Ufumu wa bowa ndiwosiyanasiyana komanso wokongola, koma mwina woimira wotchuka kwambiri komanso wochititsa chidwi ndi cep (Latin Bolétus edúlis). Ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndipo imakonda kuphika, chifukwa imakhala ndi kukoma kwapadera. Bowa loyera, lomwe limatchedwanso boletus, ladybug, capercaillie, wachikasu, ndi nthumwi ya banja la Boletaceae, dipatimenti ya basidiomycetes. "Wotchuka m'nkhalango" amadziwika ndi ambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amagwera m'mabasiketi otola bowa.
Kufotokozera
Chosiyana ndi bowa wa porcini ndi mtundu wake, womwe sungasinthe ngakhale utakonzedwa: kuyanika kapena kuwotcha. Malinga ndi magwero ena, bowa wa porcini adadziwika ndi dzina chifukwa cha kukoma kwake kosayerekezeka (poyerekeza ndi mamembala ena am'banjamo, omwe, amakhala ndi utoto wakuda pakadulidwa).
Bowa wa porcini uli ndi mawonekedwe awa: mwendo, zamkati, kapu ndi chivundikiro. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwira gawo lofunikira pakupanga thupi. Tiyeni tiwone chilichonse mwa izi:
Chipewa - bowa wa porcini amakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu chifukwa cha kununkhira kwawo kosavuta komanso kukoma kwake. Chipewa chotchuka cha m'nkhalango chimakula m'mimba mwake kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 30 cm (nthawi zambiri mpaka 50 cm) ndipo chimakhala ndi utoto wofiirira.
Pofuna kukhazikitsa kutalika kwa nthawi ya bowa, m'pofunika kuyang'anitsitsa kapu: m'zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zotsekemera, ngati kuti zimakokedwa, mwa akulu komanso zowonjezereka, ndizosalala komanso zotambasulidwa. Phindu la gawo linalake la thupi lobala zipatso limasintha kuchokera nyengo, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yachilala ndi mphepo yamphamvu, pamwamba pake pamatha kusweka kapena kuphimbidwa ndi mauna azimakwinya zazing'ono; nthawi yamvula, kanema wa ntchentche amatha kupanga. Nthaŵi zambiri, kapu ya bowa imawoneka yosalala, yaukhondo, komanso yofewa pamayendedwe ake omata. Mtundu wa gawo la thupi lobala zipatso (limatha kukhala lofiirira kapena loyera wamkaka) ndikulimba kwake kumadalira zaka.
- Zamkati - kuti mumvetse ngati bowa wapsa, ndikwanira kuti mupeze zamkati mwake: ziyenera kukhala zowirira, zowutsa mudyo komanso zamtundu, komanso zoyera. Zomera zopyola kwambiri zimakhala ndi chikasu chachikaso komanso mawonekedwe olimba kwambiri.
- Mwendo - bowa wokwanira amakhala ndi mwendo wokwera masentimita 12 (mbeu zazitali zimafika 25 cm). Kukula kwa gawo la thupi lobala zipatso kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa masentimita 7 mpaka 10. Kuti mudziwe kuti ndi bowa uti womwe uli patsogolo panu, yang'anani pa tsinde lake: mwa oyimira oyera a banja la Boletaceae, ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mbiya (wofanana ndi kalabu). Mtundu wake umatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira kuyera mpaka bulauni yakuya ndi mawanga ofiira kwambiri.
- Kufalikira kwa ufa ndi spore ufa - mu porcini bowa pali miyendo yoyera bwino yamiyendo, yomwe imasonyeza kusapezeka kwa zotsalira za bulangeti. Pafupa la spore, lili ndi bulauni wonyezimira wowoneka bwino, ndipo ma spores ake ndi owoneka ngati zingwe zopota ndipo ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake.
Bowa wa porcini ndi woimira wapadera yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kuphika ndi zina. Koma choyipa chachikulu ndichakuti mwachilengedwe pali zomwe zimatchedwa "bowa wabodza wa porcini", zomwe muyenera kudziwa kuti mungazindikire, apo ayi zotsatira zake sizingasangalatse otola bowa.
Mitundu
Bowa loyera silinathenso kutchuka kwazaka zambiri. Koma ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti pali mitundu zingapo za bowa wa porcini zomwe siziyenera kusokonezedwa.
Bowa wonyezimira
Boletus wamkulu amakula ndi mwendo wama cylindrical ndi kapu, m'mimba mwake mulinso masentimita 6 mpaka 30. Bowa wa mesh uli ndi mnofu woyera. Malingana ndi malo, boletus imapsa mu June-September. Nkhalango za Beech, mabokosi ndi mitengo ya oak yomwe ili ku Africa, Europe ndi America amadziwika kuti ndiwo malo omwe mbewu zimakula kwambiri.
Birch bowa woyera
Mitunduyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa spikelets. Kusiyanitsa bowa wa birch, ndikwanira kuyang'ana mtundu wake, monga lamulo, ndi wopepuka. Chipewa cha spikelet chimafika 5-15 masentimita m'mimba mwake, tsinde lake ndilopangidwa ndi mbiya ndipo limakhala ndi utoto woyera. Sizosadabwitsa kuti bowa wa porcini amapezeka pansi pa birches okha. Chifukwa chake, madera onse omwe mitengo yotere imakula amatha kuonedwa ngati malo omwe mbewu zimakulira.
Mtsinje cep
Chipewa chofiirira chofiirira ndi chomwe chimasiyanitsa bowa wa oak porcini. Bowa ali ndi thupi lotayirira ndipo amalimbikira makamaka m'nkhalango za thundu za ku Caucasus.
Pine bowa woyera
Nthawi zambiri amatchedwanso boletus wokonda paini. Zina zapadera ndi kapu yayikulu yamithunzi yakuda (nthawi zina ngakhale yofiirira), mnofu wofiirira, ofiira kapena oyera amfupi, mwendo wakuda. Mutha kukumana ndi bowa m'nkhalango za paini ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku America.
Spruce woyera bowa
Mtundu uwu ndiwofala kwambiri. Bowa ali ndi kapu yofiirira, mwendo wautali komanso wonenepa. Mutha kupeza otchuka m'nkhalango ku Europe.
Bowa wamdima wamkuwa porcini
Zinthu zapadera za boletus za gululi ndi mtundu wakuda wa mwendo ndi kapu, mawonekedwe ozungulira a gawo la thupi lobala zipatso, loyera komanso losangalatsa kukoma kwamkati. Nthawi zambiri, bowa wofiirira amapezeka ku North America ndi Europe, m'nkhalango za oak ndi beech.
Chimakula kuti?
Ubwino waukulu wa bowa wa porcini ndikufalitsa kwawo kwakukulu. Amakula pafupifupi makontinenti onse apadziko lapansi, kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia. Europe, North ndi South America, Japan, China, Mexico, Caucasus, Kamchatka, Russia, zilumba zaku Britain ndiwo madera omwe bowa wa porcini amapezeka.
Zimakula liti?
Kukula, mtundu, mawonekedwe - zonse zimatengera malo omwe bowa wa porcini umakula. Nthawi yakukula imayamba kumapeto kwa masika - koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Mu Okutobala-Novembala, mphukira za bowa zimawonekera kwambiri. Porcini bowa zipse kwa nthawi yayitali. Amakula m'mabanja onse kapena m'magulu ozungulira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, titawona "banja" lonse la bowa wa boletus, wosankha bowa amakhalabe wosangalala.
Mamembala am'banja la Boletaceae amatha kumera m'nkhalango zowirira bwino, zonenepa, zosakanikirana. Amakhala pansi pa mitengo yamtengo wapatali, birches, spruces, thundu, firs, hornbeams. Tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha bowa m'malo omwe umamera moss ndi ndere, komanso panthaka ya loamy, sandy, sandy loam. Boletus samakula konse m'madambo ndi madera a peat. Bowa amakonda kuwala, sakonda nthaka yodzaza ndi madzi komanso kutentha kwapansi.
Bowa wonyezimira wawonekeranso m'nkhalango zam'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango, pomwe m'malo opondaponda sizotheka kupeza bowa woyera.
Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji bowa woyera ndi wabodza?
Mwachilengedwe, pali chinthu chotchedwa "bowa woyera wonama". Uwu ndi mtundu wina wazomera zapansi zomwe zimatha kusokonezedwa mosavuta ndi nyama zomwe zingatengeke. Anthuwo amatcha porcini wabowa gorchak. Pali zosiyana zingapo zazikulu chifukwa chake mutha kudziwa mtundu wa oimira ufumu wa bowa:
- Dulani Mtundu - Kuti mudziwe bowa womwe mwasankha, muyenera kuudula. Mnofu wa bowa weniweni nthawi zonse umakhalabe woyera, pomwe gawo lamkati la thupi lowawa limadetsedwa ndikupeza mtundu wonyezimira.
- Kapangidwe ka mwendo - bowa wa ndulu uli ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa a mwendo - ili ndi mawonekedwe achilendo ofanana ndi mauna (boletus ilibe izi).
- Hymenophore - mu bowa woyera wonama, ma tubular amakhala ndi utoto wobiriwira, mumunda wodyedwa weniweni ndi wachikasu kapena woyera.
- Kulawa - kuwawa ndikosavuta kuzindikira polawa mbale yomwe wakonza. Bowa wabodza uli ndi kulawa kowawa, kosasangalatsa komwe sikusintha mukaphika kapena kuwotcha. White boletus imakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso lokoma.
Bowa wonama watha
Gorchak ndi bowa wosadetsedwa wa bowa wa porcini
Pofuna kuti asalakwitse komanso kuti asamadye patebulo zopanda pake, otola bowa oyambira ayenera kudziwa bwino kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa bowa wa porcini ndi mkwiyo.
Zopindulitsa
Bowa wa porcini ndi gwero lazinthu zofunikira, kuphatikiza mavitamini A, C, B1, D, komanso ascorbic acid, selenium, calcium, iron, phytohormones, ergothioneine. Chomeracho chimakhala ndi chophatikizira chosungunuka ndi madzi - riboflavin, yomwe imathandizira thanzi ndikukula kwa khungu, tsitsi, misomali komanso kulimbitsa chitetezo chamthupi chonse. Izi zimathandizira kukonza mkhalidwe wa chithokomiro ndikupitiliza kugwira ntchito.
Zopindulitsa za bowa wa porcini zimaphatikizapo kukondoweza kwa katulutsidwe ka timadziti. Zolembazo zilinso ndi mchere, kuphatikizapo sulfure ndi polysaccharides. Kugwiritsa ntchito bowa wa porcini kumathandizira kupewa khansa.
Kuphatikizika kwapadera kwa bowa wa boletus kumapereka anti-opatsirana, mabala amachiritso, tonic ndi antitumor zotsatira. Bowa ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la mapuloteni athanzi, bola chakudya chikakonzedwa ndi zakudya zisanadze.
Wotchuka m'nkhalango amakhala ndi lecithin, yomwe imatsutsa cholesterol m'makoma amitsempha yamagazi ndipo imawonetsedwa chifukwa cha matenda monga atherosclerosis ndi kuchepa kwa magazi. Amino acid othandiza, nawonso, amalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwama cell, chifukwa, ndiopindulitsa impso, maso, mafupa ndi chiwindi cha munthu.
Kudya porcini bowa masika ndi nthawi yophukira kumatha kuteteza thupi ku ma virus osiyanasiyana, mabakiteriya, ma carcinogen ndi bowa. Mavitamini omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi omwe amathandizira amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa fiber, glycogen ndi mafuta. Musanadye bowa, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ndi chakudya cholemetsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake chiyenera kudyedwa pang'ono komanso makamaka ndi masamba ena.
Bowa wa porcini amatchulidwanso chifukwa chachiritso chake. Mu zamankhwala, mankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo kuti apititse patsogolo kagayidwe kake, ndikuwonongeka ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Zakudya zouma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira angina. Mankhwala a Borovik amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazilonda zam'mimba ndi chisanu.
Zotsutsana
Ngakhale kuti bowa woyera amadya, amathanso kupatsidwa poizoni ndipo pali zotsutsana zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito boletus. Choyamba, ana ndi amayi apakati ayenera kupewa mbale zomwe zimakhala ndi bowa wa porcini. Izi ndichifukwa choti bowa amakhala ndi chitin, chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kupukusa ndikupanga katundu wina ku impso ndi m'mimba. Kuphatikiza apo, monga chinthu china chilichonse, boletus imatha kuyambitsa vuto.
Zotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito porcini bowa:
- matenda oopsa am'mimba, chiwindi;
- zaka mpaka zaka 12-14;
- kunyamula mwana.
Muthanso kupatsidwa poizoni ndi porcini bowa mukaphika "bowa wabodza wa porcini", zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri chifukwa chodula bowa wosazindikira.
Kukula pakhomo
Njira yodalirika komanso yotetezera bowa watsopano, wosamalira zachilengedwe komanso wodalirika ndikukula nokha. M'malo mwake, ukadaulo wa kubereketsa boletus kunyumba suli wovuta konse, koma umafunikira kulondola kwakukulu ndi kupirira kuchokera kwa oyamba kumene. Tikuvomereza kuti njirayi imatenga nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake muyenera kukhala okonzekera izi.
Monga mukudziwa, bowa wa porcini amakhala m'nkhalango, chifukwa chake, pamalopo pomwe ingamere, payenera kukhala mitengo (paini, birch, thundu, spruce kapena aspen) kapena gawo liyenera kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango. Momwemo, mitengoyo iyenera kukhala yazaka zosachepera 8-10. Anthu odziwa nyengo yachilimwe amalima bowa m'njira ziwiri:
- kuchokera ku mycelium;
- kuchokera ku spores yomwe ili pakapu ya bowa.
Njira yoyamba ikuphatikiza kupeza zinthu zapadera zodzala ndi kukhazikika kwa malo abwino. Bowa ayenera kubzalidwa pakati pa Meyi ndi Seputembara. Pofuna kumera bwino, dothi limachotsedwa pamtengo wa mtengo womwe wasankhidwa (pafupifupi masentimita 15-20 kuchokera pamwamba) ndipo peat kapena manyowa amaikidwa (wosanjikiza sayenera kupitirira masentimita atatu). Mycelium imayikidwa panthaka yokonzedweratu, poyang'ana masentimita 30 mpaka 35 pakati pa zidutswazo.
Mycelium yoyalidwa iyenera "kuphimbidwa" ndi dothi lomwe lidachotsedwa koyambirira, ndikuthiriridwa kwambiri. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisunge chiwembucho ndi udzu, ndikuthirira kangapo pamlungu (kuvala bwino kumalimbikitsidwa). Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuphimba nthaka ndi moss, masamba omwe agwa kapena nthambi za spruce chisanu chisanachitike. Kukolola koyamba kumatha kuyembekezeredwa mchaka chimodzi.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira yachiwiri, mufunika zisoti za bowa okhwima kapena opyola kwambiri a porcini. Ndikofunika kusamala ndi mtengo uti womwe boletus umapezeka, chifukwa kudzakhala kofunika kudzabzala pansi pazomera zomwezo osatha mtsogolomo. Porcini bowa amatha kuwonongeka msanga, chifukwa mukatha kudula ayenera kukonzedwa mwapadera mkati mwa maola 8. Pakadutsa maola 10, theka la mchere ndi macroelements a boletus amatayika.
Zipewa zotulutsidwa ziyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo ndikulowetsedwa m'madzi tsiku limodzi (zidutswa 7-12 zidzafunika chidebe chimodzi). Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera zakumwa zoledzeretsa pamlingo wa 3-5 tbsp. Malita 10 kapena shuga pafupifupi 15-20 g Pakatha maola 24, zisoti ziyenera kukhomedwa pamtondo wofanana ndi odzola ndi kusefedwa kudzera mu cheesecloth. Kufika, muyenera choyamba kukonzekera malo (zonse zimachitidwa chimodzimodzi ndi njira yoyamba). Thirani madzi ndi spores pa mtsamiro wachonde, ndikufalitsa keke ya bowa yomwe yatsala kuchokera ku zisoti pamwamba. Nthaka yokonzedwa bwino imakutikanso ndi nthaka ndi udzu womwe udachotsedwa kale.
Chisamaliro chachikulu chimakhala chochuluka, koma osati kuthirira pafupipafupi. Pamaso pa chisanu, kuyeretsa kumaphimbidwa, mchaka "bulangeti" liyenera kuchotsedwa. Pakatha chaka mutha kusangalala ndi zokololazo.
Palinso njira zina zolimira bowa, mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango, mutha kukumba zidutswa za mycelium, kukula kwa dzira la nkhuku, ndikuziika m'mabowo osaya pansi pamtengo mdera lanu. Kuphatikiza apo, mabowo amakutidwa ndi nthaka ndikuthiririra pafupipafupi. Momwe mungasankhire njira yolimira bowa kunyumba ndizosankha bowa. Chinthu chachikulu ndichisamaliro chokhazikika komanso chapamwamba, komanso kukonza nthaka. Madera abowa opangira kunyumba amatha kubala zipatso kwa zaka 3 mpaka 5.
Bowa loyera ndi chinthu chopatsa thanzi komanso chokoma, koma nthawi zonse muyenera kusamala mukatola, kukonza ndi kuphika boletus.
