Nyengo Padziko Lapansi ndiyosiyana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti dziko lapansi limatenthedwa mosiyanasiyana, ndipo mvula imagwa mofanana. Gawo lanyengo lidayamba kufotokozedwanso m'zaka za zana la 19, m'ma 70s. Pulofesa waku Moscow State University B.P Alisova adalankhula za mitundu 7 ya nyengo yomwe imapanga nyengo yawo. M'malingaliro ake, madera anayi okha a nyengo ndi omwe angatchedwe ndiwo zikuluzikulu, ndipo zigawo zitatu ndizosintha. Tiyeni tiwone mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe azikhalidwe.
Mitundu yazanyengo:
Lamba wa equator
Misa yam'mlengalenga imafalikira kuno chaka chonse. Nthawi yomwe dzuwa limakhala pamwamba pa lamba, ndipo awa ndi masiku a masika ndi nthawi yophukira, pamakhala kutentha mu lamba wa equator, kutentha kumafika pafupifupi madigiri 28 pamwambapa pa zero. Kutentha kwamadzi sikusiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, pafupifupi 1 digiri. Pali mvula yambiri pano, pafupifupi 3000 mm. Kutuluka kwamadzi ndikotsika pano, chifukwa chake pali madambo ambiri m'lamba ili, komanso nkhalango zambiri zowirira, chifukwa cha madambowo. Mvula yam'madera awa a lamba wa equator imabwera ndi mphepo zamalonda, ndiye kuti, mphepo yamvula. Nyengo yamtunduwu imapezeka kumpoto kwa South America, kudutsa Gulf of Guinea, Mtsinje wa Congo ndi kumtunda kwa Nile, komanso pafupifupi zilumba zonse zaku Indonesia, kudera lina la Pacific ndi Indian Ocean, zomwe zili ku Asia komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Victoria, yomwe ili ku Africa.
Lamba wotentha
Malo amtunduwu amakhala nthawi imodzi ku Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Nyengo yamtunduwu imagawidwa m'malo otentha am'mbali mwanyanja. Dzikoli lili pamtunda wopanikizika kwambiri, chifukwa chake, kuli kaphokoso kakang'ono mu lamba uyu, pafupifupi 250 mm. Chilimwe chimatentha kuno, chifukwa chake kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakwera kufika madigiri 40 pamwamba pa zero. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha sikutsika kuposa madigiri 10 kuposa zero.
Kulibe mitambo mlengalenga, motero nyengo iyi imadziwika ndi usiku wozizira. Kutentha kwamatsiku ndi kwakukulu, motero kumathandizira kuwononga miyala kwambiri.
Chifukwa chakugwa kwamiyala yayikulu, fumbi ndi mchenga wambiri zimapangidwa, zomwe pambuyo pake zimapanga mphepo zamkuntho. Mvula yamkunthoyi imatha kubweretsa ngozi kwa anthu. Madera akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa nyengo zakontinenti amasiyana ndi ambiri. Popeza mafunde ozizira amayenda m'mphepete mwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa, Australia, chifukwa chake kutentha kwamlengalenga kumatsika kwambiri, kulibe mvula yambiri, pafupifupi 100 mm. Ngati mungayang'ane gombe lakum'mawa, mafunde ofunda amayenda apa, chifukwa chake, kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakhala kokwezeka komanso kugwa kwamvula. Malowa ndi oyenera kukopa alendo.
Nyengo ya m'nyanja
Nyengo yamtunduwu imafanana pang'ono ndi nyengo ya ku equator, kusiyana kokha ndikuti kulibe mitambo yolimba komanso mphepo yamphamvu, yolimba. Kutentha kwa mpweya wachilimwe pano sikukwera pamwamba pa madigiri 27, ndipo nthawi yozizira sikutsika pansi pamadigiri 15. Nthawi yamvumbi pano makamaka chilimwe, koma pali ochepa, pafupifupi 50 mm. Dera louma limeneli ladzaza ndi alendo komanso alendo obwera kumatauni omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi yotentha.
Nyengo yozizira
Mvula imagwa pano pafupipafupi ndipo imachitika chaka chonse. Izi zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi mphepo zakumadzulo. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwamlengalenga sikukwera kuposa madigiri 28, ndipo nthawi yozizira kumafika madigiri -50. Pali magombe ambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja - 3000 mm, ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu - 1000 mm. Kusintha kowonekera kumawonekera nyengo za chaka zikasintha. Nyengo yotentha imapangidwa m'magawo awiri azungu - kumpoto ndi kumwera ndipo amakhala kumtunda kotentha. Dera lamavuto ochepa limapambana apa.
Nyengo yamtunduwu imagawidwa m'magulu ochepa: m'madzi ndi kontrakitala.
Subclimate yam'madzi imapezeka kumadzulo kwa North America, Eurasia ndi South America. Mphepo imachokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda. Kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti chilimwe ndi chozizira pano (+20 madigiri), koma nyengo yozizira ndiyotentha komanso yofatsa (+5 madigiri). Mvula imakhala yambiri - mpaka 6000 mm m'mapiri.
Continental subclimate - imafalikira zigawo zikuluzikulu. Kunalibe mvula yambiri, chifukwa mphepo zamkuntho sizingadutse apa. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri +26, ndipo nthawi yozizira kumakhala kozizira - madigiri 24 ndi chipale chofewa. Ku Eurasia, subclimate yaku Continental imafotokozedwa momveka bwino ku Yakutia. M'nyengo yozizira kumakhala kozizira kuno komwe kumagwa mvula pang'ono. Izi ndichifukwa choti zigawo zamkati mwa Eurasia, madera samakhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi mphepo yam'nyanja ndi nyanja. Pamphepete mwa nyanjayi, mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wambiri, chisanu chimafewetsa nthawi yozizira komanso kutentha nthawi yotentha.
Palinso nyengo yayikulu yamvula yamkuntho yomwe imapezeka ku Kamchatka, Korea, kumpoto kwa Japan, ndi madera ena a China. Subtype iyi imafotokozedwa ndikusintha kwamphamvu kwa mvula. Ma Monsoon ndi mphepo yomwe, nthawi zambiri imabweretsa mvula kumtunda ndipo nthawi zonse imawomba kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda. M'nyengo yozizira kumakhala kozizira kuno chifukwa cha mphepo yozizira, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe kumagwa mvula. Mvula kapena mvula zimabweretsedwa kuno ndi mphepo zochokera kunyanja ya Pacific. Pachilumba cha Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka, mvula siying'ono, pafupifupi 2000 mm. Mlengalenga mwa nyengo yonse yotentha amakhala ochepa. Chifukwa cha chinyezi chowonjezeka cha zilumbazi, ndi mamilimita 2000 amvula chaka chilichonse kwa munthu wosazolowera, kuzolowera ndikofunikira mderali.
Nyengo ya polar
Nyengo yamtunduwu imapanga malamba awiri: Antarctic ndi Arctic. Mlengalenga wa Polar umalamulira pano chaka chonse. Usiku wakumadzulo kotentha kotere, dzuwa limakhala kulibe miyezi ingapo, ndipo mkati mwa dzuwa silimachoka konse, koma limawala kwa miyezi ingapo. Chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa sichimasungunuka pano, ndipo kutentha kwa chisanu ndi chipale chofewa kumatenga mpweya wozizira wosalekeza mumlengalenga. Mphamvu ya mphepo imafooka apa ndipo kulibe mitambo konse. Pali mvula yayikulu pano, koma tinthu tofanana ndi singano timangoyenda mlengalenga. Pali pazipita 100 mm mpweya. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwa mpweya sikupitilira madigiri 0, ndipo nthawi yozizira kumafika -40. M'chilimwe, kuzizira kwakanthawi kumachitika mlengalenga. Mukamapita kudera lino, mutha kuzindikira kuti nkhopeyo imaluma pang'ono ndi chisanu, motero kutentha kumawoneka kuti ndikokwera kuposa momwe kulili.
Mitundu yonse yam'malo omwe takambirana pamwambapa amawerengedwa kuti ndiwofunikira, chifukwa pano mphepo yam'mlengalenga imagwirizana ndi malowa. Palinso mitundu yapakatikati yamanyengo, yomwe imakhala ndi dzina loyambirira "sub" mdzina lawo. Mumitundu yamtunduwu, makamu am'mlengalenga amasinthidwa ndi nyengo zomwe zikubwera. Amadutsa kuchokera ku malamba apafupi. Asayansi akufotokoza izi ndikuti Dziko lapansi likamayenda mozungulira malo ake, nyengo zimasinthasintha, tsopano kumwera, kenako kumpoto.
Mitundu ya nyengo yapakatikati
Subequatorial nyengo
Masamba a equatorial amabwera kuno nthawi yotentha, ndipo magulu otentha amalamulira nthawi yozizira. Pali mvula yambiri m'nyengo yachilimwe - pafupifupi 3000 mm, koma, ngakhale zili choncho, dzuwa ndilopanda pake pano ndipo kutentha kwamlengalenga kumafikira madigiri 30 chilimwe chonse. Nyengo yozizira ndiyabwino.
M'dera lino lanyengo, dothi limapuma mpweya wabwino komanso limatulutsidwa. Kutentha kwamlengalenga pano kumafika madigiri +14 ndipo mvula, ndi yochepa kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira. Ngalande zabwino za nthaka sizimalola kuti madzi azisunthira ndikupanga madambo, monga nyengo yanyengo. Nyengo yamtunduwu imatha kukhazikika. Nawa mayiko omwe akukhala mpaka malire ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, India, Ethiopia, Indochina. Mitengo yambiri yolimidwa imakula pano, yomwe imatumizidwa kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Kumpoto kwa lamba uyu kuli Venezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Africa, Australia, South America, Bangladesh ndi mayiko ena. Kum'mwera kuli Amazonia, Brazil, kumpoto kwa Australia komanso pakati pa Africa.
Nyengo yotentha
Mpweya wotentha umapezeka pano chilimwe, ndipo nthawi yozizira amabwera kuchokera kumtunda kotentha ndipo amakhala ndi mvula yambiri. Chilimwe ndi chouma komanso chotentha, ndipo kutentha kumafika madigiri +50. Zima ndi zofatsa kwambiri ndizotentha kwambiri -20 madigiri. Mpweya wotsika, pafupifupi 120 mm.
Kumadzulo kulamulidwa ndi nyengo ya Mediterranean yodziwika ndi nyengo yotentha komanso nyengo yamvula. Dera ili limasiyana chifukwa pali mvula yambiri kuno. Mpweya wa mamilimita pafupifupi 600 umagwera kuno chaka chilichonse. Dera ili ndi labwino kwa malo odyera komanso miyoyo ya anthu wamba.
Mbewu zimaphatikizapo mphesa, zipatso za zipatso ndi maolivi. Mphepo za Monsoon zimapambana apa. M'nyengo yozizira kumakhala kowuma komanso kozizira, komanso kotentha komanso kotentha nthawi yotentha. Mvula imagwa apa pafupifupi 800 mm pachaka. Mvula yamkuntho imawomba kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda ndikubweretsa mvula yamkuntho nawo, ndipo nthawi yozizira mphepo imawomba kuchokera kumtunda kukafika kunyanja. Nyengo yamtunduwu imadziwika ku Northern Hemisphere komanso kum'mawa kwa Asia. Zomera zimakula bwino kuno chifukwa chamvula yambiri. Komanso, chifukwa cha mvula yambiri, ulimi wakula bwino pano, womwe umapatsa moyo nzika zakomweko.
Mtundu wam'mlengalenga wapansi
Chilimwe ndichabwino komanso chinyezi pano. Kutentha kumakwera mpaka +10, ndipo mpweya wake ndi pafupifupi 300 mm. Pamalo otsetsereka a phiri kuchuluka kwa mvula ndi kwakukulu kuposa zigwa. Kuchuluka kwa madera kumawonetsa kukokoloka kochepa kwa gawolo, ndipo palinso nyanja zambiri pano. Nyengo ndizitali komanso kuzizira pano, ndipo kutentha kumafika -50 madigiri. Malire amitengo ndiosagwirizana, izi ndizomwe zimayankhula za kutenthetsa kosagwirizana kwa Dziko lapansi komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa mpumulo.
Madera ozungulira Antarctic ndi Arctic
Mpweya wa Arctic umalamulira pano, ndipo kutumphuka kwa chipale chofewa sikusungunuka. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kwamlengalenga kumafika -71 madigiri kutsika kwa zero. M'chilimwe, kutentha kumatha kukwera mpaka -20 madigiri. Kuli mvula yochepa pano.
M'maderawa, nyengo zam'mlengalenga zimasintha kuchokera ku arctic, zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi yozizira, kukhala ma air, omwe amalamulira nthawi yotentha. Zima zimatenga miyezi 9 pano, ndipo kumazizira kwambiri, chifukwa kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsikira mpaka -40 madigiri. M'nyengo yotentha, pafupifupi, kutentha kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 0. Kwa nyengo yamtunduwu, chinyezi chambiri, chomwe chili pafupifupi 200 mm komanso kutuluka kwamadzi pang'ono. Mphepo zimakhala zamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawomba m'derali. Nyengo yamtunduwu ili pagombe lakumpoto kwa North America ndi Eurasia, komanso Antarctica ndi zilumba za Aleutian.
Nyengo yoyeserera
Kudera lanyengo lotere, mphepo zochokera kumadzulo zimapambana mpumulowo, ndipo mvula yamkuntho imawomba kuchokera kummawa. Mvula ikamawomba, mvula imadalira kutalikirako kuchokera kunyanja, komanso mtunda. Kuyandikira kwa nyanja, mpweya umagwa kwambiri. Madera akumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa makontinenti amakhala ndi mvula yambiri, pomwe kum'mwera kulibe zochepa. Zima ndi chilimwe ndizosiyana kwambiri pano, pali kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo pamtunda ndi panyanja. Chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa pano chimangokhala miyezi ingapo, m'nyengo yozizira kutentha kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwamlengalenga.
Malo otentha amakhala ndi nyengo zinayi: nyengo yam'madzi (nyengo yotentha yokwanira ndi nyengo yamvula), malo ozungulira nyengo (nyengo yamvula yambiri mchilimwe), nyengo yamvula (nyengo yozizira ndi yotentha yamvula), komanso nyengo yakusintha kochokera kunyanja malamba kumadera ozungulira nyengo.
Madera otentha komanso otentha
M'madera otentha, nthawi zambiri mumakhala mpweya wotentha komanso wouma. Pakati pa dzinja ndi chirimwe, kusiyana kwa kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu ndipo nkofunika kwambiri. M'chilimwe, kutentha kumakhala madigiri + 35, ndipo nthawi yozizira +10 madigiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu kotentha kumawonekera pano pakati pamasana ndi usiku kutentha. M'madera otentha, mvula imagwa pang'ono, yopitilira 150 mm pachaka. M'mphepete mwake, mumagwa mvula yambiri, koma osati yambiri, chifukwa chinyezi chimatsika kuchokera kunyanja.
M'madera otentha, mpweya umawuma kwambiri nthawi yotentha kuposa nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, kumakhala chinyezi kwambiri. Chilimwe chimatentha kwambiri pano, chifukwa kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakwera mpaka + 30 madigiri. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kwamlengalenga sikutsika kwenikweni pamadigiri, motero ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira sizizizira kwenikweni pano. Chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, chimasungunuka mwachangu kwambiri ndipo sichimasiya chivundikirocho. Pali mvula yaying'ono - pafupifupi 500 mm. Kumadera otentha kuli madera angapo a nyengo: monsoon, yomwe imabweretsa mvula kuchokera kunyanja mpaka kumtunda komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, Mediterranean, yomwe imadziwika ndi mvula yambiri, komanso kontrakitala, komwe kumakhala kocheperako ndipo kumakhala kouma komanso kotentha.
Madera ozungulira Subequatorial and equatorial
Kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala madigiri 28, ndipo kusiyana kwake kuyambira masana mpaka usiku kumakhala kochepa. Chinyontho chokwanira mokwanira ndi mphepo yamkuntho imakhala yofanana ndi nyengo yamtunduwu. Mvula imagwa pano chaka chilichonse 2000 mm. Nthawi zingapo zamvula zimasinthasintha ndi nthawi zochepa zamvula. Nyengo ya equatorial ili ku Amazon, pagombe la Gulf of Guinea, Africa, ku Malacca Peninsula, kuzilumba za New Guinea.
Kumbali zonse ziwiri zanyengo kumadera ozungulira equator kuli madera omwe amapezeka pansi pa nyanja. Mtundu wanyengo wa equator umapezekanso mchilimwe, komanso kotentha komanso kowuma nthawi yozizira. Ndiye chifukwa chake mvula imagwa mvula yambiri nthawi yachilimwe kuposa nthawi yozizira. Pamalo otsetsereka a mapiri, mvula imatsika mpaka kufika 10,000 mm pachaka, ndipo izi zonse chifukwa cha mvula yamphamvu yomwe imalamulira kuno chaka chonse. Pafupifupi, kutentha kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 30. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa dzinja ndi chilimwe ndikokulirapo kuposa nyengo yanyengo. Mtundu wanyengo wocheperako umapezeka kumapiri aku Brazil, New Guinea ndi South America, komanso kumpoto kwa Australia.
Mitundu ya nyengo
Masiku ano, pali njira zitatu zakusankhira nyengo:
- ndi mawonekedwe a kufalikira kwa misa yamlengalenga;
- potengera momwe chilengedwe chilili;
- malinga ndi nyengo.
Kutengera ndi zisonyezo zina nyengo zotsatirazi zitha kusiyanitsidwa:
- Dzuwa. Amadziwika kuchuluka kwa kulandila ndi kufalitsa ma radiation ya ultraviolet padziko lapansi. Kukhazikika kwa nyengo yadzuwa kumakhudzidwa ndi zisonyezo zakuthambo, nyengo ndi kutalika;
- Phiri. Nyengo pamalo okwera m'mapiri amadziwika ndi kuthamanga kwapansi kwamlengalenga ndi mpweya wabwino, kuwonjezeka kwa ma radiation ndi kuchulukitsa kwa mvula;
- Zovuta. Amakhala m'zipululu komanso m'zipululu. Pali kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwamasana ndi kutentha kwamasana, ndipo mphepo imakhalapo ndipo sizimachitika kamodzi zaka zingapo;
- Chinyezi. Nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Amapanga m'malo omwe mulibe dzuwa lokwanira, kotero chinyezi sichikhala ndi nthawi yotuluka nthunzi;
- Nivalny. Nyengoyi imapezeka m'malo omwe mvula imagwa makamaka yolimba, imakhazikika ngati matalala ndi matalala, alibe nthawi yosungunuka ndikusanduka nthunzi;
- Mzinda. Kutentha mumzinda nthawi zonse kumakhala kokwera kuposa madera ozungulira. Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumalandiridwa pang'ono, chifukwa chake, masana masana ndi achidule kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili pafupi. Mitambo yambiri imakuta mizinda, ndipo mvula imagwa nthawi zambiri, ngakhale m'malo ena chinyezi sichicheperako.
Mwambiri, nyengo zanyengo padziko lapansi zimasinthasintha mwachilengedwe, koma sizitchulidwa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe anyengoyi amadalira mpumulo komanso mtunda.M'dera lomwe chiwonetsero cha anthropogenic chikuwonetsedwa kwambiri, nyengo idzasiyana ndi zachilengedwe. Tisaiwale kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi, nyengo iyi kapena nyengo imasintha, kusintha kwa nyengo kumasintha, komwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi.
