa bilimankhwe
Mabwanawa amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse m'nthambi za mitengo. Amatsika pokhapokha nyengo yakumasirana. Ndi pamtunduwu pomwe ndikosavuta kuti bilimankhwe azimangirira pobisalira. Zimakhala zovuta kuyenda pansi ndi zikhadabo. Chifukwa chake, mayendedwe awo akugwedezeka. Kukhalapo kwa mfundo zingapo zothandizira, kuphatikiza mchira wogwira, ndi komwe kumalola kuti nyama zizimva kuti zili bwino munkhalango.
Ma chameleon amagwira ntchito masana. Amasuntha pang'ono. Amakonda kukhala pamalo amodzi, akumata nthambi ya mtengo ndi mchira wawo ndi zikhasu. Koma amathamanga ndikudumpha mwachangu, ngati kuli kofunikira. Mbalame zodya nyama ndi zinyama, abuluzi akuluakulu ndi mitundu ina ya njoka zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa bilimankhwe. Akawona mdani, chokwawa chimafufuma ngati buluni, mtundu wake umasintha.
Pamene akutulutsa, buluzi akuyamba kubwebweta ndi kutsamwa, kuyesa kuwopseza adani. Itha kuluma ngakhale, koma popeza chinyama chili ndi mano ofooka, sichimayambitsa zilonda zazikulu. Tsopano anthu ambiri ali ndi chikhumbo kugula nyama chameleon... Kunyumba, amasungidwa mu terrarium.Bondo monga chiweto sizidzabweretsa mavuto ambiri ngati mutamupangira zinthu zabwino. Pankhaniyi, ndibwino kuti mufunsane ndi katswiri.
Chakudya
Zakudya za bilimankhwe zimakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Zikamadikirira, chokwawa chimakhala pa nthambi ya mtengo kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ndi maso okha omwe amayenda nthawi zonse. Zowona, nthawi zina bilimankhwe amatha kuzembera pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Kugwidwa kwa tizilombo kumachitika mwa kutaya lilime ndikukoka wovulalayo pakamwa.
Izi zimachitika nthawi yomweyo, m'masekondi atatu okha mpaka tizilombo tina titha kugwidwa. Mabwanawa amagwira chakudya mothandizidwa ndi kumapeto kwa lilime, lomwe limakhala ngati woyamwa, ndi malovu omata kwambiri. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zimakonzedwa ndikusunthika mu lilime.
Madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera m'malo osambira. Ndikutaya chinyezi, maso amayamba kumira, nyamazo "zimauma". Kunyumba bilimankhwe Amakonda njoka zam'madzi, mphemvu, zipatso, masamba a zomera zina. Sitiyenera kuyiwala za madzi.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Ma chameleon ambiri amakhala oviparous. Pambuyo pa umuna, mkazi amabereka mazira kwa miyezi iwiri. Kwa kanthawi asanaikire mazira, mayi woyembekezera amawonetsa nkhawa komanso kukwiya kwambiri. Ali ndi utoto wowala ndipo samalola amuna kuti aziwayandikira.
Mayi woyembekezera amapita pansi kukafunafuna malo okumba dzenje ndi kuikira mazira. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mazira osiyana ndipo amatha kukhala pakati pa 10 mpaka 60. Pakhoza kukhala pafupifupi katatu chaka chonse. Kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo kumatha kutenga kulikonse kuyambira miyezi isanu mpaka zaka ziwiri (komanso kutengera mtundu wake).
Ana amabadwa paokha ndipo akangoti aswa, amathamangira kuzomera kukabisala kwa adani. Ngati chachimuna palibe, chachikazi chitha kuikira mazira "onenepa", pomwe anawo samaswa. Amatha patatha masiku ochepa.
Mfundo yobadwira ya ma viviparous chameleons siyosiyana kwambiri ndi ma oviparous. Kusiyanitsa ndikuti wamkazi amabala mazira mkati mwake mpaka ana amabadwa. Pankhaniyi, mpaka ana 20 akhoza kuwonekera. Mabwana samakula ana awo.
Nthawi ya bilimankhwe ikhoza kukhala zaka 9. Amayi amakhala amoyo wamfupi kwambiri chifukwa thanzi lawo limasokonekera chifukwa cha mimba. Mtengo wamanyazi Osati wamtali kwambiri. Komabe, zachilendo za nyama, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi zizolowezi zoseketsa zimatha kusangalatsa nyama zokonda kwambiri nyama.
