Yemwe akuyimira gulu la Coleoptera ndi yambitsanso matabwa... Tizilombo timene timakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu, ndevu zazitali ndi zina zambiri zosaiwalika zakunja. Chinyamacho chimadziwika ndi dzina chifukwa chamakhalidwe oyipa komanso kuthupi: mtengo ndi nyumba ya anthu odula matabwa, umakhala chakudya chawo. Zina mwa kachilomboka zikufotokozedwa m'buku lino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Relic woodcutter
Wodula nkhuni ali ndi mayina ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa relic kapena Ussuri barbel, wodula nkhuni ku Ussuri. M'Chilatini, nyamayo imatchedwa Callipogon relicus. Okhapa matabwa ndi am'banja la barbel, banja laling'ono la prionin. Ndiwoimira oimira gulu lalikulu la kafadala. Ku Eurasia, kachilombo kameneka amadziwika kuti kachilomboka kakang'ono kwambiri.
Kanema: Relic Lumberjack
Wodula nkhuni ndi m'modzi mwa anthu "akale" padziko lapansi. Anali mboni, amatenga nawo mbali pazosintha zomwe zidachitika Padziko Lapansi zaka zambiri zapitazo. M'poyenera kuti amatchedwa "chiwonetsero cha nthawiyo", "zotsalira zakale". Kuphatikiza apo, Ussuri barbel ndiye kachilomboka kokha kotentha ka mtundu wa Callipogon wokhala ku Europe, Asia, ndi Africa. Oyimira ena onse amtunduwu amakhala ku America kokha.
Wodula nkhuni ndiwopadera osati kokha chifukwa cha komwe adachokera komanso mbiri yake. Chikumbu chimasiyana ndi zina zonse komanso machitidwe. Chifukwa chake, kulira kwake sikofala kwa kafadala, kumafanana kwambiri ndi kulira kopitilira muyeso.
Wodula matabwa amakhala ndi zosiyana ndi zikumbu zina zamtundu wake. Iye ali mwamtheradi yosalala, osati kotero nsagwada chapamwamba. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumatalika kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, masharubu akunja amawoneka afupikitsa kwambiri kuposa a kafadala ena amtunduwu. Maso a nyama amasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi pa korona, ndipo m'mphepete mwa prothorax pali ma spines m'malo mwa notches.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tsitsani tizilombo todula mitengo
Ussuri barbel ndiye tizilombo toopsa kwambiri ku Eurasia. Amuna amatha kutalika kwa mamilimita zana ndi khumi, akazi samakula kuposa milimita makumi asanu ndi anayi. Mtundu wa kafadala umadziwika - wakuda kapena wakuda kwambiri. Miyendo imapakidwanso yakuda, ndipo elytra ndi bulauni-mabokosi. Tizilombo timene timakhala ndi mawanga awiri ang'onoang'ono pokhapokha pa pronotum.
Chikhalidwe chakunja kwa kafadala ndi ndevu zazitali. Tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tazimphongo titalitali kuposa tazimayi. Nthawi zina zimaposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Komanso, amuna ali ndi udindo wopatsa chidwi. Kukula kwawo kumakhala kambiri kuposa kukula kwa mutu wamwamuna. Zolumikizidwa kumapeto kwa mandible. Nsagwada zapansi ndi mlomo zimaphimbidwa ndikumverera. Ndi wandiweyani kwambiri komanso lalanje. Zofunikira zazimayi ndizofupikitsa kuposa mutu.
Nyanga zazikulu zonse za Ussuri zili ndi mapiko ndi chipiriro chabwino. Amatha kuuluka maulendo ataliatali. Komabe, njira yandege zimawoneka zovuta kwa iwo. Anthu akuluakulu amawuluka pang'onopang'ono, amakumana ndi zovuta pakukwera.
Wodula mitengo amakhala ndi convex, pang'ono pang'ono kutulutsa mawu. Elytra yake ndi yayitali, yocheperako pang'ono theka lachiwiri. Pali madontho ang'onoang'ono, zikwapu pa elytra. Akazi ali ndi madontho ambiri, amuna ali ndi zikwapu zambiri.
Kodi wodula nkhuni amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Relic cutter wood Red Book
Ussuri barbel ndi tizilombo tosowa kwambiri, mosiyana ndi mtundu wina wa barbel. Malo achilengedwe a nyama iyi ndi Asia, Europe ndi Russia. Wodula mitengo kwambiri ku Russia. Malire akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa malowa ali m'chigawo cha Amur. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri chinapezeka pafupi ndi tawuni ya Raichikhinsk. Anthu ena anapezeka m'malo otsatirawa: Mazanovsky, Arkharinsky, Selemdzhinsky.
Ndi ochepa, mtundu uwu wa tizilombo unapezeka mosayembekezereka m'malo osungira a Norsk ndi Khingansky. Tsopano ili ndi chitetezo chachikulu m'magawo a nkhalangoyi, chifukwa wowotcha matabwa watsala pang'ono kutha. Komanso, dera lachilengedwe limaphatikizapo Gawo la Khabarovsk. Kumeneko, kachilomboka kamakhala kumpoto kwa Khabarovsk, Primorsky Krai, dera lachiyuda lachiyuda. Malire akumpoto kwa malowa ali m'mudzi wa Ekimchan.
Pamalo achilengedwe a wobwezeretsanso matabwa, mitundu ina yambiri ya barbel imakhala. Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji Callipogon relicus? Kafadala kameneka kamabisa konse tinyanga tokha pansi, mosiyana ndi abale awo apafupi kwambiri. Amangowaponyera kumbuyo kwawo.
Komanso malo okhala nyama iyi akuphatikizapo madera aku South Korea, Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, ndi DPRK. Kumeneko, mitunduyi imakhala m'nkhalango zam'madzi.
Kodi wodula nkhuni amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Relic cutter wood ku Russia
Chotsani odula matabwa ali m'gulu la tizilombo tambiri - mapiko ankhanza. Dzina lawo lokha limanena zambiri - moyo wonse wa nyama izi mwanjira inayake yolumikizidwa ndi matabwa. Longhorns amasiyanitsidwa ndi chikondi chawo chapadera cha mitengo yayitali kwambiri, nthawi zina mitengo ya paini.
Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi:
- kuyamwa kwamitengo;
- makungwa a nthambi zazing'ono.
Kangale wamkulu amakonda kudya msuzi wa elm, linden, birch, ndi mitengo ina. Nthawi zina chakudyacho chimakhala ndi mungu, masamba, singano. Ngakhale amakhala akulu, ma longhorn akulu amadya pang'ono. Pofunafuna chakudya, tizilombo timakhala pafupifupi usana wonse. Usiku, amapuma m'malo ogona, nthawi zina amapita kumalo opepuka.
Ophwanya mitengo nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndikusungidwa m'malo a labotale kuti aphunzire za tizilombo kuti tibwezeretse kuchuluka kwake. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amagwa m'manja mwa ofufuza. Amakonda kuwuluka, maulendo ataliatali. Ali mu ukapolo, nyongolotsi izi zimapatsidwa manyuchi a shuga.
Chomera chobwezeretsa chimakhala ndi "nkhanza" kwambiri pachimake chakukula kwa chitukuko. Mphutsi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Amadyera nkhuni momwe amakhalamo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kafadala kamabweretsa mavuto ambiri ku zomera ndi anthu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo todula tizilombo
Njira ya moyo wa odula mitengo makamaka zimatengera zinthu ziwiri: malo okhala, nyengo. Nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi kum'mwera, kumpoto, zimayamba kuwuluka kuyambira pakati pa Marichi. M'madera ena (Central Asia), kuthawa kumayambira koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito za nyama izi nthawi zambiri kumagwa masana. Usiku, tizilombo timakhala m'misasa. Komabe, nthawi zina amakhala otakataka usiku, akukhamukira kowala kowala kwambiri.
Mphutsi zimakhala moyo wawo wonse m'nkhalango. Ambiri mwa iwo amapezeka mumitengo yolimba. Mwachitsanzo, phulusa, elm, linden, poplar. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka mumitsuko, thundu, mapulo. Akuluakulu, mbali inayi, amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, ndipo amatha kuwuluka kuchokera pamtengo umodzi kupita ku umzake kangapo patsiku.
Kuchokera ku barcel barbel "oyendetsa ndege" siabwino kwambiri. Pakuthawa, tizilombo timeneti ndi tosokonekera, amakhala ndi zovuta kale mukakweza kuchokera kopingasa. Chifukwa chachikulu chachisokonezo ichi ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa kachilomboka. Kukula kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Akazi amasinthidwa ndimayendedwe apandege. Ndi zazing'ono.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, zamphamvu. Amatha kuluma mosavuta pensulo. Komabe, kwa anthu, chinyama ichi sichikhala pachiwopsezo. Siluma, ngakhale utagwira wodula nkhuni uja n'kuugwira m'manja.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Relic woodcutter
Njira yoberekera wobwezeretsanso matabwa ingaperekedwe m'magulu:
- fufuzani awiri abwino. Nyengo ya kukwatira imayamba masika. Kuti akope amuna, akazi amatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera;
- kuphatikiza. Pa masewera achikondi, nyongolotsi zimatsikira kunsi kwa komwe wamkazi amakonzera mazira. Njira yonse yokwatirana imatenga mphindi makumi atatu. Ikakwerana, yamphongo siyimachoka nthawi yomweyo kuchoka kwa yaikazi. Amamuperekeza kumalo komwe adzaikire mazira mtsogolo;
- kuikira mazira. Wolemba matabwa wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu nthawi imodzi. Amayikidwa pa thunthu la mtengo wamafuta. Ndi mumtengo wosankhidwa womwe mphutsi zidzakhale, kukula ndikudyetsa.
Pafupifupi tsiku limodzi kuchokera pamene amaikira mazira, yaikazi, yaimuna imatsikira pansi. Kumeneko amafera.
Gawo lazitali. Mphutsi zikangobadwa, zimalowa mkati mwenimweni mwa khungwa la mtengowo. Kumeneko amayenda. Mphutsi zambiri za mibadwo yosiyana zimapezeka mumtengo umodzi. Mtengo womwewo ungakhalemo kangapo. Mumtengo wokolola, mphutsi zimabisala pafupifupi kasanu ndi kamodzi.
Ana, kusintha kukhala munthu wamkulu. Kusintha kukhala pupa nthawi zambiri kumachitika nthawi yachilimwe - mkati mwa Juni-Julayi. Pupae amakula pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, kumapeto kwa nthawi amafikira kuchokera ku millimeter makumi asanu ndi awiri mpaka zana limodzi ndi khumi.
Adani achilengedwe a obwezeretsanso matabwa
Chithunzi: Relic cutter kuchokera ku Red Book
Adani oyipitsitsa a obwezeretsanso matabwa, monga oimira ena gulu lawo lalikulu, ndi odula mitengo. Mbalamezi zimawononga mosavuta mphutsi, mazira, ndipo nthawi zina akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri, kafadala wamkulu amakhudzidwa ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama ndi nyama. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri tizilombo timayandikira pansi. Mbalame zikuluzikulu zimaukira kafadala akauluka.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kutchedwa mdani wachilengedwe wa barbel. Matenda osiyanasiyana, mabakiteriya samapangitsa kuti kachilomboka kakufa nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, zimachepetsa thanzi lake, kenako zimapha. Mphutsi sizimakhala zovuta kuzunzidwa ndi adani. Amabisala mumtengo, munthawi zobisika.
Kawirikawiri amaukiridwa ndikuwonongedwa:
- tizirombo ting'onoting'ono;
- zopalira matabwa;
- mavu - okwera;
- mitundu ina ya kafadala.
Relict barbel kafadala nthawi zambiri sagwidwa ndi adani, majeremusi, mbalame. Nthawi zambiri, amafera m'manja mwa anthu. Ndi munthu yemwe angatchedwe mdani wamkulu wa nyama iyi. Wodula nkhuni ndi kachilombo kosowa kwambiri, ngakhale kapadera. Pafupifupi onse osonkhanitsa tizilombo, okonda zosowa amafuna kukhala nawo. Mtengo wa nyama yotereyi pamsika wakuda ukhoza kufika madola chikwi chimodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, pali osaka nyama zochuluka kwambiri tsiku lililonse, ngakhale ndizoletsedwa mwalamulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Relic cutter nyama
Banja la barbel likuyimiriridwa ndi anthu ambiri. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa zikwi makumi awiri imadziwika. Amagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kuchuluka kwawo sikumabweretsa nkhawa pakati pa asayansi. Komabe, wobwezeretsa matabwa yekhayo adadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo; adalembedwa mu Red Book la mayiko onse omwe ali ndi gawo lachilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha tizilombochi chikuchepa mwachangu pafupifupi ku Russia. Pali zifukwa zambiri zakuchepa mwachangu kwa kachilomboka. Chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri ndikudula mitengo mwachisawawa m'malo okhala achilengedwe. Anthu amawononga mitengo yambiri kuposa momwe amadzala. Nankafumbwe odula mitengo alibe poti aziberekera ndi kukhala ndi moyo.
Mkhalidwe waukhondo m'nkhalango umakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Zochitika zachilengedwe ndizovuta. Nkhalango zawonongeka, nthaka yadzaza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mwamuna amabweretsa kuvulala kwakukulu kuti abwezeretse barbel. Anthu amawononga dala tizilombo timeneti, kuwagwira ngati ndalama zawo kapena kugulitsa. Nkhunda zimawonongedwa chifukwa cha kuwononga kwawo nkhuni, nthaka yobiriwira. Ndipo kugwidwa kwa nyama kumalumikizidwa ndi mtengo wawo wotsika kwambiri pamsika, wapadera.
Chitetezo cha obwezeretsanso matabwa
Chithunzi: Relic wood cutter Red Book of Russia
Ussuri barbel ndi mtundu wawung'ono kwambiri m'banja la barbel. Anthu ochepa a tizilombo timakhala m'nkhalango zosanjikizana. Masiku ano, mtundu uwu wa tizilombo umatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Zinalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu okhala mdera lawo. Nyongolotsi za Longhorn zimagawidwa mgulu lachiwiri ndipo zimadziwika ngati mtundu womwe ukucheperachepera.
Asayansi atchula zifukwa zitatu zofunika kwambiri zochepetsera anthu obwezeretsa mitengo - awa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kugwidwa kosalamulirika kwa achikulire ndi okonda zachilendo, kuyeretsa mwadala nkhalango kuchokera kwa tizirombo (odula mitengo amawononga nkhuni).
Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu izi kudapangitsa kuti awononge kafadala. Masiku ano, odula mitengo amatetezedwa ndi lamulo. M'madera awo achilengedwe, sikuletsedwa kugwira ndi kusaka kafadala wamkulu. Ngati lamuloli laswedwa, munthu atha kulandira chindapusa. Longhorns yakhazikitsidwa m'malo ambiri osungira ku Russia, komwe asayansi amatha kutsata kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso mosamala kuti asagwidwe mosavomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, boma lidayamba kuletsa kudula mitengo mwachangu kuti isamale malo omwe tizilombo timeneti tili.
Wolemba matabwa wobwezeretsanso ndi amodzi mwamitundu yapadera kwambiri ya barbel, ndi nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yokongola ya kachilomboka. Makulidwe akulu, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, masharubu ataliatali - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa mukhale amtundu wina. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palokha amadziwika kuti ndi "zakale" zamoyo. Tsoka ilo, mzaka zaposachedwa, chiwerengero cha kafadalawa chatsika kwambiri. Zonsezi zimafuna kuti anthu achitepo kanthu moyenera kuti ateteze odula mitengo m'malo awo achilengedwe posachedwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/26/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 22:58
