Sayansi ya limonology imagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wamadzi. Asayansi kusiyanitsa mitundu ingapo ndi chiyambi, kuphatikizapo nyanja tectonic. Amapangidwa chifukwa chakuyenda kwamiyala yama lithospheric ndikuwonekera kwa zotumphuka padziko lapansi. Umu ndi momwe nyanja yakuya kwambiri padziko lapansi - Baikal komanso yayikulu kwambiri m'derali - Nyanja ya Caspian. M'dongosolo lakum'mawa kwa Africa ku Africa, mpanda waukulu wapangika, pomwe pali nyanja zambiri:
- Tanganyika;
- Albert;
- Nyasa;
- Edward;
- Dead Sea (ndiye nyanja yotsika kwambiri padziko lapansi).
Mwa mawonekedwe ake, nyanjayi ndi yopapatiza komanso madzi akuya, okhala ndi magombe osiyana. Pansi pake nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pamadzi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino omwe amafanana ndi mzere wopindika, wosweka, wopindika. Pansi, mutha kupeza mitundu ya mpumulo. M'mphepete mwa nyanja zamatekinoloje mumakhala miyala yolimba, ndipo sizimakokoloka bwino. Pafupifupi, malo amadzi akuya amtundu uwu amakhala 70%, ndi madzi osaya - osapitirira 20%. Madzi amchere amchere si ofanana, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutentha pang'ono.
Nyanja yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi
Mtsinje wa Suna uli ndi nyanja zazikulu komanso zapakatikati:
- Randozero;
- Palier;
- Salvilambi;
- Nsapato;
- Sundozero.
Mwa nyanja zomwe zimachokera ku Kyrgyzstan pali Son-Kul, Chatyr-Kul ndi Issyk-Kul. M'dera la Trans-Ural Plain, palinso nyanja zingapo zopangidwa chifukwa chazovuta za tectonic pachikopa cholimba padziko lapansi. Awa ndi Argayash ndi Kaldy, Uelgi ndi Tishki, Shablish ndi Sugoyak. Ku Asia, kulinso nyanja zamchere Kukunor, Khubsugul, Urmia, Biwa ndi Van.
Palinso nyanja zingapo zoyambira ku tectonic ku Europe. Awa ndi Geneva ndi Veettern, Como ndi Constance, Balaton ndi Lake Maggiore. Pakati pa nyanja zaku America zaku tectonic, Great North Lakes American iyenera kutchulidwa. Winnipeg, Athabasca ndi Big Bear Lake ndi amtundu womwewo.
Nyanja za Tectonic zili m'zigwa kapena m'malo azipilala za intermontane. Ndi zazakuya kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri. Osati kokha mapangidwe a lithosphere, komanso kuphulika kwa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi kumatenga nawo gawo pakupanga malo owonekera kunyanja. Pansi pa nyanja zamchere zili pansi pamadzi. Madamu oterewa amapezeka m'makontinenti onse apadziko lapansi, koma kuchuluka kwawo kwakukulu kumapezeka m'malo ophulika apadziko lapansi.
