Ambiri adawonera kanema wosangalatsa wa Starship Troopers, pomwe mphindi yayikulu ndi nkhondo pakati pa anthu ndi kafadala. Alien arthropods adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ngati chiwopsezo, kuphatikiza mankhwala - adawotcha mankhwala onunkhiritsa. Tangoganizirani kuti muvi woterewu umakhala pa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo umatchedwa kachilomboka.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Wachibale wapafupi wa kachilomboka, bombardier kachilomboka ndi cholengedwa chosangalatsa kwambiri. Anakhala padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula madera akumapiri kwambiri. Nyongolotsi zotchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku banja laling'ono la Brachininae (brachinins) zimakhala ndi kukula kwa 1 mpaka 3 cm.
Ali ndi elytra yolimba, yojambulidwa mumitundu yakuda, ndipo mutu, miyendo ndi chifuwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kuwala kofanana - lalanje, lofiira, terracotta. Kumbuyo, pangakhale mitundu mu mawonekedwe amizere ndi mawanga abulauni. Nkhokweyo ili ndi miyendo itatu ndi masharubu mpaka 8mm kutalika.
Bombardier kachilomboka pachithunzichi imawoneka bwino kwambiri, koma ndi chipolopolo chabe. Chikhalidwe chake chosangalatsa kwambiri komanso chofunikira ndikutha kuwombera mdani kuchokera kumatumbo am'mimbamo am'mimba ndi mankhwala osakanizika, otenthedwa panokha mpaka kutentha kwambiri.
Izi zinali chifukwa chomutcha kuti bombardier. Sikuti madziwo amatuluka mwachangu kwambiri, ndondomekoyi imatsagana ndi pop. Asayansi m'magawo osiyanasiyana ali ndi chidwi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito chida ichi. Chifukwa chake, akuyesera kuti aphunzire mwatsatanetsatane.
Chikhalidwe cha kupangidwa kwa "chisakanizo cha mpweya" chomwe chimatuluka kuchokera ku bombardier kachilomboka sichikudziwika bwinobwino.
Zotulutsa zam'mbuyo zimatulutsa hydroquinone, hydrogen peroxide, ndi zinthu zina zingapo. Amakhala otetezeka payekhapayekha, makamaka chifukwa amasungidwa "makapisozi" osiyana okhala ndi makoma akuda. Koma pakadali pano "kachilomboka" kachilomboka kamalumikiza kwambiri minofu yam'mimba, ma reagents amafinyidwa kulowa "chipinda chachitetezo" ndikusakanikirana pamenepo.
Kusakaniza "kophulika" kumeneku kumatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu, ndikutenthetsa kotere, voliyumu yake imakulirakulira chifukwa chakutulutsidwa kwa mpweya womwe umatuluka, ndipo madziwo amatayidwa kunja kudzera panjira yotulutsira, monga kuchokera pamphuno. Ena amatha kuwombera mozungulira, ena amangopopera mankhwalawo mozungulira.
Pambuyo pa kuwomberako, tizilombo timafunikira nthawi kuti "tibwezeretsenso" - kuti tibwezeretse nkhokwe zake. Izi zimatenga nthawi yosiyana siyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ina yazolowera kuti isadye nthawi yomweyo "chindapusa" chonsecho, koma kuti igawire mochenjera kwa 10-20, pomwe enanso amawombera.
Mitundu
Kwenikweni, kagulu kakang'ono ka kachilomboka ndi a bombardiers - Brachininae (ziphuphu). Komabe, pakati pa banjali palinso banja lina laling'ono lomwe limatha kuwotcha chisakanizo chotentha kuchokera kumatenda omwe amapezeka m'mimba pambuyo pake. izo Paussinae (zopweteka).
Bombardier ndi wochokera kubanja la kachilomboka, motero nyongolotsi zimakhala zofanana
Amasiyana ndimatumba ena am'banja mwawo chifukwa amakhala ndi tinyanga tosazolowereka komanso tating'onoting'ono: mwa ena amawoneka ngati nthenga zazikulu, pomwe ena amawoneka ngati disc yaying'ono. Ma Paussins amadziwikanso kuti amakhala m'matumbi nthawi zambiri.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma pheromones omwe amamasula amathandizira nyerere ndikuletsa kupsa mtima kwawo. Zotsatira zake, kafadala komanso mphutsi zawo zimalandira chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi kuchokera kumalo osungira chiswe, kuwonjezera apo, olowerera amadya mphutsi za omwe akukhala nawo. Amatchedwa kutchfuneralhome - "kukhala pakati pa nyerere."
Mabanja onse awiriwa samasakanizana, mwina amakhala ndi makolo osiyana. Pakati pa kafadala, tizilombo tambiri timatulutsa zosakaniza zoterezi, koma m'magulu onse awiriwa, chodziwika ndichakuti ndi okhawo omwe aphunzira "kutenthetsa" madzi onunkhira asanawombere.
Banja la paussin pakadali pano lili ndi mitundu 750 mwa mitundu 4 ndalama (magulu a taxonomic pakati pa banja ndi mtundu). Bombardiers adatsimikiza mtima m'fuko paussin Latreyazomwe zimaphatikizapo ma subtribes 8 komanso mitundu yoposa 20.
Banja laling'ono la ma brachinins limaphatikizapo mafuko awiri ndi mibadwo 6. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo:
- Brachinus - mtundu wophunziridwa kwambiri komanso wofalikira m'banja la bombardier. Zimaphatikizapo Brachinus alireza Ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono kwambiri (mitundu yosankhidwa), chida chake chodzitetezera mwina ndichodziwika kwambiri kuposa zonse. Madzi otentha, owopsa amaponyedwa kunja ndikuphwanya kwakukulu komanso kuwombera mphezi - mpaka kuwombera 500 pamphindikati. Pochita izi, mtambo wakupha umapangidwa mozungulira. Kuchokera kwa iye, katswiri wa tizilombo ndi biologist Carl Linnaeus anayamba kuphunzira nyongolotsi izi, zomwe zinayamba kuyambitsa deta ya nyamakazi. Mphutsi za bombardier zotumphukira zimatsogolera moyo wamankhwala, kufunafuna chinthu choyenera kuti chitukuke kumtunda kwa nthaka. Zotere Khalidwe la kachilomboka amapezeka pafupifupi mitundu yonse yabanja. Kunja, imawoneka ngati yolondola - elytra yakuda yolimba, ndipo mutu, chifuwa, miyendo ndi tinyanga ndi ofiira. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 5 mpaka 15 mm.
- Zolemba - kachilomboka kochokera kumadera otentha a Asia ndi Africa. Ma elytra ake amajambulidwa ndi mizere yopingasa ya beige yodutsa umodzi wakutalika kutambalala kofiirira. Chikhalidwe chonse ndi chakuda. Mutu, chifuwa ndi tinyanga ndi zofiirira, miyendo ndi yakuda.
- Pheropsophus - izi kachilomboka kamakhala amoyo kotentha ndi kotentha kwa madera onse padziko lapansi. Chachikulu kuposa abale awiri am'mbuyomu, mapikowo ndi akuda, nthiti, okongoletsedwa ndi mawanga ofiira opotana, mutu ndi chifuwa cha tizilombo zili ndi mtundu womwewo. Amakongoletsedwanso pakati ndi mawanga, kokha ndi mthunzi wamakala. Antenna ndi zikhomo ndi beige ndi khofi. Kuyang'ana kachilomboka, wina angaganize kuti ichi ndi chokongoletsera chachikale chopangidwa ndi chikopa chenicheni ndi mwala wa agate - chipolopolo chake ndi mapiko ake zimawala bwino kwambiri, kuwonetsa kutchuka kwa utoto. Ku Russia, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa kachilomboka ku Far East - Pheropsophus (Stenaptinus) javanus... Mu mitundu yake, m'malo mwa mithunzi yofiirira, pali mtundu wa mchenga wa beige, womwe umawonjezera kukongola pakuwoneka.
Zakudya zabwino
Bombardier kafadala ndi mthunzi komanso osaka usiku. Maso awo apakatikati amasinthanso moyo wawo. Masana amabisala pansi pa ziboda, miyala, muudzu kapena pakati pa mitengo yakugwa. Zakudyazi ndizopangidwa ndi zakudya zamapuloteni.
Mphutsi za bombardier zimayika mbozi zawo m'nthaka
Izi zikutanthauza kuti amadyetsa zamoyo zina - mphutsi ndi zinkhanira za kafadala wina, nkhono, nyongolotsi ndi zolengedwa zina zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala kumtunda kwa nthaka, ndi zovunda. Satha kuwuluka, chifukwa chake amangoyenda m'manja.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, amatha kuyenda mosavuta pakati pa masamba omwe agwa, akuthamanga mozungulira malo osakira. Amayang'ana mothandizidwa ndi tinyanga, tomwe tingalowe m'malo mwa mphamvu zonse - kumva, kuwona, kununkhiza komanso kukhudza.
Amagwira nyama yawo molimbika kutsogolo ndi pakati pakati ndi notches. Wopwetekedwayo sangathe kuthawa kukumbatirana koopsa, ndipo atakana pang'ono amadzichepetsera ndikudziwonongeratu. Komabe, zolusa izi zilinso ndi adani ambiri, ena mwa iwo aphunzira kudzitchinjiriza bwino ku "kuwombera" kwa tizilombo.
Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zimabisala ndi "kuwombera" ndi mapiko awo, makoswe ena amalumphira pamwamba pa kachilomboka ndikusindikiza chida chake chowopsa pansi, ndipo mbozi yomwe imawoneka ngati yosavulaza imabisa kachilomboka panthaka yonyowa, yomwe imamwa madzi owopsa.
koma kachilomboka kakudzitchinjiriza ndipo atagonjetsedwa. Amayang'ana chikumbu chikumeza ndi chule chikuwombera mkati, ndipo amphibian wosauka adalavula msirikali chifukwa cha mantha komanso kutentha kwamkati.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula kwa chikumbu kuchokera kumazira kupita ku imago ndichosangalatsanso. Njira yoberekera, monga m'matumba ambiri, imachitika mothandizidwa ndi gawo limodzi mwendo wakumbuyo, wamwamuna amataya umuna wambiri womwe mkazi adzafunike pamoyo wake wonse.
Kwenikweni, apa ndi pomwe ntchito yake imathera, nthawi zina gawolo limatuluka ndikukhazikika, koma ndondomekoyi yayamba kale. Mkazi pang'onopang'ono, osati nthawi yomweyo, amadya umuna, ndikuwusunga mosungira mosiyana. Asanatumikire mazira, amatulutsa pang'ono m'thumba la dzira.
Amayikira mazirawo m'chipinda chadothi, ndipo amayesetsa kupakira dzira lililonse mu mpira wosiyana ndikuliika pamalo olimba pafupi ndi dziwe. Ndipo pali zosachepera mazira 20. Patangopita masiku ochepa, mazira oyera amatuluka m'mazirawo, omwe amayamba kuda pambuyo pa maola ochepa.
Mphutsi zimapeza nyama m'nthaka ngati pupa la kachilomboka kapena chimbalangondo, idyani kuchokera mkati kuchokera kumutu ndikukwera pamenepo. Pamenepo amaphunzira. Amachokera ku chikuku m'masiku 10 wolemba watsopano amatuluka. Njira yonseyi imatenga masiku 24.
Nthawi zina chachikazi chimagwira mchigwirizano wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, ngati nyengo ilola. Komabe, m'malo ozizira, nkhaniyi imangokhala imodzi. Chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri m'nkhaniyi ndi kutalika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala azaka chimodzi zokha. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amatha kukhala ndi moyo wopitilira zaka 2-3.
Kuvulaza kachilomboka
Chikumbu sichingawononge munthu kwambiri. Ngakhale sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutenge oimira makamaka akuluakulu ndi manja. Komabe, kutentha pang'ono koma chogwirika ndikotheka. Poterepa, ndikofunikira kutsuka madzi awa posachedwa. Chokhumudwitsa kwambiri ndikutenga ndege ngati iyi m'maso mwanu. Kuchepetsa kapena kutaya masomphenya ndizotheka. Ndikofunika kutsuka maso kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo itanani ambulansi.
Komanso, musalole ziweto - agalu, amphaka ndi ena kuti azikumana ndi kachilomboka. Ayesa kumeza tizilombo ndi kuvulala. Ndipo komabe, zitha kunenedwa kuti kachilombo ka bombardier osati owopsa, koma othandiza.
Chifukwa cha zomwe amakonda kudya, gawoli limayeretsedwa ndi mphutsi ndi mbozi. Amawononga zowoneka bwino pa tizilomboti, timene timayamwa mphukira zazing'ono. M'madera omwe amakhala kachilomboka, bombardier itha kukhala yadongosolo kwambiri.
Kulimbana ndi chikumbu
Anthu sanadabwe kwambiri ndi njira zothetsera kachilomboka. Choyamba, chifukwa sizowopsa kwenikweni. Ndipo chachiwiri, amatha kukhala limodzi mokhulupirika ndi ife, zosasangalatsa entomophobes (anthu oopa kafadala).
Kuphatikiza apo, ndizosangalatsa kuphunzira, ena amakhulupirirabe kuti ndizopangidwa mwaluso ndi zinthu zaku dziko lina. Njira zikuluzikulu zowongolera ndi ma aerosol oyenera ndi othandizira mankhwala motsutsana ndi tizilombo tazikulu ndi mphutsi zawo.
Zosangalatsa
- Kutentha kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bombardier kachilomboka kumatha kupitilira 100 degrees Celsius, ndipo kuthamanga kwa ejection kumatha kufika 8 m / s. Kutalika kwa ndege kumafika masentimita 10, ndipo kulondola kwa kugunda chandamale m'mitundu yambiri kulibe cholakwika.
- Chitetezo cha kachilomboka, atachiyang'anitsitsa, chidakhala chiwonetsero cha makina odziwika bwino a V-1 (V-1) opumira mpweya, "chida chobwezera" chomwe Ajeremani adagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
- Akatswiri ofufuza tizilombo tazindikira kuti nthumwi za mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka zimakonda kusonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu. Amakhulupirira kuti mwanjira imeneyi amalimbitsa chitetezo chawo. Volley yanthawi yomweyo yochokera ku "mfuti" zambiri imatha kuwononga zambiri, komanso, kafadala omwe amakhala okonzeka kuwotcha amatha kupumira kwa iwo omwe akuyenera "kubweza".
- Chipangizo chowombera kachilomboka ndi chosangalatsa komanso chovuta kwambiri mwakuti pali chifukwa choganizira zopanga dziko lapansi. Pali lingaliro kuti "makina" oterewa sangakhale mwangozi chifukwa cha chisinthiko, koma adapangidwa ndi winawake.
- Kupangidwa kwa makina oyaka amkati oyeserera ngati mmodzi wa iwo alephera kuthawa sikutali kwambiri. Izi zithandizira kuwulula chinsinsi cha makina owombera a bombardier kafadala.
