Masiku ano pali mitundu yambiri ya kuipitsa, ndipo yambiri ili ndi magawidwe osiyana. Kuwonongeka kwa radioactive kumachitika kutengera chinthu - gwero la zinthu zowulutsa radioactive. Kuwononga kotereku kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha mayeso a zida za nyukiliya kapena chifukwa changozi pamalo opangira zida za nyukiliya. Pakadali pano padziko lapansi pali zida za nyukiliya 430, 46 zomwe zili ku Russia.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa nyukiliya
Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa nyukiliya. Chimodzi mwazikuluzikulu ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya, komwe kumabweretsa ma radiation ndi radioisotopes yogwira nthaka, madzi, chakudya, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonongeka uku ndikutuluka kwa zinthu zowulutsa ma radioactor kuchokera ku ma reactor. Kutayikira kumathanso kupezeka poyendetsa kapena posungira magwero a radioactive.
Zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za radioactive ndi izi:
- migodi ndi kukonza mchere wokhala ndi ma radioactive particles;
- kugwiritsa ntchito malasha;
- mphamvu ya nyukiliya;
- zomera zotentha;
- malo omwe zida za nyukiliya zimayesedwa;
- kuphulika kwa nyukiliya molakwitsa;
- zombo za nyukiliya;
- kuwonongeka kwa ma satelayiti ndi zombo zamlengalenga;
- mitundu ina ya zipolopolo;
- kuwononga ndi zinthu zowononga mphamvu.
Zowononga zigawo
Pali zowononga zowononga nyukiliya zambiri. Chachikulu ndi ayodini-131, panthawi yomwe maselo a zamoyo amasintha ndikufa. Amalowa ndikuyika chithokomiro cha anthu ndi nyama. Strontium-90 ndi yoopsa kwambiri ndipo imayikidwa m'mafupa. Cesium-137 imawerengedwa kuti ndiomwe amaipitsa chilengedwe. Mwa zina, cobalt-60 ndi americium-241 ndizoopsa.
Zinthu zonsezi zimalowa mlengalenga, madzi, nthaka. Amayambitsa zinthu zamoyo komanso zopanda moyo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalowa m'zinthu za anthu, zomera ndi nyama. Ngakhale anthu atakhala kuti samalumikizana mwachindunji ndi zinthu zowulutsa ma radio, kuwala kwachilengedwe kumakhudza chilengedwe. Kutentha kotereku kumakhala kolimba kwambiri m'mapiri komanso pamapazi apadziko lapansi, ku equator sikukhudzidwa kwenikweni. Miyala yomwe ili pamtunda wa dziko lapansi imatulutsanso ma radiation, makamaka radium, uranium, thorium, yomwe imapezeka m'miyala ya granite, basalts, ndi miyala ina yamaginito.
Zotsatira zakuwonongeka kwa radioactive
Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, kugwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono m'gawo lamagetsi, migodi yamiyala yamtundu wina, kumatha kuwononga chilengedwe. Kudzikundikira mthupi, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zama radio zimakhudza ma cell. Amachepetsa kuthekera kwakubala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zomera ndi nyama zidzachepa, ndipo mavuto a anthu omwe ali ndi pakati adzakulanso. Kuphatikiza apo, kuipitsidwa ndi nyukiliya kumawonjezera matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza owopsa.
Zinthu zamagetsi zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wonse padziko lapansi. Amalowa mlengalenga, m'madzi, m'nthaka ndipo amakhala gawo lazomwe zimachitika. Zosatheka kuchotsa zinthu zovulaza, koma ambiri amanyalanyaza zotsatira zake.
Zinthu zowulutsa ma radio zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zakunja ndi zamkati. Pali mankhwala omwe amadzikundikira mthupi ndikuwononga zosatheka. Zinthu zowopsa makamaka zimaphatikizapo tritium, radioisotopes ya ayodini, thorium, uranium radionuclides. Amatha kulowa mthupi ndikuyenda limodzi ndi unyolo wazakudya ndi minyewa. Atalowa mkati, zimawotcha munthu ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa chamoyo chaching'ono, kukulitsa mavuto a munthu wokhwima.
Zinthu zovulaza ndizosavuta kuzisintha ndikukhala ndizikhalidwe zawo, mwachitsanzo, zina mwazo zimangodziunjikira m'ziwalo ndi ziwalo zina. Asayansi apeza kuti zinthu zina zimatha kunyamulidwa kuchokera kuzomera kupita ku thupi la ziweto, kenako, pamodzi ndi nyama ndi mkaka, zimalowa m'thupi la munthu. Zotsatira zake, anthu amadwala matenda a chiwindi komanso mavuto am'magwiridwe antchito kumaliseche. Zotsatira zowopsa kwambiri ndizomwe zimakhudza ana.
Zinthu zowononga mphamvu zingakhudze thupi la munthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, zina zimachitika patangopita mphindi zochepa, maola, pomwe ena amatha kudziwonetsera pakatha chaka chimodzi kapena ngakhale makumi. Kukula kwamphamvu kumadalira kuchuluka kwa radiation. Mlingowo umadalira mphamvu ya poizoniyu komanso kutalika kwa momwe zimakhudzira thupi. Zachidziwikire, anthu akakhala m'dera la radioactive, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zimawoneka ngati nseru, kusanza, kupweteka pachifuwa, kupuma movutikira, kupweteka mutu komanso kufiira (khungu). Izi zimachitika kuti mukakhudzana ndi tinthu ta beta, kutentha kwa radiation kumatha kuchitika. Iwo ndi ofatsa, ochepa, komanso okhwima. Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zimaphatikizira m'maso, kusabereka, kuchepa magazi, kusintha kwa magazi, ndi matenda ena. Mlingo waukulu ukhoza kupha.
Zapezeka kuti pafupifupi 25% yazinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimalowa m'thupi kudzera m'mapweya zimakhalabe mmenemo. Poterepa, kuwonekera mkati kumakhala kolimba nthawi zambiri komanso kowopsa kuposa kuwonekera kunja.
Poizoni amatha kusintha kwambiri chilengedwe cha anthu ndi zamoyo zonse zapadziko lapansi.
Masoka akulu
M'mbiri ya anthu, milandu ikuluikulu iwiri ingatchulidwe pomwe dziko lapansi lidawonongeka ndi ma radioactive. Izi ndi ngozi zapamtunda wamagetsi ku Chernobyl komanso pamalo opangira magetsi ku Fukushima-1. Chilichonse m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa chinawonongeka, ndipo anthu adalandira ma radiation ochulukirapo, omwe adatsogolera kuimfa kapena matenda akulu ndi matenda opatsirana ndi cholowa.
Mitundu yonse yazinyama ndi zomera nthawi zambiri imatha kupezeka munthawi yozizira bwino yomwe imachitika m'chilengedwe. Komabe, pakachitika ngozi kapena masoka ena aliwonse, kuipitsa kwa radiation kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa.
