Bowa la Volushka sililemekezedwa kwambiri m'maiko aku Europe. Kupatulapo ndi Finland, Russia ndi Ukraine, komwe bowa amadziwika komanso ali ndi mayina ambiri akumaloko, koma zonse zimawonetsa malo omwe amapatsa bowa dzina lake - magulu ozungulira wa kapu.
Otola bowa amapezeka ambiri mu birch ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana mpaka Okutobala. Mafunde enieni:
- zoyera;
- pinki.
Mitundu yodziwika ya mafunde:
- pinki;
- chopuntha;
- zoyera;
- chinazimiririka;
- bulauni;
- vayolini.
Kuphatikiza pa mapangidwe amtundu, mafunde amadziwika ndi kukula kwa ambulera ya chipewa. Bowa ndiwofunika chifukwa thupi lobala zipatso limatulutsa mkaka woyaka, wamafuta, womwe umasokoneza kukonzekera kwa mafunde.
Chifukwa mafunde ndi othandiza
Ali ndi zambiri:
- gologolo;
- mchere;
- chakudya;
- amino zidulo;
- antioxidants;
- mavitamini;
- mavitamini;
- lecithin.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde kumapindulitsa mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi, kagayidwe kake. Tizilombo tomwe timagwira:
- sungani misinkhu ya shuga;
- yeretsani mitsempha;
- kuthetsa kutopa;
- kulimbikitsa mitsempha;
- kuteteza magazi;
- kukonza kapangidwe ka tsitsi ndi khungu;
- khalani ndi zida zotsutsana ndi kupsinjika;
- kuthandizira chitetezo;
- kulimbikitsa ubongo,
- sintha masomphenya.
Mafunde otsika kwambiri amachepetsa kulemera kwambiri popanda kuwawa ndi njala, kuwonetsa thupi kuti likhale ndi moyo wathanzi.
Kwa iwo mafunde akuwononga. Contraindications ntchito bowa
Anthu omwe ali ndi cholecystitis ndipo amachotsa ndulu, kapamba, kuchepa kwa asidi wam'mimba kapena kuchotseratu bowa pazakudya. Mukaphika, matupi obala zipatso amataya kuwawa kwawo. Koma msuzi wamkaka wa funde sasintha kapangidwe kake, umakwiyitsa nembanemba.
Ana ochepera zaka zitatu alibe michere mthupi yomwe imawalola kugaya bowa, osati mafunde okha. Mwambiri, ndi bowa wotetezeka komanso wathanzi ngati mutsatira malamulo oyambira a ukhondo wa m'mimba.
Kodi mafunde amawakonza bwanji asanaphike
Pamalo owonongeka, bowa amatulutsa mkaka wa caustic. Imawononga kukoma kwa mbale, imayambitsa kukhumudwa m'mimba kapena poyizoni. Palibe mankhwala othandizira kutentha omwe amalepheretsa madzi amchere owopsa. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala osamala mukamakolola bowa, onjezerani mafunde odyera kapena odyera pokhapokha poto.
Sungani kukoma kowawa poviika kapena kuwira.
Akukwera
Volnushki imasonkhanitsidwa, zisoti zimatsukidwa ndi zinyalala zomatira, ndikudzazidwa ndi madzi oyera. Chokani. Pochita izi, madzi amasinthidwa maola asanu aliwonse, madzi akale amatuluka. Ndiye muzimutsuka bwinobwino ndi madzi. Amamizidwanso m'madzi ozizira. Pa lita imodzi yamadzi yikani magalamu 10 amchere kapena 2 magalamu a citric acid. Mbewuyi imanyowa kwa masiku awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Pomaliza, bowa amatsukidwa ndi burashi, kutsukanso pansi pamadzi.
Ndi mbale ziti zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafunde
Volnushka ndichokoma, koma sikophweka kukonzekera. Kuchotsa kuwawa, zilowerere kwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi amchere, kenako:
- kutsanulira marinade;
- yophika;
- amaundana.
Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, funde limasunga mawonekedwe a zipatso ndi katundu. Bowa amawotcha ndi anyezi ndi kirimu wowawasa. Msuzi wopangidwa kuchokera ku volvushki amakhuta nyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba zonunkhira bowa.
Mafunde odyera
Tsitsi lakuda
Bowa wafalikira kumadera akumpoto kwa Africa, Asia, Europe ndi America. Mycorrhiza ya pinki yokhala ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi birch, imera pansi padera kapena m'magulu. Amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kukoma kwake ndipo amadyedwa atakonzekera bwino ku Russia ndi Finland; imakwiyitsa dongosolo logaya chakudya mukamadya yaiwisi. Poizoni yemwe amachititsa kuti azisangalala amawonongeka pophika.
Kapu
Convex yokhala ndi vuto lakumapakati, mpaka masentimita 10. Mtundu wake ndi wosakanikirana ndi mitundu ya pinki ndi ocher, nthawi zina yokhala ndi magawo ozungulira mdima. Mphepete imakulungidwa mkati ndi ubweya wazithunzi zazing'ono.
Mitsuko
Yopapatiza, wandiweyani, kwambiri zapiringizana wina ndi mzake.
Mwendo
Wotchinga ngati khungu wokhala ndi malo otsetsereka, otalika masentimita 8 ndi makulidwe a 0.6-2 cm.Mudulidwe kapena kuwonongeka, matupi azipatso amatulutsa madzi oyera, omwe sasintha utoto ukawonetsedwa ndi mpweya.
Kutentha
Amapanga mgwirizano wa mycorrhizal ndi ma birches m'malo achinyezi. Amakonda nthaka ya acidic m'malo opanda msipu m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena m'malo owonongeka, m'malo mozama m'nkhalango zowirira. Zimapezeka zokha komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono obalalika ku Europe, North Africa ndi madera ena a Asia ndi North America.
Chipewa
Masentimita 5 mpaka 15 m'mimba mwake, otsekemera, kenako amawongoka, kukhumudwa pang'ono pakati, mawonekedwe amdima achikaso ndi pinki amakhala osalala, makamaka m'mbali mwake, ndipo amakhala ndi mabwalo akuda pang'ono, owonekera kwambiri pakatikati; kugawa uku kumatha mu matupi okhwima obala zipatso. Pansi pa cuticle ya shaggy, khungu loyera, losalimba loyera.
Mitsuko
Mitsempha ya pinki yayifupi, yotsika, yothinana imatulutsa mkaka woyera kapena wotuwa poterera ukawonongeka, sasintha utoto ukauma.
Mwendo
Awiri kuchokera 1 mpaka 2 cm ndi kutalika kuchokera 4 mpaka 8 cm, cylindrical, opepuka kuposa kapu. Miyendo ya bowa wachichepere imakhala yotakasuka komanso yolimba; thupi la chipatso likakhwima, limakhala losalala komanso lopanda pake. Palibe mphete ya tsinde.
Mafunde oyera
Bowa wodabwitsa uyu amakula pansi pa mtengo wa birch. Maonekedwe ake otuwa ndi bonnet yaubweya ndizothandiza kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe. Whitethroat imapezeka (makamaka m'madambo onyowa) m'malo ambiri ku Europe ndi madera ambiri aku North America. Bowa ndikosowa, koma pomwe amatero, wosankha bowa amatenga zitsanzo khumi ndi ziwiri kapena zingapo.
Chipewa
Makulidwe a 5 mpaka 15 cm, otsekemera kenako osadandaula pang'ono, zisoti zakuda zachikasu ndi zotumbululuka zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuthwa kwambiri ya pinki komanso malo abulauni ofiira opita pakati. Pansi pa cuticle shaggy pali khungu loyera komanso losalimba loyera.
Mitsuko
Choyera, chachifupi, chotsika pambali pa peduncle, pinki ya salimoni pang'ono, potulutsa madzi oyera mukamawonongeka.
Mwendo
Makulidwe a 10 mpaka 23 mm ndi kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 6 cm, nthawi zambiri kumangoyenda pang'ono.
Mmbulu wokomoka (chithaphwi, wamkaka waulesi)
Bowa wofiirira wobiriwira amakula pansi pamitengo ya birch mdera lalikulu la kontinenti ku Europe m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, kum'mawa kwa Asia ndi madera ena aku North America.
Chipewa
Awiriwo ndi masentimita 4 mpaka 8, otukukira kenako ndikuvutika maganizo pakati, otumbululuka-ofiira kapena otuwa pang'ono, oterera akamanyowa. Pansi pa cuticle ya kapu, mnofuwo ndi woyera kapena wotumbululuka, m'malo mwake ndi osalimba.
Mitsuko
Zosakanikirana kapena zochepetsedwa, zoyera kapena zachikasu zachikasu, zofiirira zikawonongeka, zimatulutsa mkaka woyera, womwe, ukauma, umasanduka waimvi.
Mwendo
5 mpaka 10 mm m'mimba mwake ndi 5 mpaka 7 masentimita kutalika, kosalala komanso kozungulira, kopepuka komanso kosavuta kuswa.
Mkaka wobiriwira
Mitengo yazipatso imamera pamtunda munkhalango zowuma ku Europe ndi North America, Asia ku Kashmir Valley, India, China ndi Japan.
Mitsuko
Mtundu wonyezimira wa ocher, utoto wowala pa tsinde.
Chipewa
Yokhotakhota kapena yosalala, nthawi zina yokhala ndi vuto laling'onoting'ono pakati, kutalika kwa 4.5-12.5 cm.Pamtunda pamakhala youma, yosalala, yosalala. Nthawi zina timatumba tating'onoting'ono timawonekera pakati, ndipo malo osakhazikika amawonekera m'mphepete mwa zitsanzo zokhwima. Mtundu kuchokera bulauni wonyezimira mpaka wakuda wakuda, nthawi zina ndimadontho akuda komanso m'mphepete mopepuka.
Mwendo
Cylindrical, 4-8.5 cm masentimita ndi 1-2 cm wakuda, cholowera kumunsi. Kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi boneti, koma imakhala ndi utoto wopepuka komanso yoyera pamwamba. Zamkati ndi zakuda komanso zolimba, zoyera, mawanga amapezeka m'malo owonongeka. Mkaka wosowa woyera, pinki ukauma.
Wachiwawa
Bowa wamkuluyu amapezeka mwaokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono obalalika m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Thupi loyera loyera ndilolimba komanso lamphamvu, madzi akumwa ndi ofewa kwambiri.
Wofalikira komanso wofala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana ku Britain ndi Ireland, komwe nthawi zambiri umabala zipatso zochuluka kwambiri, mkaka waukuluwu umapezeka ku Europe konse, kuchokera ku Scandinavia mpaka ku Mediterranean. Sindinawonepo kutchulidwa kwaposachedwa kwa mitundu iyi yomwe idapezeka ku North America.
Chipewa
Pofika nthawi yomwe kapewuyo itatsegulidwa kwathunthu, imakhala yopunduka komanso yosweka. Awiri kuyambira 10 mpaka 25 cm (nthawi zina amapitilira 30 cm). Poyamba zimakhala zotsekemera, koma posakhalitsa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Choyamba choyera, kenako chachikaso, kenako mabala ofiira, okutidwa ndi ulusi wabwino waubweya.
Mitsuko
Molunjika, poyamba yoyera, koma posachedwa bulauni, nthawi zambiri amawoneka. Miphika ikawonongeka, imatulutsa mkaka woyera woyera, wowala pang'ono.
Mwendo
Mitundu yofanana ndi kapu, cylindrical kapena pang'ono yopita kumunsi, 2 mpaka 4 cm m'mimba mwake ndi 4 mpaka 7 cm kutalika.
Mafunde abodza osadalirika
Zowopsa zowopsa kwa anthu zimafanana ndi mitundu yazakudya zopezeka kunja, koma mosiyana ndi mafunde odyetsedwa, ngakhale ataphika amakhala ndi poyizoni, ndipo wakudya amapita kuchipatala, osati kwa gastroenterologist.
Mkaka wamkaka
Chimakula mumvula yambiri, koma osati madambo nthawi zonse ku mycorrhiza ndi birch.
Chipewa
Mpaka 60 mm m'mimba mwake, pinki wobiriwira. Mawonekedwewo ndi chimphona chofewa, nthawi zina chowonekera chapakatikati. Mphepete mwamphamvu. Pamwambapa (makamaka m'matupi achichepere achichepere) ndiwovuta. Mtundu wake ndi wofiirira. Mdima wakuda kwambiri, bwalo lakuda kwambiri pakati, umawala kumapeto.
Mwendo 20-60 x 8-12 mm, wosakanikirana mozungulira, woluka, wadazi, matte, mtundu wofanana ndi kapu. Mnofu wake ndi wowuma komanso wonunkhira bwino. Mkaka woyera umalawa bwino ndipo umakhala wakuthwa pakapita kanthawi.
Miller womata
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, tating'ono tomwe timapezeka pansi pa mitengo ya beech madera ambiri ku Europe.
Chipewa
Wotuwa wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena wotuwa wa maolivi, nthawi zina wokhala ndi pinki wonyezimira, wokhala ndi madzi akuda, mphete zovutikira komanso mawanga, otukuka, kupsinjika pang'ono pakati kumayamba, masentimita 4 mpaka 9 m'mimba mwake. Mucous nthawi yamvula.
Mitsuko
Yambiri, yoyera, pang'onopang'ono yosintha kirimu, imvi-chikasu ikadulidwa. Akawonongeka, amatulutsa mkaka wambiri wambiri, ukauma umasanduka imvi.
Mwendo
Wotuwa, wotsekedwa pang'ono kapena wolowera kumunsi, kutalika kwa masentimita atatu mpaka 7, m'mimba mwake kuchokera pa 0,9 mpaka masentimita awiri. Kukoma kwa bowa sikudziwika ndi tsabola wofiira.
Hepatic lactic acid (owawa)
Amapezeka ambiri pansi pa ma spruces, mapaini, ma birch m'malo omwe ali ndi nthaka ya acidic m'malo ambiri aku Europe, ku North America.
Chipewa
4 mpaka 10 masentimita awiri, ofiira ofiira ofiira komanso owuma, matte, omata pang'ono nyengo yamvula. Poyamba, yotsekemera, imatenga mawonekedwe a faneli pamene thupi la zipatso limapsa. Kawirikawiri, kapu ikakwera kupita ku fanilo, ambulera yaying'ono yapakati imawonekera.
Mitsuko
Kirimu wofiirira wofiirira, wosafotokozedwa bwino, nthawi zambiri amapezeka, amakhala amawononga akamakula. Akawonongeka, amatulutsa mkaka woyera wamadzi, umalawa mofewa poyamba, koma pambuyo pake umakhala wowawa kwambiri komanso wowuma.
Mwendo
Diameter 5 mpaka 20 mm ndi kutalika kwa 4 mpaka 9 cm, yosalala komanso yofanana ndi kapu, kapena yopepuka pang'ono. Palibe mphete ya ndodo.
Poizoni ndi mafunde. Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro
Nthawi zambiri anthu:
- kuphwanya malamulo okonza bowa omwe mwangotenga kumene;
- zosakaniza siziyikidwa bwino;
- osatsatira maphikidwe ophika;
- amaiwala kuti ali ndi vuto la m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina zamkati.
Nthawi zonsezi, omwe amadya amakhala ndi vuto lakumatumbo, poyizoni wofatsa kapena pang'ono.
Zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za poyizoni wofatsa wa bowa zimawoneka pambuyo pa maola 1-6. Munthuyo akudwala, akuchita chizungulire, akumva m'mimba. Vutoli limatha masiku 1-2, kenako kukhululukidwa kumayamba pang'onopang'ono.
Pochepetsa vutoli, amapatsa anyanga, kupereka mankhwala, kusanza. Ichi ndi chithandizo choyamba. Onetsetsani kuti mwalumikizana ndi dipatimenti ya matenda opatsirana, komwe adzayesedwe ndikupatseni chithandizo.
