Galu la M'busa wa Estrela (doko. Caão da Serra da Estrela, English Estrela Mountain Galu Estrela galu wamapiri) ndi mtundu womwe umachokera kumapiri a Serra da Estrela mkatikati mwa Portugal. Uwu ndi mtundu waukulu wa galu, wowetedwa kuti azisamalira ng'ombe ndi madera, amodzi mwamitundu yakale kwambiri ku Iberia Peninsula. Wotchuka komanso wofalikira kwawo, sadziwika pang'ono kunja kwa malire ake.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Monga momwe zilili ndi mitundu yambiri ya Chipwitikizi, chiyambi chake sichikudziwika. Galu uyu anabadwira zaka mazana ambiri pasanakhale umboni woti mbuzi zimaswana, ndipo mtunduwu unkakhala ndi alimi osauka okha m'dera lina lakutali kwambiri ku Western Europe.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti Estrela Sheepdog ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri yomwe ili ku Iberian Peninsula, kuti yakhala ikukhala kwawo kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ufumu wa Roma, ndikuti nthawi zonse imapezeka makamaka kumapiri a Estrela mkatikati mwa Portugal.
Pali malingaliro atatu opikisana pamomwe Galu wa Phiri la Estrel adawonekera koyamba ku Portugal. Gulu limodzi limakhulupirira kuti makolo agalu adabwera ndi alimi oyamba ku Iberia. Ulimi unayamba ku Middle East zaka pafupifupi 14,000 zapitazo ndipo pang'onopang'ono unafalikira chakumadzulo ku Europe.
Alimi oyambirira amadziwika kuti anali ndi agalu alonda ambiri, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza ziweto zawo ku mimbulu, zimbalangondo ndi nyama zina zolusa. Amakhulupirira kuti agalu akalewa anali ndi tsitsi lalitali komanso makamaka oyera.
Ngakhale galu uyu alibe mitundu yoyera, mtundu uwu ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi gululi munjira zina zonse, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ake oteteza, malaya atali ndi mkamwa mofanana ndi nkhandwe. Tsoka ilo, palibe umboni womwe wapulumuka kuyambira nthawi yakale iyi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiphunzitsochi ndichosatheka kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa.
Malingaliro ena awiri okhudzana ndi chiyambi amati idayamba kupezeka m'chigawochi nthawi ya Roma. Aroma anali obereketsa agalu akulu kwambiri ku Dziko Lakale ndipo amadziwika kwambiri pachitetezo cha ziweto ndi katundu.
Aroma adasunga mitundu ingapo yoperekedwa kutero, kuphatikiza Molossus (galu wamkulu womenyera nkhondo wankhondo wachi Greek ndi Roma), galu woweta (yemwe mwina sangakhale wosiyana ndi Molossus), ndi galu wankhondo wamkulu wa mafuko achi Celtic aku Britain, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi Mastiff Wachingerezi. kapena ngati nkhandwe yaku Ireland.
Aroma adalamulira komwe tsopano ndi Portugal kwazaka zambiri ndipo akhala ndi gawo lokhalitsa komanso lofunika pachikhalidwe ndi mbiri yake. Aroma pafupifupi anali atabweretsa agalu awo ku Portugal, komwe ndi maziko achikhulupiriro chaku Roma chobadwira.
Ena amakhulupirira kuti Estrel Sheepdog adawonekera koyamba ku Portugal mzaka zomaliza za Ufumu wa Roma. Ochirikiza nthanthi iyi amati mtunduwu umachokera ku agalu omenyera nkhondo, omwe amasungidwa ndi mafuko aku Germany ndi aku Caucasus omwe adagonjetsa ndikukhala ku Iberia, makamaka a Vandals, Visigoths ndi Alans. Ngakhale kulibe umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti a Vandals kapena a Visigoths amakhalabe agalu omenyera nkhondo, a Alans amadziwika kuti adasunga galu wankhondo wamkulu wodziwika m'mbiri yakale.
Mapiri a Serra Estrela akhala amodzi mwa madera akutali kwambiri komanso osatukuka ku Portugal, komwe kuli mapiri ataliatali mdzikolo. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, mapiriwa adakhala malo othawirako omaliza aku Europe, amodzi mwamalo omaliza amphaka a ku Iberia, nkhandwe zaku Iber ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira.
Ngakhale mfuti zidathamangitsa nyama izi mderali, nthawi ina zinali zowopsa kwa alimi aku Serra Estrela. Pofunafuna chakudya chopepuka, nyama zolusa zazikulu zinkaukira nkhosa, mbuzi ndi ng'ombe m khola lawo usiku kapena masana zikawatulutsira ku msipu.
Vuto lalikulu silinali olusa okha, komanso anthu, omwe anali oopsa. Asanakhazikitse malamulo amakono, achifwamba ndi akuba adayendayenda m'mapiri aku Portugal, kusaka iwo omwe amayesetsa kupeza ndalama moona mtima. Galu wam'mapiri uja anabadwira kuti ateteze ziweto ku ziwopsezozi.
Galu anali kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse milandu yake, nthawi zonse amakhala tcheru ngati angabwere. Akawopsezedwa, galuyo adafuula mokweza kuti eni ake abwere ndi zibonga ndi mipeni. Mpaka thandizo litafika, Estrel Sheepdog adayimilira pakati pa chiwopsezocho ndi gulu lake, kutsekereza chilichonse chomwe chingachitike.
Nthawi zambiri, kuwona kwa galu wamkulu uyu kunali kokwanira kutsimikizira mdani aliyense kuti apeze chakudya chopepuka kwina. Pamene kuwonekera kokha sikunali choletsa chokwanira, Galu wa Phiri la Estrel adateteza milandu yake, zivute zitani, osazengereza kupereka moyo wake ngati kuli kofunikira.
Galu watumikira ambuye ake achi Portuguese mokhulupirika kwazaka zambiri, ngakhale dziko la Portugal lisanakhaleko. Dziko lakwawo lamapiri linali lakutali kwambiri mwakuti miyala yochepa kwambiri yakunja idalowera m'derali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti galu wa Estrel adakhalabe wopanda ubweya wambiri kuposa mitundu ina yaku Europe.
Ngakhale zinali zakale, a Estrel Sheepdog anali osowa kwambiri pakuwonetsa ziwonetsero zoyambirira za agalu aku Portugal. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970, ziwonetsero za agalu ku Portugal zinali pafupifupi za anthu olemera okha mdzikolo, nzika zomwe zimakonda mitundu yakunja, yomwe amawona ngati zizindikilo zaudindo.
Galu wakumapiri, yemwe nthawi zonse amakhala galu wosauka wolima, anangonyalanyazidwa. Ngakhale anali osatsatira kwathunthu, galuyo adasungabe otsatira ake okhulupirika m'mapiri akunyumba kwawo. Alimi am'deralo adayamba kupanga ziwonetsero zawo za agalu mu 1908, zomwe zimadziwika kuti concursos.
Mlimiyo sanayese mawonekedwe ake kapena mawonekedwe ake, koma luso lake loteteza. Kuyesaku kunali kuphatikiza kuyika agalu pamodzi ndi nkhosa. Oweruza adawona ngati galuyo anali wokhoza kuyendetsa nkhosa yotayika ndikuyendetsa gulu lonse. Muyeso yoyamba yolembedwa ya Estrel Sheepdog idasindikizidwa mu 1922, ngakhale idali yokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zogwirira ntchito komanso mawonekedwe m'malo mowoneka bwino.
Mwa 1933, muyezo wovomerezeka wolemba unali utasindikizidwa, womwe umaphatikizapo zofunikira zonse za mawonekedwe amasiku ano. Cholinga chachikulu cha mulingo uwu chinali kusiyanitsa galu wamapiri wa Estrel ndi mitundu ina ya ng'ombe zaku Portugal.
Chidwi pamtunduwu chidazilala munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, koma chidakwereranso m'ma 1950. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe mtunduwo unayamba kuwonekera pafupipafupi pamawonetsero agalu osiyanasiyana.
Izi zikuwonetsa kukondedwa kwakukulu agalu okhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, koma mtundu wamfupi-wamtunduwu unkakonda kwambiri ngati agalu ogwira ntchito. Pofika pano, chuma cha Chipwitikizi chinali chitayamba kusintha, ndipo miyambo yambiri, monga ya alimi akumapiri a Serra Estrela, idayamba kutha.
Kuphatikizanso apo, mfuti zosaka komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo kwathamangitsa nyama zolusa komanso zigawenga zomwe kale zidapangitsa galu wamapiri kukhala wamtengo wapatali. Chidwi pamtunduwu chidayamba kuchepa, ndipo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ambiri ochita zokomera kuderali anali ndi nkhawa kuti galu ali pachiwopsezo.
Galu adapulumutsidwa ndi Revolution ya 1974 ya Apwitikizi, yomwe idagwetsa amodzi mwa maboma omaliza otsala ku Western Europe. Zosintha zazikulu zachitika ku Portugal konse, kuphatikizapo chiwonetsero cha agalu.
Tsopano lotseguka kumitundu yonse yamtundu wa Chipwitikizi, gulu logwira ntchito la oweta agalu ndi okonda agalu adayamba kuwonetsa pafupipafupi pamawonetsero achi Portuguese. Ambiri mwa akatswiri atsopanowa ankakonda mitundu ya Chipwitikizi yomwe iwo ndi mabanja awo ankasunga mibadwomibadwo kuposa mitundu yakunja yomwe kale inali yotchuka.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Revolution ya Chipwitikizi inayamba chiyambi cha nthawi ya chisokonezo, zomwe zinayambitsa chigawenga chachikulu. Chidwi pa agalu akuluakulu olondera chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo Estrel Sheepdog wapindula kwambiri ndi izi.
Mabanja achi Portuguese adapeza galu uyu kukhala woyang'anira banja wabwino, mopanda mantha kuteteza osati nkhosa zokha, komanso ana awo ndi nyumba zawo.
Kwazaka makumi anayi zapitazi, Galu wa Phiri la Estrel adapitilizabe kutchuka kwawo. Pomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, tsopano ndi amodzi mwamitundu yotchuka kwambiri ku Portugal ndipo mwina ndiwotchuka kwambiri ku Portugal.
Okhazikika pamndandanda wa 10 wapamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe adalembetsa ku Portuguese kennel club. A Marines aku Portugal ayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu ngati galu woyang'anira m'malo oyang'anira asitikali, ngakhale udindo wawo umakhala wocheperako.
Kutchuka kwa galu kunapangitsa kuti iwonekere m'maiko angapo akunja. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970, Estrel Sheepdog watchuka ku United States, mayiko ambiri aku Europe, ndi mayiko ena angapo.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri yamakono, Estrel Sheepdog amakhalabe galu wogwira ntchito. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mtunduwo chimasungidwabe makamaka kuntchito. Mamembala ambiri amtunduwu akutetezerabe zoweta m'mapiri a Serra Estrela ku Portugal, ndipo ena atenga vutoli m'maiko ena.
Komabe, pakadali pano, mtundu uwu makamaka ndi katundu komanso galu wodziyang'anira, woteteza nyumba ndi mabanja, osati ziweto. M'zaka zaposachedwa, agalu ochulukirachulukira amasungidwa makamaka ngati anzawo ndi agalu owonetsa, ntchito yomwe mtunduwu umachita bwino kwambiri mukaphunzitsidwa bwino komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Ndizotheka kuti ambiri amakhala agalu ogwirizana, ngakhale ambiri a iwo amakhala agalu olondera.
Kufotokozera
Galu wa Phiri la Estrel ndi amodzi mwamawonekedwe apadera kwambiri pamitundu yonse yolondera, ndipo iwo omwe ali ndi chidziwitso ndi mtundu uwu sadzalakwitsa konse galu wina.
Ndi mtundu waukulu, koma sayenera kukhala wokulirapo. Amuna ambiri amafika pa 63-75 cm atafota ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 45-60. Wapakati wamkazi amafika 60-71 atafota ndipo amalemera 35-45 kg. Mtunduwu nthawi zambiri umamangidwa mwamphamvu, wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda komanso chifuwa chakuya.
Ngakhale thupi lonse limabisika ndi tsitsi, pansi pake pali nyama yolimba kwambiri komanso yothamanga kwambiri.
Mchira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamtunduwu. Iyenera kukhala yolimba pansi ndikukwera kwambiri kumapeto kwake. Mapeto a mchira ayenera kukhotedwa mu ndowe, yofanana ndi ndodo ya abusa. Mpumulo, mchira umanyamulidwa pansi, koma umatha kukwera mpaka kumbuyo pomwe galu akuyenda.
Mutu wa galu ndi wokulirapo kukula kwa thupi, koma uyenerabe kukhala wofanana. Mutu ndi mphuno zimasiyana pang'ono pokha ndikusakanikirana bwino.
Pakamwa pake pamayenera kukhala chotalikirapo ngati chigaza chotsaliracho ndikukankhira pang'ono kunsonga. Pakamwa pake ndi pafupifupi molunjika. Milomo ndi yayikulu komanso yotukuka bwino, iyenera kukhala yolimba komanso osagwedezeka.
Momwemo, milomo iyenera kukhala yakuda kwathunthu. Mphuno ndi yayikulu, yowongoka, ndi mphuno zazikulu. Mphuno nthawi zonse izikhala yakuda kuposa malaya agalu, ndikuda kwambiri. Makutu ayenera kukhala ochepa. Maso ake ndi owulungika, apakatikati kukula kwake ndi amtundu wakuda.
Kutulutsa konsekonse kwa nthumwi za oimira ambiri amtunduwu ndikosavuta komanso bata.
Estrel Sheepdog amabwera mumitundu iwiri yaubweya, yayifupi komanso yayitali. Mtundu waubweya wa mitundu iwiri uyenera kukhala wolimba komanso wofanana ndi ubweya wa mbuzi. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya malaya ndi malaya awiri, ngakhale malaya amkati aubweya wautali nthawi zambiri amakhala owonda komanso owoneka mosiyana ndi akunja.
Mitundu yamtundu wautali imakhala ndi malaya akunenepa kwambiri, akunja omwe amatha kukhala owongoka kapena owonera pang'ono, koma osapindika.
Tsitsi pamutu, pakamwa ndi kutsogolo kwa miyendo inayi yonse liyenera kukhala lalifupi kuposa thupi lonse, pomwe tsitsi la m'khosi, mchira ndi kumbuyo kwa miyendo inayi yonse liyenera kukhala lalitali. Momwemo, galuyo ayenera kuwoneka ngati ali ndi khosi pakhosi pake, ma breeches pamapazi ake akumbuyo, ndi nthenga kumchira kwake.
Nthawi ina, mitundu yonse inali yovomerezeka kwa Estrel Sheepdog, koma pakusintha kwaposachedwa kwa mtundu wa mtunduwu adakhala ochepa.
Fawn, nkhandwe imvi, wachikaso, wopanda kapena wopanda mawanga, zolemba zoyera kapena mithunzi yakuda mu malaya onse zimawoneka zovomerezeka. Osatengera mtundu, mamembala onse amtunduwu ayenera kuvala nkhope yakuda, makamaka yakuda. Mitundu ya buluu imavomerezeka koma ndiyosayenera kwambiri.
Khalidwe
Estrel Sheepdog yakhala ikuleredwa ngati mtetezi kwazaka zambiri ndipo ili ndi chikhalidwe chomwe munthu angayembekezere kuchokera ku mtunduwu. Komabe, galu uyu samakhala wankhanza pang'ono kuposa mitundu ina yambiri ya agalu oyang'anira.
Wodziwika kuti ndi wokhulupirika kwambiri, mtunduwu ndiwokhulupirika modzipereka kubanja lake. Mitunduyi imatha kukondana kwambiri ndi mabanja awo, koma ambiri amakhala osakondana. Agaluwa amafuna kuti azicheza nthawi zonse ndi mabanja awo ndipo amatha kudwala chifukwa chakudzipatula akasiya okha kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, mtunduwu ndiwodziyimira pawokha, ndipo ambiri aiwo amafuna kukhala mchipinda chimodzi ndi eni ake, osati pamwamba pawo.
Ndi maphunziro oyenera komanso mayanjano, mitundu yambiri imakhala bwino ndi ana, omwe amakonda kuwakonda. Komabe, mamembala ena amtunduwu amatha kuteteza ana awo mopitirira muyeso ndipo samachita bwino akamasewera ndi ana ena. Ana agalu si njira yabwino kwambiri yosankhira mabanja omwe ali ndi ana aang'ono kwambiri chifukwa amatha kuwamenya mwangozi.
Wosamalira mokhulupirika kwazaka mazana ambiri, galu amateteza banja lake pamiyeso yachibadwa. Mtunduwu umakhala wokayika kwambiri kwa alendo ndipo umakhala wochenjera nawo nthawi zonse. Maphunziro oyenera ndi mayanjano ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti athe kusiyanitsa pakati pazowopseza zenizeni ndi zoyeserera.
Ndikuleredwa koyenera, mitundu yambiri imakhala yololera alendo, ngakhale sangakhale patali nawo. Popanda maphunziro oyenera, mavuto amtsogolo amatha kukula, omwe amakula kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa mtunduwo komanso mphamvu zake zazikulu. Mtundu uwu ndi galu woyang'anira wabwino kwambiri.
Mamembala ambiri amtunduwu amakonda kuwopseza poyamba, koma ngati kuli kotheka, sadzasiya zachiwawa. Agaluwa salola kuti achibale awo avulazidwe ndipo adzawaukira ngati awona kuti ndikofunikira.
Makamaka omwe ali ndi udindo woteteza gulu la nkhosa ndi mbuzi, amalekerera nyama zina zikaphunzitsidwa bwino ndikukhala limodzi. Mtunduwu umakhala wofunitsitsa kuthamangitsa nyama zina, ndipo ambiri amtunduwu amakhala bwino ndi amphaka ndi ziweto zina.
Komabe, nthumwi zambiri za mtunduwu ndizapadera ndipo zimatha kuyesa kuthamangitsa alendo. Mtundu uwu uli ndi mbiri yosakanikirana ndi agalu ena. Kumbali imodzi, agalu akumapiri nthawi zambiri samakhala achiwawa kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ndipo amakhala mwamtendere ndi agalu ena utsogoleri woyenera utakhazikitsidwa.
Kumbali inayi, mtunduwu nthawi zambiri umakhala wamphamvu kuposa agalu ena. Izi zitha kubweretsa ndewu, makamaka ndi agalu ena otchuka.
Galu wa Phiri la Estrel amadziwika kuti ndiwanzeru kwambiri, makamaka zikafika pothana ndi mavuto. Komabe, mtundu uwu umatha kukhala wovuta kwambiri kuphunzitsa.
Zachidziwikire kuti mtundu womwe umakonda kuchita zawo m'malo mongotsatira malamulo, ambiri ndi ouma khosi ndipo ambiri ndiopanda tanthauzo. Mtundu uwu ndiwololera modabwitsa, ndipo njira zodzikonzera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wosasangalala zisanyalanyazidwa.
Njira zopezera mphotho, makamaka zomwe zimayang'ana pa chakudya, ndizothandiza kwambiri, komabe zili ndi malire. Mwinanso chofunikira kwambiri, Estrel Sheepdog samakhala pansi pamunthu aliyense yemwe amamuwona ngati wadzikwaniritsa pamkhalidwe, womwe ukufuna kuti eni ake azikhala olamulira nthawi zonse.
Wobalalika kuyendayenda m'mapiri a Portugal kwa maola ambiri kutsatira ng'ombe zawo, galu wamapiri amafunikira ntchito yayikulu. Momwemonso, mtunduwu umayenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa mphindi 45 tsiku lililonse, ngakhale ola limodzi kapena kupitilira apo zingakhale zabwino.
Amakonda kuyenda kapena kuthamanga, koma amafunitsitsa mwayi woyenda momasuka m'malo otetezedwa. Mitundu yomwe ilibe mphamvu yokwanira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo imatha kukhala ndi mavuto monga kuwonongeka, kusakhazikika, kuuwa kwambiri, mantha, komanso kusangalala kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso kufunika kochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, galu amasintha moyenera kuti azikhala munyumba ndipo amafunikira nyumba yokhala ndi bwalo, makamaka yayikulu.
Eni ake akuyenera kudziwa kuti galu amakonda kubangula. Ngakhale agaluwa samangokhala mawu okha, nthawi zambiri amakhuwa chilichonse chomwe angawawone. Kukuwa kumeneku kumatha kukhala kokweza kwambiri komanso kwakuya, komwe kumatha kubweretsa madandaulo a phokoso mukamakhala m'malo ochepa.
Chisamaliro
Sayenera konse kusamalidwa ndi akatswiri. Agalu onse akumapiri, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa malaya, ayenera kutsukidwa bwino kawiri pa sabata, ngakhale mitundu yayitali-yayitali imafunikira kuphatikiza katatu kapena kanayi.
Galu la Estrel Mountain Dog limatulutsa ndipo mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imatuluka kwambiri.
Zaumoyo
Palibe kafukufuku yemwe wachitika kuti apange zosatheka kupeza mfundo zenizeni zokhudzana ndi thanzi la mtunduwu.
Odyetsa ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mtunduwu uli ndi thanzi labwino, komanso kuti ndiwathanzi kuposa agalu ena abwinobwino ofanana nawo. Mitunduyi yapindula chifukwa chowetedwa makamaka ngati galu wogwira ntchito ndikuchotsa njira zosokoneza kwambiri.
Komabe, dziwe laling'ono ndi locheperako ndipo mtunduwo ukhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chazofooka zobadwa nazo.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mtundu uwu ndi zaka 10 mpaka 12.
