Magawo amadzi mu aquarium amathandiza kwambiri. Monga momwe mungaganizire, aliyense wokhala ndi aquarium akuyenera kuyesetsa kuti azisamalira nsomba zawo. Izi zimatheka pokhapokha pH yamadzi ikufanana ndi zosowa zenizeni za omwe amakhala mthupi.
PH ndi chiyani?
Musanapange malo abwino a nsomba, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ph ndi chiyani. Chipangizochi chimakuthandizani kuti muyese ntchito ya ayoni wa hydrogen pachinthu chilichonse, ndipo acidity imafotokozedwa kambiri.
Mawuwa adawonekera ku Europe, ku Denmark, koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Lingaliroli lidayamba kufalikira mwachangu chifukwa cha katswiri wazamankhwala waku Danish Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen, ngakhale kuti omwe adamutsogolera adayesetsa kuwona nkhani yomwe idalipo kale. Chizindikiro cha pH chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta kuti chikhale chosavuta komanso chosavuta, chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu iwiri ya ayoni: H + - OH-. Miyeso nthawi zonse imachitika pamiyeso ya 14-point.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti madzi amakhala ndi mchere ngati chizindikirocho chili choposa 7. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyankha kwa asidi kumapereka chizindikiritso chochepera 7. Nthawi yomweyo, gawo lamadzi osalowerera m'madzi amaloledwa ndi gawo lofanana la H + ndi OH-. Ngati atadziwika kuti salowerera ndale, chiwerengerocho chidzakhala 7.
Mankhwala aliwonse omwe amatha kusungunuka m'madzi amasintha pakati pa H + komanso OH-. Asidi amatha kusintha kapena kutsika:
- asidi kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka ayoni wa hydrogen;
- soda kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa ndende ya ayoni hydroxide.
Zotsatira zake, pH imakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kuchuluka kwa acidity yamadzi. Kuyambira pachiyambi, chikhalidwe ichi chimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chimatsimikizira kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa kuchepa kwa asidi ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe azinthu zachilengedwe. Nthawi zonse, pH imatsimikizira thanzi la anthu, motero sizosadabwitsa kuti nsomba, okhala m'madzi, amadaliranso ndi izi.
Madzi ofewa komanso olimba
Asayansi amadziwa kuti madzi amatha kukhala ofewa kapena ovuta. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?
Madzi ofewa
PH yocheperako ndi yochepera sikisi ndi theka. Zikatere, madzi amatha kukhala ofewa, koma amakhala owopsa.
Nthawi zambiri, ayoni azitsulo zotsatirazi amalowa m'mapangidwe ake:
- manganese;
- kutsogolera;
- mkuwa;
- nthaka.
Izi zimatha kulowa m'mipope yotsika mtengo, zomwe zimawonetsa kuwopsa kwake.
Madzi otsika a pH amakhala owopsa mwachilengedwe. Chiwonetsero chotsatira cha mawonekedwe ake osafunikira chimaganiziridwa:
- kupezeka kwa zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zomwe ndi poizoni;
- kuwonongeka msanga pazitsulo;
- kupezeka kwa kulawa kosasangalatsa, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wongoyerekeza za mthunzi wa acidic;
- utoto wansalu;
- mawonekedwe a utoto wobiriwira pabesi ndi pompopompo.
Mosadabwitsa, madzi ofewa amakhala owopsa kwa okhala mumtsinje uliwonse wamadzi. Kuti muwonjezere chizindikirocho, phulusa la soda limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, chifukwa limakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kuchuluka kwa sodium munthawi yochepa kwambiri.
Madzi ovuta
Poterepa, pH ndiyokwera kuposa eyiti ndi theka. Ngakhale kulibe zoopsa, mavuto amakongoletsa amabwera. Kodi zonsezi ndi ziti?
- mawonekedwe a dothi losasangalatsa pamwamba;
- kukula;
- zovuta pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi;
- zamchere, kulawa kowawa kwa madzi.
Monga mungaganizire, acidity yamadzi mu aquarium iyenera kukhala yochepera mphindi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi theka. Njira yabwino ndikuchepetsa madzi ndikuwongoleredwa ndi chizindikirocho.
Kutsimikiza kwa pH
Mwini aliyense wa aquarium ayenera kudziwa momwe angadziwire pH yapano. Masiku ano, njira zosiyanasiyana zothandiza zimapangidwira izi, chifukwa chake ntchitoyi ndiyotheka kuchitidwa.
Mzere woyesera
Zoyeserera izi ndi zidutswa za pepala lamatmus lomwe limayankha posintha mitundu pakusintha kwakanthawi kwa pH. Mikwingwirima imagulitsidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa ziweto, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi. Mpaka pano, zatsimikiziridwa kuti chizindikiritso cha asidi kapena zamchere chitha kupha nsomba zambiri. Zimaganiziridwa kuti kukhudzana ndi madzi kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwamitundu ya mikwingwirima, ndipo cholakwikacho chidzakhala chochepa. Kuti mudziwe nambala yeniyeni, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo apadera omwe amathandizira bokosi la mapepala.
Rottinger
Njira ina yosangalatsa ndi pepala la Rottinger litmus. Pepala ili la litmus limapangidwa ndi kampani yaku Germany, ndipo limapereka zolakwika zochepa. Phukusili muli chisonyezo chogawidwa m'mizere 14. Bokosilo lili ndi zingwe 80 zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali. Zingwe za Rottinger zimakuthandizani kuti muyese kuyeza ph madzi. Mtengo wopanga sukupitilira 250 - 350 rubles.
PH mita
Acidity wamadzi amatha kuyeza ndi pH mita. Pachifukwa ichi, madzi okwanira 20-30 milliliters ayenera kutengedwa mu kapu yaying'ono yapulasitiki kapena galasi, pambuyo pake muyeso uyenera kutengedwa. Chojambulira chowongolera chikuyenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi osungunuka kenako kumizidwa mu yankho lomwe mukufuna. Kukula kwa chida kumadziwitsa pH yamadzimadzi nthawi yomweyo. Kuti mudziwe zolondola komanso zolondola, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse mukhale ndi chipangizocho. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pH mita ndi yokwera mtengo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwira momwe madzi amafunikira.
Ndingasinthe bwanji chizindikirocho?
Chifukwa chake, mwini nsomba aliyense ayenera kudziwa kutsitsa kapena kuwonjezera ph mu aquarium. M'malo mwake, palibe chovuta kudziwika.
Mfundo zochepetsera
Poterepa, ntchito yayikulu ndikuwonjezera acidity. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zidulo:
- phosphoric;
- sulfuric;
- mchere.
Pankhaniyi, muyenera kuchita mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa pH kumatha kubweretsa imfa ya nsomba. Kuti zinthu zikuyendereni bwino, pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa okha.
Njira yotetezeka kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe:
- kulowetsedwa kapena kutsekedwa kwa peat;
- infusions wa alder cones.
Njira yosavuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito pH- (minus) kukonzekera.
Mulimonsemo, m'pofunika kuchita mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa moyo ndi thanzi la nsombazo zimadalira.
Mfundo zotsatsira
Kudziwa momwe mungachepetsere ph madzi, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungakulitsire pH. Kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wokhala ndi zamchere amaganiza.
Mwachitsanzo, soda imagwira ntchito. Mutha kuwonjezera theka la supuni imodzi pa malita 50 amadzi. Ngati izi sizikwanira, mutha kubwereza ndondomekoyi mu ola limodzi.
Njira ina ndikugwiritsa ntchito pH + (kuphatikiza) kukonzekera.
Ma nuances ofunikira
Kudziwa acidity ndi gawo lofunikira. Ngakhale atayesedwa kuti asinthe mtengo wa pH, ndikofunikira kupitilirabe mosamala kwambiri. Zidzakhala bwino kusintha magawo osapitilira 0.2 mayunitsi mkati mwa ola limodzi.
Pambuyo pazomwe mulingo woyenera udakwaniritsidwa, kukonzanso bwino kwachilengedwe kumafunika. Pakadali pano, palibe chifukwa chochepetsera kapena kuwonjezera chizindikirocho. Ngati kupatuka kosafunikira kutadziwika, kuyang'anira kwapadera kuyenera kuchitidwa. Ngati ndikotheka kudziwa kuti chizindikirocho chasintha m'njira yosafunika, muyenera kusintha madziwo ndi 30% ya voliyumuyo. Poterepa, madzi atsopano ph asintha kokha ngati madzi apampopi agwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe adakhazikika masiku 1 - 2.
Kudziwa kuti ph ndi chiyani komanso kumvetsetsa momwe zingakhudzire anthu okhala m'madzi am'madzi, ndibwino kuyeza chizindikirocho ndikuwongolera posachedwa. Mtengo wovomerezeka wa ph wa nsomba zam'madzi mu aquarium ndi pafupifupi ma 7, omwe amafanana ndi kusalowerera ndale.
