Mwa otola bowa, bowa wamkaka amalemekezedwa kwambiri ndipo amatchuka kwambiri. Bowa wamchere wamchere mumiphika ndi wokoma mwachilengedwe kwa okonda bowa. Fungo lonunkhira la bowa limayamikiridwanso pokonza mbale zotentha za bowa. Tsamba loyera la bowa latenga fungo la m'nkhalango, ndipo bowa wamkaka amapanga zinthu zina kukhala zonunkhira zikaphikidwa limodzi.
Bowa lokoma la mkaka limakhuta msanga. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka bowa kumakupatsani mwayi wobweretsa zokolola zonse kukhitchini. Bowa wamkaka samamera zokha. Ndi kusaka bwino kwa bowa, amatola madengu angapo a bowa woyamba.
Mwachilengedwe, bowa wamkaka asankha nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, komabe amakonda timapepala ta birch ndi pine-birch. Amabisala pansi pa singano ndi masamba omwe agwa. Amapeza bowa ponyamula nkhalango yowuma.
Mitundu ya bowa
Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya bowa yomwe ikutola bowa?
Mkaka weniweni
Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu amakayikira bowa wodyetsa, ndipo ku Russia ndi bowa weniweni wokoma. Bowa wachichepere amapezeka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Seputembala, amathiridwa mchere, amadya ndi kirimu wowawasa ndi mbatata yophika.
Bowa weniweni amakula m'magulu audzu, pansi pa masamba a timapepala ta birch ndi pine-birch. Sakonda kuwala, sankhani malo okhala ndi mthunzi, chinyezi, chifukwa chake otola bowa amayang'ana bowa ndi ndodo, kumwaza zinyalala m'nkhalango.
Zamkatazo ndi zolimba, zoyera, zopepuka ndi fungo labwino komanso losiyanitsa. Ngati bowa wawonongeka, amatulutsa madzi amkaka owopsa, amasanduka achikasu mumlengalenga, zomwe zimawononga kukongola kwa bowa.
Chipewa cha bowa chimakhala chophatikizira, mphonje m'mphepete nthawi zonse chimakhala chonyowa, ngakhale nyengo youma, fluffy-fibrous. Bowa wachichepere amakhala ndi kapu yoyera mpaka 10 cm m'malire mwake. Kukula kwa kapu ya bowa wokhwima ndi pafupifupi masentimita 20, utoto wake wachikasu pang'ono.
Cylindrical, yosalala, yoyera, yopanda mkati mwendo, mpaka mainchesi 5. M'zakale zakale, imapeza utoto wachikaso. Minyewa yoyera pafupipafupi ya hymenophore imadutsa kuchokera pa kapu mpaka mwendo.
Aspen mkaka
Bowa wodziwika bwino wopangidwa ndi mafelemu amatulutsa madontho amkaka (lactate) mthupi ndi m'mitsempha mukawonongeka.
Bowa wa aspen umasiyanitsidwa ndi timiyala tawo tokhala ngati pinki komanso zolemba zake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'makona ozungulira pamwamba pa kapu. Monga bowa wina wamtunduwu, imakhala ndi zamkati mopepuka, osati zamkati. Zitsanzo zokhwima zimakhala zopangidwa ndi mafelemu, zokhala ndi mitsempha yowongoka komanso chivindikiro cha concave. Ili ndi mnofu wolimba ndi mwendo wotambalala, womwe ndi wamfupi kuposa thupi lobala zipatso. Kusindikiza kwa spore mu pinki wobiriwira.
Nthawi zambiri, bowa wa aspen umakula pafupi ndi msondodzi woyenda m'madambo ndi madambo komanso nkhalango za aspen.
Bowa amawerengedwa kuti sangadye ku Western Europe chifukwa chakumva kukoma kwake, koma amadya ndikukolola malonda ku Serbia, Russia ndi Turkey.
Mkaka wambiri
Sungani bowa wa thundu nthawi yophukira m'nkhalango zotentha. Kapuyo ndi yayikulu, mpaka masentimita 12 m'mimba mwake, hemispherical, yokhala ndi kupsinjika kwapakati, koboola pakati kokhala ndi m'mphepete mosalala, kovuta, konyowa komanso kokhazikika m'nyengo yamvula.
Mitsempha yake ndi yowongoka, yolimba, yoyera-kirimu kapena ocher-kirimu mtundu. Tsinde lake ndi lofiirira, 3-6 masentimita kutalika, lalifupi, squat, lowongoka, lakuthwa pakati.
Mnofu wa kapu ndi woyera, wolimba komanso wolimba, wosalimba pamtengo. Madzi oyera amkaka ochuluka, okhwima. Ikuwoneka kuti ndi yosadetsedwa Kumadzulo chifukwa chowawa kwambiri.
Mkaka wakuda
Kuchokera ku Europe ndi Siberia, mtanda wakuda udabwera ku Australia ndi New Zealand. Amakula pansi pa birches, spruces, pine ndi mitengo ina m'nkhalango yosakanikirana.
Chipewa ndi chotalika masentimita 8-20. Pamwambapo pamakhala bulauni-bulauni kapena chobiriwira chachikasu, ndipo pakati pake ndi chomata kapena chochepa. Zitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhala ndimalo owoneka bwino m'mbali mwake. Pambuyo pake, kapuyo imakhala yofananira ndi felemu, mtunduwo umachita mdima wakuda.
Miphikayo ndi yoyera, yoyera ndi maolivi ofiira ndi kuyamwa kwamkaka, koyambirira koyera kokhudzana ndi mpweya.
Kutalika kwamiyendo mpaka 7 cm, 3 cm m'mimba mwake, wofanana ndi kapu, koma kopepuka kwambiri. Thupi lake limakhala loyera, ndikusanduka bulauni pakapita nthawi. Kukoma kwake (makamaka mkaka) ndi koopsa.
Zimanenedwa kuti mitundu iyi imakhala ndi mutagen noncatorin, chifukwa chake siyabwino kugwiritsa ntchito. Kutentha kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa panganoli koma sikuchotsa bwino.
Mukaphika, bowa wakuda wakuda amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonunkhira mbale zodyera bowa kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Siberia. Zamzitini ndi kuzifutsa ku Russia.
Youma kulemera
Bowa amakhala oyera kwambiri, okhala ndi zipsera zofiirira kapena zofiirira pa kapu ndi tsinde lalifupi, lolimba. Bowa wodyedwa koma wosakoma umakula m'nkhalango ndi mitengo ya conifers, yotakata kapena yosakanikirana.
Ma basidiocarps akuwoneka kuti sakufuna kuchoka m'nthaka ndipo amayikidwa m'manda, kapena amakula mopanda tanthauzo. Zotsatira zake, zipewa zokwera masentimita 16 kudutsa zimakutidwa ndi zinyalala zamasamba ndi nthaka. Zimakhala zoyera, zogwira ocher kapena bulauni, ndi mphonje zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera. Poyamba, zisoti zimakhala zotsekemera, koma pambuyo pake zimasokonekera ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe a faneli.
Olimba, oyera, amfupi komanso akhakula phesi lalitali masentimita awiri ndi mainchesi 2-4 masentimita. Zolemba za spore ndi zoyera, zonunkhira zowola 8-12 x 7-9 inm kukula kwake.
Zamkati ndi zoyera ndipo sizisintha utoto zikadulidwa. Mnyamata, bowa wouma mkaka uli ndi fungo lokoma la zipatso, koma ukakula umayamba kununkhira kosasangalatsa pang'ono. Kukoma kwake ndi kokometsera, kokometsera.
Amagawidwa kumadera otentha kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia, makamaka ku Eastern Mediterranean. Ndi mtundu wa thermophilic womwe umakula nthawi yotentha.
Bowa uwu ndi wodyedwa, koma umakoma pang'ono. Komabe, ku Cyprus, komanso pazilumba zachi Greek, amatoleredwa ndikudya pambuyo pothira mafuta, viniga kapena brine patatha chithupsa chotalika.
Kodi bowa wamkaka umakula kuti mukamakolola
Bowa wamkaka sakonda kusungulumwa. Malo a mabanja a bowa amasankhidwa pafupi ndi lindens ndi birches. Amakololedwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira m'nkhalango zowirira kapena zosakanikirana. Bowa limapanga zigawo zambiri m'miyala momwe dongo loyera lili pafupi.
Bowa wamkaka amatengedwa kuyambira Julayi mpaka chisanu choyamba. Kutha kwophukira pamtengo wapadera. Bowa wamkaka panthawiyi sowawa kwambiri.
Bowa wamkaka amapanga ubale wapamtima ndi zomerazo. Mizu imasinthana michere. Mitundu yambiri ya bowa imapanga madera pafupi ndi birches. Mitundu yocheperako imakonda nkhalango za coniferous. Mtengo wakale, umakhala ndi mwayi wopeza mycelium pafupi nawo.
M'nkhalango zazing'ono zazitali ngati bambo, bowa wamkaka sapezeka. Kutalika kwa nkhalango, kumawonjezera mwayi wogwira bowa.
Kukula kwa bowa, izi ndizofunikira:
- mtundu wa nthaka;
- chinyezi padziko lapansi;
- ngati dzuwa limatentha nthaka.
Mitundu yambiri imakonda malo otenthedwa ndi dzuwa, modzaza ndi udzu, moss kapena zinyalala zamasamba owola, sakonda malo owuma ndi achithaphwi.
Zina zofala kawiri
Bowa wamkaka ndi bowa wina wodyedwa wabanjali siowopsa, koma osasangalatsa masamba. Anthu amakonzekera bowa kukonzekera, kenako kuphika. Mkaka bowa akhathamiritsa, yophika kwa nthawi yayitali ndi mchere.
Mkaka wa tsabola
Thupi lobala la bowa ndi loyera poterera; mu zitsanzo zokhwima, kapuyo imakhala yofanana ndi mafinya ambiri. Mukapanikizika, amatuluka magazi ndi mkaka woyera ndi kukoma kwa tsabola. Amagawidwa kwambiri ku Europe, dera la Black Sea kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Turkey, komanso gawo lakum'mawa kwa North America, komwe kudayambitsidwa ku Australia. Amapanga ubale wolumikizana ndi mitengo yodula, kuphatikiza beech ndi hazel, ndipo amakula m'nthaka kuyambira chilimwe mpaka koyambirira kwa dzinja.
Mycologists amawona kuti ndi osadya komanso owopsa; ophika samalimbikitsa chifukwa cha kukoma kwake. Ndizovuta kugaya zikakhala zaiwisi. Mwambo wodziwika, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera mutayanika, kuwira, kukazinga mu batala, kuzifutsa, kuphika mu mtanda.
Bowa ndi wofunika ku Russia. Anthu amatola bowa wa tsabola nthawi yotentha, pomwe bowa wina wodyedwa amapezeka. Ku Finland, ophika amawira bowa nthawi zambiri, ndikukhetsa madzi. M'madzi omalizidwa amchere, amasungidwa nthawi yonse yozizira, amawathira m'madzi kapena kuwatumizira m'masaladi.
Kudya bowa watsopano komanso wobiriwira kumakwiyitsa milomo ndi lilime, zomwe zimachitika zimatha pambuyo pa ola limodzi.
Mkaka camphor (camphor mkaka)
Amayamikira chifukwa cha fungo lake. Ophika amagwiritsa ntchito ngati zonunkhira, osati kuphika. Kukula kwa camphor lactarius ndikochepa mpaka sing'anga, kapuyo ndiyosachepera 5 cm m'mimba mwake. Mtundu kuchokera ku lalanje mpaka ku lalanje-ofiira komanso mithunzi yofiirira. Chophimba cha kapu chimakhala chotukuka muzitsanzo zazing'ono, mosabisa komanso kupsinjika pang'ono mu bowa wokhwima.
Thupi la zipatso ndi lofooka komanso lophwanyika, limapereka mkaka wowoneka wonyezimira komanso wamadzi, wofanana ndi mkaka wama Whey kapena skim. Madziwo ndi ofooka kapena okoma pang'ono, koma osati owawa kapena owola. Fungo la bowa limafaniziridwa ndi madzi a mapulo, camphor, curry, fenugreek, shuga wopsereza. Kununkhira kumafooka m'mitundu yatsopano, kumakhala kolimba thupi la zipatso likauma.
Bowa wouma amapera kukhala ufa kapena kulowa mkaka wotentha. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito L. camphoratus popanga kusakaniza kosuta.
Violinist (kumva katundu)
Ndi bowa wokulirapo yemwe amapezeka pafupi ndi mitengo ya beech. Thupi la zipatso limakhala lolimba, osati lolimba, ndipo likawonongeka, bowa umatulutsa colostrum. M'masamba okhwima, zisoti zimakhala zoyera mpaka zonyezimira, zooneka ngati ndodo, mpaka m'mimba mwake masentimita 25. Mwendo wawukulu ndi wamfupi kuposa thupi lobala zipatso. Mitsempha imakhala kutali wina ndi mnzake, yopapatiza, yokhala ndi mawanga abulauni kuchokera kumiyala youma. Kusindikiza kwa spore ndi koyera.
Bowa amakololedwa m'nkhalango zowirira kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka koyambirira kwa dzinja. Madzi a mkaka samakonda kuloŵerera palokha, zokometsera ngati amadya zamkati. Bowa wamkaka akumadzulo amawerengedwa kuti sangadye chifukwa chakumva kukoma kwawo. Ku Russia, amawaviika nthawi yayitali asanaphike, kenako amchere.
Mkaka wachikaso wachikaso (golide wamkaka)
Ali ndi utoto wotuwa, wakupha, amakula mofanana ndi mitengo ya thundu. Chipewa ndi cha masentimita atatu mpaka atatu, ndikutchinga kwa mphete zolimba kapena mikwingwirima. Poyamba zimakhala zotsekemera, koma pambuyo pake zimawonongeka; mu zitsanzo zakale pali kukhumudwa pang'ono kwapakati, m'mbali zopanda kanthu.
Tsinde loyera kapena loyera ndilopanda, lotsekemera kapena lotupa pang'ono, nthawi zina pinki kumapeto kwake. Mitsempha ya hymenophore imakhala pafupipafupi, yowongoka, yokhala ndi pinki, ma spores ndi oyera-zonona.
Zamkazi zoyera zimakonda kununkhira ndipo zimasindikizidwa ndi mkaka wochuluka wobisika. Poyamba, colostrum ndi yoyera, patatha masekondi angapo imakhala yowala ngati chikasu sulfa.
Wogulitsa golide amapezeka pachilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira kumadera otentha aku Europe, North America ndi North Africa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kumabweretsa zizindikilo zazikulu kwambiri zam'mimba.
Kodi bowa wamkaka ndiwothandiza?
- Izi bowa ndizopatsa thanzi, zamkati zimakhala ndi mnofu ndipo zimakhala ndi mapuloteni (33 g pa 100 g atayanika), chakudya, mchere ndi mavitamini m'njira yosavuta kugaya. Bowa wowiritsa umalowa m'malo mwa nyama ndi nsomba ngati izi zikutsutsana.
- Mavitamini a gulu B, A ndi C amalimbikitsa kugwira ntchito kwamanjenje, hematopoiesis, chitetezo chokwanira.
- Mchere womwe sungapezeke - sodium, magnesium, calcium ndi phosphorous, mtundu wa vitamini D, umathandizira kupewa kufooka kwa mafupa, kukhala ndi khungu labwino komanso tsitsi.
- Ma antibacterial othandizira a peppermint amapha chifuwa chachikulu, amachiza miyala ya impso ngati mankhwala.
- Kutola ndi kutentha kwa bowa kumayambitsa kupanga kwa lactic acid, anti-inflammatory ndi cholesterol-low izinto.
Ndani sayenera kudya bowa wamkaka
Uku ndikudya kwambiri ngati munthu ali ndi vuto ndi kapamba, chiwindi ndi bile. Bowa wamtchire samaperekedwa kwa ana ochepera zaka 7 komanso amayi apakati. Pafupifupi kumwa mkaka bowa munali yogwira zinthu kumawonjezera tilinazo thupi, zimawonjezera thupi lawo siligwirizana.
Kuphika, makamaka kodyetsa, bowa wamkaka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo kumawononga kagayidwe kake ndi ntchito ya ziwalo zopumira. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda oopsa komanso omwe ali ndi nephrosis, bowa wambiri, wamchere komanso wowawasa amatsutsana. Kugwiritsa ntchito magawo ang'onoang'ono a bowa wamkaka ndikololedwa.
