Mbalame yodabwitsa ya akhwangwala. Chifukwa chokhoza kusintha kuzikhalidwe zilizonse zomwe zakhalapo, zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mawonekedwe ake okhumudwitsa akumwamba amadziwika ndi munthu aliyense. Kwa ena, khwangwala ndi chizindikiro cha tsoka, koma kwa wina ndi chizindikiro cha nzeru ndi kuleza mtima. Chithunzi chake chafalikira m'nthano, zopeka, nyimbo ndi makanema.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu aphunzitsa khwangwala ngati chiweto, pozindikira nzeru zachilendo za mbalame. Nthawi ina, kuchuluka kwawo padziko lapansi kwachepa kwambiri, koma lero khwangwala wamba amatetezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri ndipo nambala yake idayamba kukula.
Kulongosola kwa Raven
Dzina lachi Latin la mbalameyi ndi Corvus corax... Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe Karl Liney mu 1758. Masiku ano, akatswiri odziwika bwino amasiyanitsa mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya khwangwala 11, koma kusiyana pakati pawo ndi phenotype ndikocheperako ndipo kumachitika chifukwa cha malo okhala, osati chibadwa.
Raven amatanthauza
- ufumuwo ndi nyama;
- mtundu - chordate;
- kalasi - mbalame;
- detachment - passerine;
- banja - corvids;
- mtundu - akhwangwala;
- mitundu - khwangwala wamba.
Achibale oyandikira kwambiri a mbalameyi ndi khwangwala waku America wokhala ndi khosi loyera, khwangwala wonyentchera ndi khwangwala wamutu wofiirira, pomwe kunja kwake amafanana kwambiri ndi rook.
Maonekedwe
Khwangwala ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri wodutsa. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 70, ndipo mapiko ake amakhala mpaka masentimita 150. Kulemera kwake kwa mbalame kumatha kukhala 800-1600 g, komabe, si zachilendo kwa akatswiri azakuthambo kuti afotokoze akhwangwala omwe amalemera thupi mpaka 2 kg. Kusiyanitsa kwakutali ndi misa kumadalira chilengedwe - nyengo ikazizira, ndikukula kwa anthu omwe akukhalamo. Ndiye kuti, nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri za akhwangwala zimapezeka kumpoto kapena m'mapiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chodziwikiratu ndi khwangwala ndi mlomo waukulu wakuthwa ndipo nthenga zikuwuluka ngati fani pakhosi pa mbalameyo. Pouluka, khwangwala amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ena ndi mchira wake woboola pakati.
Makungubwi amphongo ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa ndi utoto - onse achimuna ndi achimuna ndi akuda ndi chitsulo. Pamwamba pa thupi pamakhala utoto wabuluu kapena wofiirira, ndipo pansi pake pamaoneka wobiriwira. Achinyamata amadziwika ndi nthenga zakuda. Miyendo ya mbalameyo ndi yamphamvu, ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zakuda zopindika. Ngati ndi kotheka, onsewo ndi milomo yotakata kwambiri idzakhala chida chomenyera mdani.
Moyo ndi luntha
Mosiyana ndi akhwangwala amtawuni, khwangwala wamba amakhala m'malo otseguka a nkhalango ndipo amakonda nkhalango zakale za coniferous... Amakhala awiriawiri patokha, pakangogwa amapanga timagulu tating'onoting'ono ta anthu 10 mpaka 40 kuti tiwulukire kumalo atsopano kukafunafuna chakudya. Usiku, mbalameyi imagona pachisa chake, ndipo imasaka tsiku lonse. Ngati kuli kotheka, gulu limodzi lingakonzekeretse linzake ndikutenganso gawo lomwe likapezeko chakudya.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame zimakonda kupanga zisa m'nkhalango, komabe, m'nyengo yozizira zimakonda kusunthira pafupi ndi munthu, mwachitsanzo, kumalo otayira mumzinda kapena manda. Kumeneko amatha kupeza china chodyedwa ndikupulumuka kuzizira.
Khwangwala ndi mbalame yanzeru. Ili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha ubongo ndi thupi monga anyani. Asayansi amanenanso kuti ali ndi nzeru. Kutsimikizira izi, zoyesa zambiri zidachitika, kupatsa mbalameyo mwayi wowulula kuthekera kwake kwamaganizidwe. Chimodzi mwazoyeserera zowoneka bwino chidatengera nthano ya Aesop The Crow and the Jug. Mbalamezo zinayikidwa m'chipinda chokhala ndi mulu wa miyala ndi chotengera chochepa chokhala ndi nyongolotsi zomwe zimayandama m'madzi pang'ono.
Mbalame sizikanakhoza kufika ku chakudya chokoma, ndiyeno anzeruwo anawathandiza. Akhungubwe adayamba kuponya miyala mchombocho, potero adakweza madzi kuti afike mphutsi. Kuyesaku kunabwerezedwa kanayi ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana ndipo onse adalimbana ndi ntchitoyi - kufikira pachakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame sizinangopanga zinthu mopupuluma, zimaponya miyala mpaka itafikira nyongolotsi, posankha miyala ikuluikulu, pozindikira kuti ikutha kutaya madzi ambiri.
Chilankhulo cha khwangwala chidaphunziridwanso ndi asayansi. Adanenanso kuti kulira sikumangokhala phokoso chabe, koma kukambirana kwenikweni, kutalitali. Kungakhale kofuula kwambiri kuti angatchule kuti ndi chilankhulo, koma asayansi afika poganiza kuti akhwangwala ali ndi zina ngati zilankhulo zomwe zimasintha kutengera dera lomwe amakhala. China chomwe chimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa luntha mu mbalamezi ndichokumbukira chomwe chimaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.
Mbalame imodzi yokha yophedwa ndi alimi imatha kuyambitsa gulu lakusamukira. Khwangwala azikumbukira kwanthawi yayitali nyumba kapena dera lomwe ngoziyo idayambira ndipo ayesetsa ndi mphamvu zawo zonse kuti asawonekere pafupi nawo. China chomwe chidawonedwa chinali choletsa kuwongolera kwa mbalameyo, kapena m'malo mwake kutha kuwongolera zomwe zimangobwera chifukwa chanzeru. Akhwangwala anapatsidwa mapaipi opaque okhala ndi mabowo momwe mumapezeka chakudya.
Ataphunzira kuti apeze zolondola, mapaipi adalowedwa m'malo ndi owonekera. Pogwiritsa ntchito kudziletsa, mbalamezo zinayenera kutenga chakudya osayesera kuchifikira mwachindunji, ndikuboola khoma lowonekera. Mosakayikira, adapambana mayesowa. Kupirira kotereku kumathandiza khwangwala kudikirira chakudya kwa maola ambiri osadziwonetsa pachiwopsezo chosafunikira.
Ndi akhwangwala angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yomwe khwangwala amakhala ndi moyo imakhudzidwa ndi komwe amakhala, ndiye kuti ndizovuta kuyankha mosapita m'mbali funso loti mbalameyi imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji. Kwa mbalame za m'matawuni ndi omwe amakhala kuthengo, kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe akhala ndi moyo kudzakhala kosiyana kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Momwe khwangwala amakhalira, chidziwitso, maluso ndi chidziwitso chochuluka chomwe amalandira m'moyo wake. Mbalameyi siyiwala kalikonse ndipo pazaka zambiri imakhala yanzeru komanso yanzeru.
Ankhwangwala omwe amakhala mkati mwa mzindawu ndipo amapumira utsi wowopsa kuchokera kumafakitale, komanso amadya zinyenyeswazi m'malo otaya zinyalala, samadzitama zaka zoposa 10. Komabe, m'matawuni, mbalame zilibe mdani, chifukwa chake, m'malo abwino, akhwangwala amatha kukhala zaka 30. Mwachilengedwe, akhwangwala amakhala zaka pafupifupi 10-15. Anthu wamba amakhala ndi moyo mpaka 40, chifukwa tsiku lililonse mbalameyi imasaka chakudya chake ndipo imakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri, kuphatikizapo ziweto zina. Kugwa koyipa komanso kuzizira kozizira kumatha kupha gulu lonse.
Aarabu amakhulupirira kuti khwangwala ndi mbalame yosakhoza kufa... Zolemba zakale zimati anthu adakhala zaka 300 kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo ma epics akuti khwangwala amakhala ndi moyo anthu asanu ndi anayi. Akatswiri okhulupirira mbalamezi amakayikira mphekesera zoterezi mosakayikira, komabe, ali otsimikiza kuti ngati mbalamezo zitha kugwidwa, zitha kukhala zaka 70.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa khwangwala ndi khwangwala
Pali malingaliro olakwika ambiri pakati pa anthu kuti khwangwala ndi wamphongo, ndipo khwangwala ndi wamkazi wamtundu womwewo. M'malo mwake, khwangwala ndi khwangwala ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya banja limodzi lolimba. Chisokonezo choterocho mchilankhulo cha Chirasha chidawonekera chifukwa cha katchulidwe kofananira ndi kalembedwe ka mayina a mbalame. Palibe chisokonezo m'zilankhulo zina. Mwachitsanzo, mchizungu, khwangwala amatchedwa "khwangwala", ndipo khwangwala amamveka ngati "khwangwala". Ngati alendo asokoneza mbalame ziwirizi, ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi akhwangwala, akhwangwala amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kwa iwo kuti azipezera chakudya chawo. M'mayiko a CIS, Khwangwala Wokhazikitsidwa ndi Hooded yekha amapezeka, zomwe sizili zovuta kusiyanitsa ndi mtundu wa thupi.
Khwangwala wakuda, yemwe atha kulakwitsa kuti khwangwala, amakhala makamaka kumadzulo kwa Europe komanso kum'mawa kwa Eurasia. Kutalika ndi kulemera kwa thupi la mbalame ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa khwangwala. Amuna achikulire amalemera osaposa magalamu 700, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi sikufikira masentimita 50. Pali zosiyana pazinthu zazing'ono. Khwangwala alibe nthenga pa zokololazo, ndipo akauluka, mutha kuwona kuti mchira wa mbalameyi ndi wozungulira bwino, pomwe khwangwala ali ndi mathero owoneka bwino.
Khwangwala amakonda kusonkhana m'magulu, pamene khwangwala amakhalabe awiriawiri kapena osalimba. Muthanso kusiyanitsa mbalame ndi khutu. Khwangwala ndi wozama komanso wamatumba, zimamveka ngati "kow!" kapena "arra!", Ndipo khwangwala amapanga phokoso m'mphuno ngati "ka!" Mitundu iwiriyi sikugwirizana - nthawi zambiri gulu la akhwangwala limamenya khwangwala wosungulumwa.
Malo, magawidwe
Khwangwala amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi kumpoto... Ku North America, amapezeka ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico, ku Europe mdziko lililonse kupatula France, komanso ku Asia ndi North Africa. Mbalameyi imakonda kukhala pagombe, m'zipululu kapena m'mapiri. Koma nthawi zambiri khwangwala amapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira zaka zana zapitazo, makamaka spruce. Kupatula kwakanthawi kochepa, mbalameyi imakhazikika m'mapaki ndi m'mabwalo amzindawu.
Kumpoto kwa Eurasia, mbalameyi imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula Taimyr, Yamala ndi Gadyn, komanso pazilumba za m'nyanja ya Arctic. Kum'mwera, malire a kukaikira mazira amadutsa Syria, Iraq ndi Iran, Pakistan ndi kumpoto kwa India, China ndi Primorye waku Russia. Ku Europe, malo okhala mbalame asintha kwambiri mzaka zapitazi. Khwangwala linachoka kumadzulo ndi kumadera apakati, kukumanizana kumeneko m'malo mopatula. Ku North America, mbalameyi imawonekeranso pang'ono pakatikati pa kontrakitala, posankha kukhala pamalire ndi Canoda, ku Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan ndi Maine.
Khwangwala kale linali lofalikira ku New England, kumapiri a Adirondack, Alleghany ndi gombe la Virginia ndi New Jersey, komanso ku Great Plains. Chifukwa chakupha mimbulu ndi njati, zomwe zidagwa zomwe mbalame idadya, khwangwala adachoka kumayiko amenewa. Poyerekeza ndi ma corvids ena, khwangwala wamba pafupifupi samalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a anthropogenic. Simawoneka kawirikawiri m'mizinda ikuluikulu, ngakhale gulu la akhwangwala lakhala likuwoneka kumapaki ku San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco ndi Riverside, komanso likulu la Mongolia Ulaanbaatar.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, khwangwala adayamba kudziwika kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, mwachitsanzo, kumadera ozungulira St. Petersburg, ku Moscow, Lvov, Chicago, London ndi Bern. Chifukwa chomwe khwangwala samakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi munthu sichimangokhala chifukwa cha nkhawa zosafunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mbalameyi, koma makamaka chifukwa chosowa malo oyenera komanso kukhalapo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo.
Zakudya za khwangwala
Zakudya za akhwangwala zimasiyanasiyana. Ndi nyama zolusa mwachilengedwe, koma nyama yakufa imatenga gawo lalikulu pakudya kwawo, makamaka nyama zazikulu monga nswala ndi mimbulu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, mbalameyi imatha kudyetsa nsomba zakufa, makoswe ndi achule. Khwangwala amasinthidwa kukhala madera osowa chakudya ndipo amadya chilichonse chomwe chingagwire kapena kupeza. Pofunafuna nyama, amapita mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe sizodziwika ndi ma corvids. Imasaka makamaka masewera, osaposa kalulu, mwachitsanzo, makoswe osiyanasiyana, abuluzi, njoka, mbalame.
Imadya tizilombo, molluscs, nyongolotsi, zikopa za m'madzi ndi zinkhanira. Nthawi zina, zitha kuwononga chisa cha wina ndi chakudya chokwanira - mbewu, tirigu, zipatso za mbewu. Nthawi zambiri, akhwangwala amawononga mbewu zaulimi. Njira ina yodyetsera ndi kudya m'gulu la mazira kapena anapiye aang'ono. Ngati ndi kotheka, chomeracho chimadyetsa zomwe munthu wasiya kumbuyo. Gulu la akhwangwala limapezeka pafupifupi m'malo onse otayira zinyalala mumzinda.
Zofunika! Pokhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, khwangwala amabisa zotsalira pa chakudyacho pamalo obisika kapena akugawana ndi gulu lankhosa.
Pakusaka, mbalameyo imaleza mtima kwambiri ndipo imatha kuwonerera nyama ina ikasaka kwa maola ambiri kuti idye zotsalira za nyama yomwe ikufuna. Chakudya chikakhala chochuluka, anthu osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala pafupi amatha kuphunzira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku America awona izi ku Oregon. Mbalame zodyera m'deralo zidagawika m'gulu la omwe amadya zakudya zamasamba, omwe amasaka nyama komanso omwe amatola zakufa. Chifukwa chake, mpikisano udachepetsedwa, zomwe zidalola kuti mbalame zizikhala mosatekeseka pafupi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Khwangwala amaonedwa kuti ndi wokwatiwa yekha... Magulu opangidwawo amasungidwa kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale moyo wonse. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalameyi idalumikizidwa ndi malo okhala ndi zisa. Akatswiri a zamoyo amadziwa nthawi yomwe makungubwi amabwerera kumalo omwewo chaka chilichonse kukabereka ana. Mbalameyi imayamba kukhwima mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo. Maanja amakonda kukhazikika mtunda wa kilomita imodzi mpaka isanu kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Kubereka kumayambira nthawi yozizira, mu theka lachiwiri la mwezi wa February, komabe, kumwera nthawi imeneyi imasinthiratu, ndipo kumpoto, m'malo mwake, kupita ku ina.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Pakistan, akhwangwala amaswana mu Disembala, ndi ku Siberia kapena kumapiri a Tibet pakati pa Epulo. Kukwatiwa kumayamba ndi masewera olowerera. Amuna amayenda mozungulira mlengalenga kapena amayenda kutsogolo kwa mkazi ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira mutu wake utakwezedwa, khosi lotupa komanso nthenga zotupa. Ngati akhwangwala apanga, "ukwati" umatha ndikutsuka nthenga zonse.
Onse aakazi ndi aamuna amatenganso gawo limodzi pakupanga chisa chamtsogolo. Imakhazikika pamalo osafikirika kwa adani - mu korona wa mtengo wautali, pamphepete mwa thanthwe kapena kapangidwe kopangidwa ndi anthu. Nthambi zolimba zamtengo zimamangidwa mu chisa chachikulu, kenako nthambi zazing'ono zimayikidwa, ndipo kuchokera mkati mwake zimazunguliridwa ndi ubweya, udzu wouma kapena nsalu. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu zasintha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamakono monga waya, ubweya wamagalasi ndi pulasitiki kuti apange zisa.
Zimatenga masabata 1-3 kuti mumange nyumba yamtsogolo. Chisa chomalizidwa chimakhala chotalika mpaka masentimita 50-150, kuya kwa masentimita 15 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 20-60. Nthawi zambiri, banja limamanga zisa ziwiri kapena zitatu ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mosinthana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Khwangwala amatha kusinthira zisa pamagulu ozizira, pogwiritsa ntchito kuziziritsa kapena, m'malo mwake, kutenthetsa zida.
Pafupifupi, zowonjezerazo zimakhala ndi mazira 4-6 a mazira obiriwira abuluu okhala ndi imvi kapena bulauni; nthawi zambiri, mkazi amatha kuyikira dzira limodzi kapena asanu ndi awiri kapena asanu ndi atatu. Makulidwe awo ali pafupifupi 50 ndi 34 mm. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 20 mpaka 25. Nthawi yonseyi, mkazi amasamira mazira, popanda kufunikira kwenikweni, osasiya chisa, ndipo champhongo chimamusamalira.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri za kudzipereka kwa akhwangwala kwa ana awo. Pali nthawi zina pomwe mkazi amapitilizabe kukulira mazira ndi kuwombera m'thupi kapena mtengo womwe chisa chidalipo udadulidwa ndi omwe adadula mitengo. Kwa sabata yoyamba kapena iwiri itadula anapiye, yaikazi siyisiya ana, kutenthetsa ndi kuteteza ana osakhwima. Akafika masabata 4-7, anapiyewo amaphunzira kuuluka, koma pamapeto pake amasiya chisa chawo kumapeto kwa dzinja lotsatira.
Adani achilengedwe
Mumzindawu, akhwangwala alibe adani, kupatula amphaka kapena agalu omwe amawasaka. Mwachilengedwe, mndandandawu ukuwonjezeka kwambiri. Mbalame zonse zodya nyama, monga ziwombankhanga kapena mphamba, zimaonedwa ngati adani.
Pofunafuna wakugwa, khwangwala amakakamizidwa kukhazikika pafupi ndi chilombo china - nkhandwe, nkhandwe kapena chimbalangondo. Mdani wina woipitsitsa wa khwangwala ndi kadzidzi. Mumdima, khwangwala akugona, amatha kumenya zisa ndi kuba anapiye kapenanso kupha munthu wamkulu. Kuti adziteteze kwa adani, akhwangwala amakakamizidwa kusonkhana pagulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
M'zaka za zana la 19, khwangwala amawonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha tsoka ndipo nthawi zambiri amayamba kuwononga mbewu za alimi. Anayamba kusaka mbalameyi pogwiritsa ntchito nyambo zapoizoni, chifukwa chake anthu ake adachepa kwambiri.Pakadali pano, mayiko ambiri atenga khwangwala motetezedwa. Chifukwa cha ichi, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kwawonjezeka posachedwa, koma khwangwala wamba akadali mbalame yosowa.
Kuperewera kwa chakudya nthawi yachisanu kumakhalabe cholepheretsa kubereka. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha zokopa alendo chakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kumapiri a Alps, chifukwa cha zinyalala zomwe chakudya chimatsalira pambuyo pa alendo, khwangwala awonjezeka kwambiri pakati pazaka zapitazi.
