The axolotl (Latin Ambystoma mexicanum) ndi imodzi mwazinyama zabwino kwambiri zomwe mungakhale nazo mu aquarium yanu. Ndi mphutsi yotchedwa neotenic salamander, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imatha kukhwima popanda kukhala munthu wamkulu.
Zinyama za Axolotl zimakhala ku Lakes Xochimilco ndi Chalco ku Mexico, komabe, chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamatauni, mitengoyi ikuchepa.
Mwamwayi, ndizosavuta kubereka mu ukapolo, komanso, ndizofunikira kwasayansi chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo, zimatha kupanganso mitsempha, mchira komanso miyendo.
Kuphunzira kwa izi kwadzetsa chidziwitso chakuti pali ambiri a iwo omwe ali mu ukapolo, komanso mitundu yambiri yamitundu imachokera.
Kukhala m'chilengedwe
Malo obadwira ma axolotls ndi njira yakale yamadzi ndi nyanja ku Mexico City. Moyo wawo wonse amakhala m'madzi, osafikira pamtunda. Amakonda malo ozama m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja, okhala ndi zomera zambiri zam'madzi, chifukwa amadalira zomera zam'madzi.
Akamabereka, amaika mazira kuzomera zam'madzi kenako amawathira manyowa. Nyanja ya Xochimilco ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha minda yoyandama kapena ma chinampas, makamaka malo pakati pa ngalande zomwe anthu am'deralo amalima masamba ndi maluwa. Axolotls amakhala m'dongosolo lakale lathirili ndi nyanja.
Mwa njira, potanthauzira kuchokera ku chilankhulo chakale cha Aaztec, axolotl amatanthauza chilombo chamadzi. Asanafike ku Spain, Aaziteki amawadya, nyamayo imawonedwa ngati yamankhwala ndipo imalawa ngati eel.
Axolotls adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu ya amphibian yomwe ili pangozi. Popeza malo awo ndi ma 10 kilomita, ndipo nawonso ndi obalalika, ndizovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'chilengedwe.
Kufotokozera
Axolotls ndi mphutsi za ambistoma zomwe zimapezeka ku Mexico kokha, pamtunda wa mamita 2,290 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndi salamander yolimba, nthawi zambiri 90 mpaka 350 mm kutalika kuyambira mchira mpaka kumapeto kwa mphuno.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi, chifukwa cha mchira wautali. Ambistomas amapezeka m'njira ziwiri: neotenic (makamaka axolotl palokha, ngati mphutsi yomwe imakhala m'madzi ndikukhala ndimitseko yakunja) komanso yapadziko lapansi, yopangidwa mokwanira ndimitsempha yaying'ono.
Axolotl okhwima ogonana atha kukhala mpaka 450 mm m'litali, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi 230 mm kukula, ndipo anthu okulirapo kuposa 300 mm ndi osowa. Axolotls amakula kwambiri kuposa mphutsi zina za neotenic salamander, ndipo amafikira kukhwima akadali mdera lachiwawa.
Chikhalidwe cha mawonekedwe ake ndi minyewa yayikulu yakunja, ngati mawonekedwe atatu mbali zamutu. Alinso ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, koma amatumikira kuti agwire nyama, osaching'amba.
Mtundu wa thupi umakhala woyera mpaka wakuda, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya imvi, bulauni ndi bulauni. Komabe, ma axolotls of shades owala sapezeka kawirikawiri m'chilengedwe, chifukwa amawonekera kwambiri komanso amakhala pachiwopsezo.
Kodi axolotl amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji? Amakhala ndi moyo zaka 20, koma pafupifupi zaka 10 ali mu ukapolo.
Zovuta pakukhutira
Kusunga ma axolotls kunyumba kumakhala kovuta, pali nthawi zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chiyembekezo cha moyo mu ukapolo. Choyamba ndi chofunikira kwambiri ndi kutentha.
Axolotls ndimadzi ozizira amphibiya ndipo kutentha kumakhala kovuta kwa iwo. Zitha kuwoneka zachilendo kuti kwawo ndi ku Mexico ndipo sangalekerere kutentha kwambiri. M'malo mwake, malo awo amakhala kumtunda, ndipo kutentha kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi madera ena mdzikolo.
Kutentha kwamadzi kwa 24 ° C ndi kupitilira apo kumakhala kovuta kwa axolotl ndipo, ngati kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kumabweretsa matenda ndi imfa. Kutentha koyenera kosungira kumakhala pansi pa 21 ° C, ndipo 21-23 ° C ndiyopanda malire, komabe ndikololera. Kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kocheperako. Chifukwa chake kutentha kwa madzi mumtsinje wa aquarium, kufunika kwa aeration ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga axolotl. Ndikofunikira makamaka pamatentha pafupi ndi malire, chifukwa zimakhudza kulolerana.
Ngati simungathe kusunga axolotl m'madzi ozizira, ndiye lingalirani za momwe mungayambire!
Mfundo ina yofunikira yomwe nthawi zambiri imachepetsedwa ndi gawo lapansi. M'madzi ambiri, mtundu, kukula ndi mawonekedwe a gawo lapansi ndi nkhani yokonda mwini wake, koma ndikofunikira posunga axolotl.
Mwachitsanzo, malo okhala opanda dothi amakhala osasangalala ndi axolotl, chifukwa ilibe chilichonse choti ingagwire. Izi zimabweretsa kupsinjika kosafunikira ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa zilonda pamalangizo a m'manja.
Gravel imakhalanso opanda ungwiro, chifukwa ndi yosavuta kumeza, ndipo ma axolotls nthawi zambiri amachita izi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kutsekeka kwa mundawo m'mimba ndikufa kwa salamander.
Gawo labwino la axolotl ndi mchenga. Sitchinga kagayidwe kazakudya, ngakhale kwa achichepere, ndikuwalola kuti aziyenda momasuka pansi pamadzi, chifukwa amamamatira mosavuta.
Ngakhale
Kugwirizana ndi nkhani yofunikira pakusamalira aliyense wokhala mu aquarium, funso loti mitundu ingati yaswedwa, ndipo ma axolotls nawonso. Komabe, eni ake ambiri amawasunga padera komanso pazifukwa izi.
ChoyambiriraMakhalidwe akunja a axolotl amawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha nsomba. Ngakhale nsomba zamtendere komanso zaulesi sizingalimbane ndi chiyeso chofuna kuziluma, ndipo chifukwa chake, zidutswa zomvetsa chisoni zimatsalira pazinthu zapamwamba.
Chachiwiri, nkhwangwa zimagwira ntchito usiku ndipo nsomba zogona, zimakhalanso zosavuta kuzizemba. Ndizosatheka kupeza malo apakati pakati pakukula (kuti nsomba zisadye) ndi kupsa mtima (kotero kuti axolotl yokha isavutike).
Koma, pali zosiyana pamalamulo onse omwe amakupatsani mwayi wosunga ma axolotls ndi nsomba. Ndipo kupatula uku ndi nsomba zagolide. Amachedwa kwambiri, ndipo ngati adyetsedwa bwino, ambiri sangayese kuthamangitsa axolotl.
Ndi ochepa okha omwe angayese, apeza uzitsine wowawa ndikukhala kutali. Kuphatikiza apo, kusunga nsomba zagolide kumafunanso kutentha kwamadzi, kuwapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino.
Komabe, njira yotetezeka kwambiri ndikusunga axolotl padera, ndi imodzi pamatangi. Chowonadi ndichakuti zimawononga wina ndi mnzake, zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono ma axolotls amadwala achikulire ndi akulu ndipo amatha kutaya miyendo kapena kudya.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumabweretsa zotsatira zomwezo munthu wamkulu akapha wocheperako. Ndikofunikira kuti musunge anthu ofanana kukula kwake mumtambo waukulu wamadzi.
Kudyetsa
Kodi axolotl amadya chiyani? Ndikokwanira kudyetsa, chifukwa ma axolotls ndi olusa ndipo amakonda chakudya cha nyama. Kukula ndi mtundu wa chakudya kumadalira munthuyo, mwachitsanzo, amadya chakudya chomira cha nsomba zolusa, zomwe zimapezeka ngati mapiritsi kapena mapiritsi.
Kuphatikiza apo, eni ake amapereka zidutswa za nsomba, nyama ya shrimp, nyongolotsi zodulidwa, nyama ya mussel, chakudya chachisanu, nsomba zamoyo. Zoonadi, izi ziyenera kupewedwa, chifukwa amatha kunyamula matenda, ndipo ma axolotls amawakonda kwambiri.
Malamulo odyetsa chakudya ndi ofanana ndi nsomba - simungathe kupitirira muyeso ndikusiya zinyalala mu aquarium, chifukwa chakudyacho nthawi yomweyo chimavunda ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimawononga madzi.
Ndizosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito nyama ya mammalian ngati chakudya, chifukwa zomanga thupi m'mimba ya axolotl sizingathe kuzigaya.
Kusunga mu aquarium
Kukongoletsa ndikukonzekeretsa thanki ya axolotl ndi nkhani ya kukoma, koma pali mfundo zingapo zofunika kuziganizira. Achinyamata ndi ang'ono a axolotls amatha kusungidwa m'madzi okwanira lita 50.
Akuluakulu amafunika voliyumu yambiri, malita 100 ndi ma axolotls osachepera amodzi kapena awiri. Ngati muli ndi zoposa ziwiri, ndiye kuti muwerenge malita 50-80 a voliyumu yowonjezera ya munthu aliyense.
Malo ochepa okhala, kuwala kowala kumakhudza thanzi, popeza ma axolotls amakhala usiku. Chilichonse ndichabwino pobisalira: mitengo yolowerera, miyala yayikulu, miyala ya ceramic yopanda ma cichlids, miphika, coconut ndi zinthu zina.
Chachikulu ndichakuti zokongoletsa zilizonse m'madzi siziyenera kukhala zazing'ono komanso zopindika, chifukwa izi zitha kubweretsa zilonda pakhungu losalala la salamanders aku Mexico. Ndikofunikanso kuti kuchuluka kwa malo okhala ndiwokulirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali m'nyanja yamadzi, ayenera kukhala ndi chisankho.
Izi ziwathandiza kuti azipewa wina ndi mzake, ndipo mudzadwala mutu, chifukwa mikangano imayambitsa miyendo, mabala kapena ngakhale kufa.
Kusefa kwamadzi ndikosiyana pang'ono ndi zomwe nsomba za m'madzi zimafunikira. Axolotls amakonda kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso fyuluta yamphamvu yomwe imapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda imakhala yopanikiza.
Mwachilengedwe, kuyeretsa kwa madzi ndikofunikira, chifukwa chake muyenera kusankha pakati, pakati pa mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito. Fyuluta yamkati yokhala ndi nsalu yochapira ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri, chifukwa ndiyamphamvu mokwanira, koma siyimapanga mphepo yamphamvu chotere, ndipo imawononga ndalama zochepa.
Madzi amasintha molingana ndi nsomba, kusintha kwakanthawi sabata iliyonse. Pokhapokha ma axolotls, muyenera kuwunika mosamala magawo amadzi, popeza ndi akulu, idyani zakudya zamapuloteni ndipo mumaganizira za ukhondo m'madzi.
Ndikofunika kuti tisadye mopitirira muyeso ndikuchotsa zinyalala za chakudya.
Axolotls alibe mafupa, makamaka achinyamata. Mafupa awo ambiri amakhala ndi minyewa, ndipo khungu lawo ndi lochepa komanso losalimba. Chifukwa chake sikoyenera kuti muziwakhudza pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero.
Ngati mukufuna kugwira salamander iyi, gwiritsani ntchito ukonde wandiweyani wofewa wokhala ndi ma cell ang'onoang'ono, kapena galasi kapena chidebe cha pulasitiki.
Zojambula
Kusankha kwamitundu yamtundu wa axolotls ndikodabwitsa. Mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira ndi mawanga akuda kapena akuda. Koma palinso mitundu yowala pang'ono, yokhala ndimadontho osiyanasiyana mthupi.
Odziwika kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri ndi ma albino, omwe amabwera mitundu iwiri - yoyera ndi golide. White ndi albino wokhala ndi maso ofiira, ndipo axolotl wagolide amawoneka ngati iye, ndimadontho agolide okha omwe amapita mthupi.
M'malo mwake, pali zosankha zambiri, ndipo zatsopano zikuwonekera nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi posachedwapa adapanga axolotl yosinthidwa ndi jini yokhala ndi puloteni wobiriwira wa fluorescent. Mitunduyi imawala ndi mtundu wa fulorosenti pansi pa nyali zapadera.
Kubereka
Kuswana ma axolotls ndikosavuta mokwanira. Mzimayi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi wamwamuna ndi cloaca, mwa mwamuna umatuluka ndikutuluka, ndipo mwa mkazi kumakhala kosalala komanso kosawoneka bwino.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuswana ndikusintha kwa kutentha kwa madzi chaka chonse, ndipo ngati ma axolotls amasungidwa mchipinda momwe kutentha sikukhazikika, ndiye kuti zonse zimachitika zokha.
Mutha kudzitsitsimutsanso nokha pochepetsa kutalika kwa nthawi yamasana ndikuchulukitsa kutentha kwamadzi. Kenako onjezerani tsikulo ndikutsitsa kutentha. Anthu ena amakonda kusunga amuna ndi akazi padera, kenako nkumawaika m'madzi omwewo, ndi madzi ozizira.
Masewera akakwatirana atayamba, wamwamuna amatulutsa ma spermatophores, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta umuna womwe mkazi amatenga kudzera mu chovala chake. Pambuyo pake, adzaikira mazirawo kubzala, komabe, ngati mulibe, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito omwewo.
Pambuyo pake, opanga amatha kuyikika kapena kusamutsidwa ku aquarium yapadera. Mazirawo amatuluka m'milungu iwiri kapena itatu, zimadalira kutentha kwa madzi ndipo mphutsi ziziwoneka ngati nsomba mwachangu.
Chakudya choyambira kwa iwo ndi Artemia nauplii, Daphnia, ndi microworm. Pamene ikukula, kukula kwa chakudya kumawonjezeka ndikusamutsidwa kukadyetsa ma axolotls akuluakulu.
