Nkhumba ndi zanyama zopindika (artiodactyl order) za mtundu wa Sus m'mabanja a Suidae. Amachokera ku Eurasia ndi North Africa. Nkhumba zachilengedwe zimakhala makamaka m'nkhalango komanso m'malo amitengo pang'ono, zimagwira nawo gawo lachilengedwe. Nkhumba yoweta, Sus scrofa domesticus, inali imodzi mwazinyama zoyambilira kusungidwa ndi anthu ndipo ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri masiku ano.
Mitundu ya nkhumba
Nkhumba zaku Africa zakutchire (Potamochoerus porcus)
Ndi membala wokongola kwambiri m'banja la nkhumba, amakhala ndi malaya ofiira ndipo nthawi zambiri amasamba m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Mtundu ndi mawonekedwe apadera a subspecies ya nyama ndi osiyana kwambiri. Nkhumba yokhotakhota yochokera Kumadzulo kwa Africa imakhala yofiira kwambiri ndimizere yoyera kumbuyo. Nkhumba zomwe zimapezeka kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Africa ndi zofiira, zofiirira, kapena zakuda ndipo nthawi zina zimada ndi msinkhu.
Nguluwe zakutchire zalumikizana ndi zipsinjo ndi zipilala ziwiri; amatetezanso mutu pankhondo yomenyera nkhondo. Nkhumba yokhotakhota imathamanga pamtunda, komanso amasambira mwachangu ngati kuli kofunikira.
Nkhumba yayikulu yamtchire (Hylochoerus meiertzhageni)
Iyi ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nkhumba zakutchire. Nguluwe zimalemera makilogalamu 50 kuposa zazikazi. Anthu akummawa amakhalanso ochulukirapo kuposa azungu. Amphongo a nkhumba zakumadzulo samaposa 150 kg, amuna ochokera kummawa amapezanso 225 kg. Akuluakulu aamuna ndi akazi onse ndi akuda kapena obiriwira. Chovala chotalika koma chochepa chimakwirira thupi. Kutsika pakati pa nsanamira, ma bristles aatali (mpaka 17 cm) amapanga mane omwe amatuluka ndikasangalala.
Makhalidwe a nkhumba zamnkhalango ndizodziwika bwino: nasal disc ndi yayikulu kwambiri (mpaka 16 cm m'mimba mwake), ndipo mwa amuna, kutupa kwakukulu kumawonekera pansi pa maso. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi mano owawa (akazi ali ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri). Mwa amuna, ma canine amapindika pang'ono; kutalika kwakutali ndi 35.9 cm.
Nkhumba (Phacochoerus africanus / aethiopicus)
Amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto, osati kunkhalango, monga nkhumba zina. Pali mitundu iwiri ya nkhumba: warthog wamba (dzina la sayansi Phacochoerus africanus) ndi warthog ya m'chipululu (Phacochoerus aethiopicus).
Chodziwika kwambiri mwa izi, warthog wamba, amapezeka kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kuphatikiza Horn of Africa, ndipo Desert Warthog imangokhala ku Horn of Africa. Mpaka posachedwapa, akatswiri a zoo sanasiyanitse mitundu iwiri ya zikopa zazing'ono. Mwakutero, malire amagawidwe amitundu iwiriyi mu Horn of Africa samamvetsetseka, komanso kuchuluka kwakachuluka.
Babirussa (Babyrousa babyrussa) kapena nkhumba yamphongo
Amakhala kuzilumba zina kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndipo amadziwika ndi ma canine apamwamba omwe amakula pamwamba pakamwa ndikubwerera kumbuyo, mwina kuteteza maso ku nthambi zamitengo nkhumba ikadutsa m'nkhalango. Chinyama chimagwiritsa ntchito mayini apansi motsutsana ndi mababusi ena pomenya nkhondo.
Ku America, komwe nkhumba sizimabadwa, peccary yofananira (Tayassuidae) imakhalanso ndi chilengedwe chofananira, chofanana ndi nkhumba mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe.
Nkhumba zandebvu (Sus barbatus)
Izi ndi nkhumba zazikulu ndi zamiyendo italiitali, zazimuna zimangokulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Thupi lomwe limakhala ndi tsitsi lochepa nthawi zambiri limakhala lotuwa. Mthunzi wa malaya amakhalanso ofiira ofiira, amdima wakuda, kutengera malo okhala komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Mchira uli ndi chikoka chamizere iwiri ya ubweya wa bristly. Pakamwa pake ndi kotalikirapo, pa mlatho wa mphuno ndi masaya pali "ndevu" za tsitsi lolimba, lakuda. Ndevu zimadziwika kwambiri mwa amuna, tsitsi mpaka 15 cm kutalika. Mtundu woyera wa ndevu (nthawi zina wachikaso kapena siliva) umachotsedwa ndi khungu lakuda pakati pa ndevu, chimbale cha m'mphuno komanso mozungulira maso. Amuna amakhala ndi nsonga ziwiri zakumaso, koma ndi zazing'ono komanso zobisika mkati mwa ndevu, mulibe akazi. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi mayini akuthwa; mwa amuna, amatha kutalika kwa 25 cm. Makutu ndi ang'ono ndi osongoka.
Nguluwe (Sus scrofa)
Chovala chofiiracho ndi chowinduka komanso chowoneka bwino, kutuwa ndi ukalamba. Mphuno, masaya ndi mmero zimaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi loyera. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kozungulira, miyendo ndi yayitali, makamaka kuma subspecies akumpoto. Ana a nkhumba amabadwa ali ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka mthupi, yomwe imasowa pakati pa miyezi yachiwiri ndi yachisanu ndi chimodzi. Mtundu wa nkhumba zazikulu zakutchire zimapangidwa ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Mutu wopanda wart ndi wautali komanso wosongoka. Mitsempha yapamwambayi imapanga zibangili zomwe zimakhota pamwamba. Mitsempha yakumunsi imakhala ngati lumo, yodzilimbitsa yokha ikapukutidwa motsutsana ndi ma canine apamwamba. Mchira ndi wautali ndi chofunda.
Nkhumba yaying'ono (Sus salvanius)
Mitunduyi imapezeka ku India kokha, mitundu yake imangokhala ku Man National Park kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Assam. Izi ndi nkhumba zazing'ono 20-30cm kutalika. Mtundu uwu umakhala m'mapiri ataliatali. Nkhumba zimadya mizu, tubers, tizilombo, makoswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Zimaswana nyengo isanakwane mvula, zimabereka timwana ta nkhumba zitatu kapena sikisi.
Nkhumba zoweta (Sus scrofa domesticus)
Pakati pa akatswiri a zoo, ili ndi dzina la sayansi la Sus scrofa, ngakhale olemba ena amalitcha S. domesticus, kusiya S. scrofa kwa nguluwe zakutchire. Boar (Sus scrofa) ndi makolo akale a nkhumba zoweta, zomwe zidasinthidwa zaka 10,000 zapitazo, mwina ku China kapena ku Middle East. Nkhumba zoweta zafalikira ku Asia, Europe, Middle East, North Africa ndi Pacific Islands kuyambira nthawi zakale. Nkhumba zinayambitsidwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa North America kuchokera ku Europe ndi Hernando de Soto ndi ena ofufuza aku Spain oyambilira. Nkhumba zomwe zidapulumuka zidayamba kudya ndipo Amwenye Achimereka ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya.
Kufotokozera ndi khalidwe
Nkhumba yodziwika imakhala ndi mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi mphuno yayitali, yomwe imalimbikitsidwa ndi fupa lapadera lotchedwa pre-nasal bone, ndi cartilaginous disc kumapeto kwake. Mphunoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba nthaka posaka chakudya ndipo ndi chiwalo chazovuta kwambiri. Nkhumba zimakhala ndi mano okwanira 44. Mankhwalawa, omwe amatchedwa mano awo, amakula nthawi zonse ndikuthwa ngati nsagwada zakumunsi ndi zapamwamba zikutsutsana.
Zakudya za nkhumba
Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zambiri zopanda nguluwe, nkhumba zilibe zowotcha zingapo ndipo sizikhala ndi moyo pamasamba ndi maudzu okha. Nkhumba ndi omnivores, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amadya zomera ndi nyama kuti azidya. Amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
- ziphuphu;
- mbewu;
- zomera zobiriwira;
- mizu;
- tubers;
- bowa;
- zipatso;
- zovunda;
- mazira;
- tizilombo;
- nyama zazing'ono.
Nthawi zina, pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, nkhumba yaikazi imadya ana ake.
Kodi nkhumba zimakhala kuti
Nkhumba ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimafalikira kwambiri komanso kusintha kwazinyama zazikulu. Amapezeka mwachilengedwe m'malo ambiri a ku Eurasia, kuyambira nkhalango zotentha mpaka nkhalango zakumpoto.
Nkhumba ndi nyama zocheza
Mwachilengedwe, nkhumba zazikazi ndi ana awo amakhala pagulu lambiri lotchedwa gulu (amuna achikulire nthawi zambiri amakhala osungulumwa.) Mamembala a Sonar amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito kupenya, kumvekera komanso kununkhiza, amagwirira ntchito limodzi kupeza chakudya ndikuwona nyama zolusa ndikuwapewa ...
Chifukwa chiyani nkhumba zimakonda dothi
Nkhumba zilibe thukuta, choncho nyengo yotentha imaziziritsa thupi ndi madzi kapena matope. Amagwiritsanso ntchito matope ngati zotchinga dzuwa zomwe zimateteza chikopa kuti chisapse ndi dzuwa. Matope amateteza ntchentche ndi tiziromboti.
Momwe nkhumba zimaswanirana
Nkhumba zimafika msinkhu wobereka, pafupifupi chaka chatha kubadwa, ndipo zimatulutsa timwana ta ana a nkhumba, makamaka ana anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu achilengedwe, chaka chilichonse atatha msinkhu. Nkhumba zimasiyana ndi nyama zina zokhotakhota chifukwa mayi amamanga rookery yomwe amabadwiramo ndikusamalira nkhumba zazing'ono.
Zovulaza ndi zabwino zachilengedwe
Nyama izi zimapindulitsa nkhalango zomwe amakhala:
- idyani nyama zakufa;
- onetsetsani kuchuluka kwa tizirombo ta tizilombo pamitengo;
- kwezani nthaka ndi mphuno ndi mayini, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu;
- kufalitsa mbewu, ma fungus spores, kuphatikizapo truffle.
Kumbali inayi, nkhumba zoweta (nkhumba zoweta kuthengo) zimakhala ngati tizirombo ndipo zimawononga chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, nkhumba zimabweretsa ku Australia:
- kuwononga malo okhala zomera ndi nyama zakomweko;
- kulimbikitsa kukula kwa namsongole;
- kuononga msipu ndi mbewu;
- kuwononga chilengedwe, kukumba mphuno zawo pansi kufunafuna chakudya.
Kodi munthu amagwiritsa ntchito nkhumba chiyani?
Nkhumba zidasakira ma truffles, nkhosa zodyedwa, zimakhala ngati masewera alenje, zosewerera m'makanema ndikupanga makanema. Zofanana ndi anthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zamankhwala. Mavavu amtima wa nkhumba amaikidwa mumtima wamunthu, chiwindi cha nkhumba chidapulumutsa miyoyo, chidawikidwanso m'chiwindi cha anthu omwe akudwala chiwindi, zomwe zimatchedwa "perfusion."
Nkhumba si chakudya cha anthu zokha, komanso ziweto
Nkhumba zimadziwika kuti ndi nyama zanzeru, ndipo akatswiri a zoo awona kuti zimaphunzitsidwa kuposa agalu kapena amphaka. Nkhumba zaku Asia Vietnamese, mtundu wawung'ono wa nkhumba zoweta, zakhala ziweto zotchuka. Poyamba, nkhumba zoweta zinkasungidwa m'nyumba. Anthu adasiya kuyika nkhumba chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso kuwononga kwawo. Ana a nkhumba zazing'ono amatengeredwa m'nyumba yotentha m'nyengo yozizira ngati khola likuzizira kwambiri. Koma, monga lamulo, amasamutsidwa ku cholembera akamakula.
Mitundu ya nkhumba
Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhumba yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera malo osiyanasiyana ndikupanga zomwe akufuna. Nkhumba zimawonetsedwa pazowonetsa zaulimi, pomwe oweluza milandu amawawona ngati:
- kuswana, kuyerekezera ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse;
- kapena poyenerera kuphedwa ndikupeza nyama yoyambira.
Mphamvu ya nkhumba pachilengedwe
Nkhumba zazikulu zowetera ku America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii ndi madera ena omwe nkhumba sizinyama zenizeni zatulukira:
- nkhumba zoweta zomwe zimayenda mwaulere kapena zimaloledwa kudyetsa m'chilengedwe;
- nguluwe zakutchire, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ngati nyama zosaka.
Nkhumba zakutchire, monga nyama zina zonse zomwe zasamukira, ndizoyambitsa zazikulu zakutha ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe. Adziwitsidwa kumadera ambiri adziko lapansi ndikuwononga mbewu ndi ziwembu zakunyumba ndikufalitsa matenda. Nkhumba zimalima madera akuluakulu, zimawononga zomera zakomweko ndikufalitsa namsongole. Ndi:
- amasintha malo okhala;
- imathandizira kutsatana kwa zomera;
- amachepetsa nyama zomwe zimapezeka mderali.
Kodi nkhumba zimakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nthawi yayitali ya nkhumba zoweta ndi zaka 15 mpaka 20, zomwe ndizotalika kuposa zaka 4 mpaka 8 za boar. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchuluka kwa zakufa m'chilengedwe.
Momwe nkhumba zimadzitetezera kwa adani
Nkhumba ndi nyama zolusa, koma amasakidwanso ndi mitundu ina ya chilengedwe. Ngakhale ali mu ukapolo, amakopa nyama zolusa ndikukumana nazo, ngakhale kukhala moyandikana ndi anthu.
Nkhumba zimadalira kuthamanga, kuthawa adani. Kuphatikiza pa kuthamanga, amagwiritsa ntchito mano, omwe amakhala ngati zida ndi chitetezo. Tsoka ilo, nkhumba zoweta, mayini amachotsedwa chifukwa eni ake amamva kuti sizomveka.
Chitetezo china cha nkhumba ndi zikopa zakuda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti nyama yolusa idye nyama. Kupatula luso lakuthupi, nkhumba zimadaliranso pakumva komanso kununkhiza. Pomaliza, nzeru za nkhumba ndiye chida chachikulu. Nkhumba imakhala m'gulu lachinayi pakati pa nyama zanzeru kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imatha kugonjetsa nyama zolusa!
Adani / Odyera nkhumba:
- anthu;
- mimbulu;
- afisi;
- zofunda;
- grizzly;
- mimbulu;
- agalu;
- ziphuphu;
- lynx;
- mikango.
Kuphatikiza pa adani apansi, zolusa zowuluka zimasaka nkhumba:
- kadzidzi;
- mphungu.
Zodya nthenga zimatenga ana a nkhumba kuzisa zawo, kuvulaza ngakhale achikulire, zikhadabo zakuthwa ndi milomo zimasiya zilonda zotseguka.
