Pali mbalame zambiri padziko lapansi, koma nkhunda mwina ndizodziwika kwambiri muufumu wam nthenga, chifukwa sizochuluka chabe, komanso amakhala m'makontinenti onse oyenera kukhala ndi moyo. Kuyambira kale, amakhala pafupi ndi munthu, akhala akumuthandiza nthawi zonse ndipo amalandila poyankha kuchokera kwa anthu omvera chisoni, chisamaliro komanso mtima wabwino.
Mbalamezi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cha chikondi, mtendere, kukhulupirika komanso ubwenzi. Amalemba za iwo nthano ndi nthano, zithunzi ndi ndakatulo zinalembedwa, nkhani zosaneneka kwambiri zidalembedwa. Iwo anali ngakhale milungu, ndipo anakhulupiriranso kuti mizimu ya anthu akufa inakhazikika mwa iyo.
Maonekedwe a njiwa zikuwoneka kuti zimadziwika ndi aliyense, ngakhale mutaganizira mitundu yonse ndi mitundu ya mbalamezi zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi, mutha kuwona mitundu yayikulu pakati pawo. Koma kwenikweni, am'banja la njiwa ali ndi izi:
- mutu wawung'ono wokhala pakhosi lalifupi;
- mlomo woonda, waukhondo wokhala ndi mphuno zotseguka, nthawi zambiri mogwirizana ndi mtundu wa nthenga;
- thupi lalikulu poyerekeza ndi mutu;
- mapiko ataliatali;
- miyendo yayifupi, yokhala ndi zala zinayi zokhala ndi zikhadabo, ndipo mthunzi wa makokowo umatha kusiyanasiyana wakuda mpaka pinki;
- mchira wamfupi wozungulira;
- maso a mbalameyi amatha kukhala lalanje, ofiira kapena achikaso.
Kuwona kwa nkhunda ndikuthwa, kumva kumakhala kochepa. Mtundu wa nthenga za zolengedwa zathu zamapiko nthawi zambiri umakhala wochenjera, wotuwa kapena wakuda, ngakhale oimira banja lotentha, m'malo mwake, amadziwika ndi kuwala. Koma, kuti tilingalire bwino kusiyanasiyana kwawo, tiyeni tiwone bwino mitundu ya nkhundapowapatsa malongosoledwe achidule.
Nkhunda
Zosiyanasiyanazi ndizodziwika kwambiri komanso pafupipafupi, chifukwa chake nkhani yake imayamba ndi iye. Thupi la mbalamezi limakhala lalitali, lalikulu, ndipo limapereka chithunzi choti ndi lochepa, ngakhale pansi pa khungu la mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri mafuta amadzipezera. Mbalamezi zimatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 40.
Koma palinso zitsanzo zazing'ono zosapitirira masentimita 29. Mthunzi wofala kwambiri wa nthenga umadziwika kuti ndi wabuluu. Koma pakati pa omwe amatchedwa sisars pali akuda, ofiira, khofi, oyera. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amakhala amtundu umodzi, mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi: mutu, mapiko, chifuwa, khosi ndi mchira, zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Ndikumva kulira kwake, mbalamezo zimatulutsa phokoso lokhalokha, lofanana ndi kamwana ka mphaka. Kukhazika koteroko kumatha kuberekanso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana: kukopa chidwi cha obadwa nawo komanso amuna kapena akazi anzawo, kwinaku akuswana mazira, munthawi yowopsa kuti awopseze alendo.
Sisari amagawidwa pafupifupi ku Eurasia, kupatula zigawo zake zozizira, komanso amakhala kumpoto kwa Africa. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika ya mitundu iyi, yomwe iperekedwe pansipa.
1. Fomu ya Synanthropic. Liwu lenilenilo limasonyeza ubale wapafupi wa mbalamezi ndi anthu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti makolo akutali a nkhunda zoterezi amawongoleredwa ndi anthu, komanso, anali oweta kwathunthu. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zidachitika zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo.
Mbalamezi zimasamalidwa chifukwa cha kukongoletsa, kugwiritsira ntchito zilembo, ku Egypt wakale komanso kumayiko ena zimawerengedwa kuti ndizokoma, chifukwa chake zimadya mosangalala nyama zowetazo. Koma mbalame zambiri pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zidasiyidwa zopanda eni, koma sizimawulukira patali ndi malo okhala anthu.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono anakhala synanthropists. Pali nkhunda zambiri zotere m'mizinda yayikulu ngakhale yaying'ono ngakhale pano. Amadyetsedwa ndi anthu, komanso amadyetsa zinyalala za chakudya kuchokera kumalo awo, zomwe ndizothandiza kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale choyera.
2. Feral mawonekedwe. Ena mwa mbadwa za nkhunda zapakhomo adakakamizika kubwerera kuthengo. Masiku ano, nthumwi za nthambi iyi yachilengedwe zimakumana ndi anthu oyandikana ndi midzi, m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'miyala ndi m'mapiri.
Kuti apulumuke, amalumikizana m'magulu akulu, koma nyengo yozizira mbalame zimakhala ndi nthawi yoyipa, ndipo sizimapanga zonse kuti ziphukire. Chosangalatsa cha cisars wamtchire, wokhala m'miyala kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikuti, mosiyana ndi achibale a synanthropic, ataya mwayi wokhala pamitengo.
Kwenikweni, amayenda pansi ndikuuluka, ndipo ali ndi liwiro lochititsa chidwi lopitilira 150 km / h, zomwe sizingatheke kwa Sinanthropus, yemwe sanatchulidwe konse chifukwa cha luso lawo komanso kuthamanga kwakanthawi.
Nkhunda zapakhomo
Ngakhale mbalame zina zidasandulika komanso kuthengo, anthu mzaka mazana ambiri adapitilirabe kuswana nkhunda zoweta, kuswana mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi, zomwe zilipo zambiri tsopano.
Ziweto zotere zimakopa munthu kukonda nyumba yake, kuchitira zabwino komanso kumvera chisoni eni ake, komanso kudzichepetsa komanso chisamaliro chofunikira. Chotsatira, sikuti tizingokambirana Mayina a mitundu ya nkhundakupitiliza kukhala mothandizidwa ndi munthu, komanso tidzawagawira malinga ndi mtundu wa kagwiritsidwe.
Nkhunda zonyamula
M'masiku akale, mbalame zotere zinali zamtengo wapatali komanso zodula. Komabe, munthawi yomwe kunalibe matelefoni ndi intaneti, zotumizira posachedwa, nkhunda zotere nthawi zina zimakhala mwayi wokhawo pakanthawi kochepa kutumiza uthenga uliwonse kwa anthu ena omwe ali patali ndithu.
Nkhunda zogona zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 80 km / h, kuwonjezera apo, zomwe ndizofunikira, zimapatsidwa mawonekedwe abwino mlengalenga. Mwa mitundu ya nkhunda zonyamula, tiwonetsa izi:
Chikhombo cha Chingerezi
Nkhunda zotere, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimakonda imvi, zimawoneka zachilendo. Chiwerengero chawo chikuyimira bwino kwambiri, khosi ndi lalitali, ndipo kutalika kwawo kumakhala kokulira kwambiri atayimirira, zomwe pazokha zimapereka chithunzi cha olemekezeka. Nthenga za kumapeto kwa mapiko ndi mchira ndizotalika komanso zolemera, ngakhale mthupi lonse ndizochepa.
Chofunika kwambiri pakuwonekera kwake ndi phula la mulomo wamphamvu, womwe umawonekera ndikukula konga mtedza. Palinso zophuka kuzungulira maso. Mitunduyi idapangidwa kuti izitha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, pomwe kuthamanga kwa mbalame kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.
Nkhunda yaku Belgian
Kufunika kwa nkhunda zonyamulira kwatha mu nthawi yathu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nkhunda zaku Belgian, zomwe kuyambira nthawi zakale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuperekera mauthenga mwachangu, tsopano zasandulika. Mutu wozungulira ndi khosi la mbalame zotere, poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse, zimawoneka zokulirapo komanso zazikulu kuposa za mamembala ambiri a nkhunda.
Maso akuda a mbalamezo ali ndi zikope zowonda. Kutera kwa matupi awo kuli kopingasa; chifuwa ndi chotukuka, chachikulu. Mapiko ali phee modekha amapita kumbuyo ndikutsatira mwamphamvu thupi. Mchira wa zolengedwa za mtundu uwu ndi wopapatiza. Mtundu wawo umatha kukhala wakuda, imvi, imvi, bulauni, komanso wofiira. Nkhunda zotere ndimapepala abwino kwambiri.
Nkhunda zanyama
Anthu akale anali olondola: nyama ya njiwa ndiyokoma kwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe anadziwira patapita nthawi, ali ndi mapuloteni ambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo amapatsidwa zakudya. Ngakhale zimawoneka ngati mwano kwa anthu ambiri kudya nyama ya nkhunda, mbale zopangidwa kuchokera kuzogulitsazi zimawonedwa ngati zokometsera kale komanso pano.
M'masiku akale, mbalame yotereyi idaperekedwera patebulo la anthu obadwira. Pali mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya nkhunda yomwe imangodyera anthu kokha.
Tiyeni tione zina mwa izi:
Nkhunda yachiroma
Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi zakale ndipo idabadwa ngakhale nthawi yathu ino isanakwane. Ndipo zidadzuka, monga dzina limanenera, kudera la Ufumu wa Roma, womwe tsopano ndi Italy. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhunda zanyama zinali zotchuka masiku amenewo. Mbalame, mpaka mitu zikwi zingapo, zidasungidwa m'minda yayikulu. Mmodzi mwa makolo amtunduwu anali nkhunda zaku Carthagine zomwe zidalipo nthawi imeneyo.
Nkhunda zachiroma poyerekeza ndi abale am'banja zimatha kutchedwa zimphona. Kukula kwawo kumatha kupitirira theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 1200. Apo ayi, amatikumbutsa kwambiri nkhunda. Mwachilengedwe, zolengedwa zotere zimatha kunyengerera munthu, ochezeka kwa eni ake, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ulesi komanso kusachita kanthu, koma nthawi zambiri amayamba ndewu pakati pawo.
Mtundu wachifumu
Makolo awo anali nkhunda zonyamula. Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, obereketsa adayamba kupanga nyama zamtundu kuchokera kwa omwe adatumiza ndipo adachita bwino. Oimira mitundu iyi amasiyana ndi nkhunda zachizolowezi m'thupi lofupika komanso makulidwe owoneka bwino.
Zina mwa mtunduwu ndi: mutu wawukulu, khosi lowoneka bwino, chifuwa chachikulu, kumbuyo kumbuyo, mapiko amfupi, atakwezedwa pang'ono, osati mchira wofewa. Kulemera kwake kwa nkhunda zotere kumafika kilogalamu. Mtundu wawo wa nthenga ukhoza kukhala wakuda, wofiira, woyera.
Mwachilengedwe, ndimakhalidwe komanso ndewu ngati tambala. Mafumu akuuluka molakwika. Koma ndiwodzichepetsa, amawasamalira ana ndipo amakhala achonde. Kuphatikiza pa nyama, zitsanzo zowonetsera zimawonetsedwa. Kulemera kwawo kumatha kukhala kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka.
Nkhunda zokongoletsa
Sizachilendo kuti munthu azisilira nkhunda. Koma ngati alinso okongola ndi kukongola kwapadera, ndiye koposa. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imapangidwa ndi ntchito yosamalitsa ya oweta. Ndipo oimira awo amatha kudzitamandira ndi nthenga zodabwitsa, ziphuphu zosazolowereka, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi utoto. Talingalirani zina mitundu yokongola ya nkhunda:
Owombera
Nthawi zamtunduwu, mwazinthu zina zabwino, zimakongoletsedwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe onyada komanso thupi lochepa. Ndi odekha mwachilengedwe, koma alibe chidwi. Mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri sizimasinthidwa kuti zizitha kuwuluka modabwitsa, koma ndizoyenera kuzisilira ndikuziwonetsa pazionetsero.
Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi yakale ndipo idabadwira ku Middle Ages ku Western Europe. Chikhalidwe cha amuna okongola ngati awa ndi chotupa chotupa kwambiri, chomwe chimakhala chinthu chonyadira komanso chokongoletsa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njiwa izi zinali zowombetsa ubatizo.
Mtunduwo umagawidwa m'mitundu. Pakati pawo tidzatchula izi:
1. Woweta wooneka ngati chishalo wooneka ngati chishalo adaswedwa ndipo wakhala akukumbidwa kwanthawi yayitali mumzinda wa Brno. Mbali zapadera za nkhunda zotere ndi izi: kukula kwakung'ono kwamitundu yokongoletsa (mpaka masentimita 45); mutu wopanda tuft, wapakati kukula; pang'ono kutalika kumapeto, aukhondo, mphako woboola pakati, wamphamvu mlomo; thupi lofanana; mapewa otakata ndi chifuwa; mapiko apakatikati; mchira, womwe ukuwoneka kuti ukupitilira mzere wakumbuyo; mdima, nthawi zina maso ofiira; nthenga, monga lamulo, ndi mitundu iwiri, ya mithunzi yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi ofiira, achikasu, imvi-imvi, wakuda. Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chotupa chofewa, chokhala ngati peyala.
2. Brno dutysh ili pafupifupi dera lomwelo ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu, koma ili ndi kusiyana kwakunja kwakunja kwa iyo. Choyamba, izi zimagwira ntchito kukula. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi yaying'ono, koma kwa owombetsa, chifukwa njiwa ndizazing'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri sikumadutsa masentimita 35.
Amadziwikanso ndi mawonekedwe owongoka, wowonda, miyendo yayitali, mapiko owoloka. Gulugufe wawo, amene ali ndi mawonekedwe a mpira pafupifupi wangwiro, amatuluka mwamphamvu kupita kutsogolo ndikukwera mmwamba, komwe kumakopa chidwi ndikukhala chapamwamba kuposa thunthu labwino. Mtundu wa mbalame umasiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri umakondweretsa diso ndi zovuta za kapangidwe kake.
3. Pomeranian blower. Mitunduyi yakhalapo kwazaka zopitilira zana ndipo idabadwira pachilumba cha Baltic cha Rügen. Kuphatikiza pa peyala woboola pakati, chotupa chachikulu, zolengedwa zodabwitsa ngati izi zimakongoletsedwa kwambiri ndi nthenga zoyambirira, zazitali, zamiyendo pamapazi awo, nthawi zina kuposa 14 cm.
Komanso, mbalame zomwe, nthawi zina, zimakhala zoposa theka la mita. Madamu otere amatha kubadwa oyera oyera, nthawi zina chovala chofananira chimathandizidwa ndi mitundu ina. Nthawi zambiri mtundu wawo umakhala ndimayendedwe amtundu wabuluu, wachikaso, wakuda ndi wofiyira.
Nkhunda yopindika
Ichi ndi mtundu wakale. Ndipo mawonekedwe ake ofunikira kwambiri ndi nthenga zoyambirira zopindika. Ma curls a nthumwi zoyera za mtunduwo, malinga ndi miyezo yovomerezeka, ziyenera kuphimba mbali zina za thupi, makamaka mapiko ndi kumbuyo.
Mutu wa mbalame zotere nthawi zina umakongoletsedweratu. Komabe, nthenga za mutu ndi khosi lopindika pang'ono zitha kukhala zosalala. Mchira ndi nthenga zouluka ziyenera kutalikitsidwa. Miyendo imakhala yothina kwambiri. Kukula kwa nkhunda zopotana sikuposa masentimita 38. Mtundu wake ndi woyera, wakuda ndi utoto wobiriwira, wachikaso, wabuluu, wofiira.
Nkhunda ya Nkhunda
Mtundu wina wokhala ndi mizu yakale yomwe idabwera ku Europe kuchokera ku India. Oimirawo ali ndi zokongola komanso chisomo chosangalatsa. Koma kukongoletsa kwawo kwakukulu kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mchira wapamwamba wokhala ndi nthenga zambiri, zomwe zimatseguka ngati fan.
Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo, koma kusiyana pakati pawo ndi mtundu winawake. Mtunduwo umatha kukhala wosiyanasiyana komanso wosakanikirana: beige, bulauni, yoyera, buluu, pinki, imvi, komanso mitundu iwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Zizindikiro zina ziyenera kuganiziridwa: khosi lopindika, lalitali; yotakata, yopita patsogolo mwamtendere, arched hemisphere chest; kutalika kwa mwendo wapakatikati; kugwedezeka.
Mitundu yakuuluka yaku Russia
Kuyambira kale, zinali zachilendo kusunga nkhunda ku Russia. Makolo athu amalemekeza kwambiri mbalame zoterezi. Mwa njira, anthu obadwa olemekezeka nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nkhunda posaka ndi masewera osangalatsa. Pali mitundu yambiri yaku Russia yokhala ndimikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yakuthawira. Mitundu yanji njiwa ayenera kuonedwa m'banja? Tiyeni tiwonetse ena mwa iwo:
A Permian
Mtundu uwu ndi wakale, koma pali wina womwe udachokera, wamakono, wowetedwa pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo. Akupitilizabe kusintha tsopano. Oimira ake ndiotchuka chifukwa chokwera kwambiri kuthawa, ndipo amapitilira mitundu iyi yambiri yakunja.
Kukula kwake kwa nkhunda zotere kumangokhala masentimita 33. Nthambi zachikhalidwe za Perm zimakhala zoyera, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amaphatikizidwa ndi mane wofiira kapena wabuluu, ndiye kuti kumbuyo kwa khosi. Chovala cha nthenga cha mitundu yatsopano kwambiri chitha kukhala chamitundu yambiri kapena chamtundu umodzi: chakuda, choyera, chofiira kwambiri kapena chachikaso.
Voronezh wamazinyo oyera
Makhalidwe awo mbalamezi amakhalanso okwera modabwitsa, ndipo nthawi yomwe amakhala mlengalenga imatha kukhala mpaka maola awiri. Amakhala olimba pomanga ndipo ali ndi minofu yabwino kwambiri. Nthenga zawo zosalala - maziko a chovala chamitundu yambiri amathandizidwa ndi zokongoletsa zoyambirira. Khosi lawo ndi loyera, kumbuyo kwa mitu yawo pali phokoso losangalatsa la mtundu womwewo.
Dera loyera limakopanso pakhosi, chifukwa cha izi, obereketsa nkhunda a Tambov adapatsa mbalame zotchulidwazo "ndevu". Pachifukwa chomwecho, ku Voronezh amatchedwa "zoyera zoyera". Zilonda za mbalame zotere zimakutidwa ndi nthenga zazikulu. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nkhunda za mtunduwu ndi 33 cm.
Nkhunda ya Kamyshin
Mitundu yakale kwambiri yopangira njiwa. Pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo, idatchuka kwambiri. Dziko lakwawo la mbalame zotere ndi dera la Lower Volga. Nthenga za zolengedwa zamapiko, zotchuka chifukwa cha liwiro lawo, zimakhala zakuda kwambiri, kupatula mapiko oyera, nthawi zina amtundu wofanana wamimba.
Koma palinso ma subspecies amitundu ina: zofiirira, zofiira, siliva, buluu. Kutalika kwa mbalame zamtunduwu siziposa masentimita 40. Amawoneka oyenera komanso olimba. Ndi kukongola kwawo komanso kuwoneka kofooka, mbalamezo ndizolimba komanso zosadzichepetsa mndende. Nthenga zawo zamchira ndizitali, ngati nthenga zouluka; mlomo wokulirapo pang'ono; maso ndi achikasu.Mbalame zili ndi luso lodabwitsa loyendamo molondola.
Nkhunda zoyera
Nkhunda zimaimira kuyera kwa malingaliro, makamaka nkhunda zoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi otchuka chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo kwapadera, amasangalala kuthawa ndipo amadzetsa chisangalalo. Kwenikweni, nkhunda zamtundu uliwonse ndi mtundu uliwonse zimatha kukhala ndi mtundu wofanana. Tiona zina zotchuka mitundu ya nkhunda zoyera.
Orlovsky turman
Izi ndi nkhunda zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa chakuuluka kwawo. Koma anthu amtundu woyera wamtunduwu amakonda kwambiri oweta. Nthenga zawo sizongokhala zoyera zokha, komanso zimakhala ndi zokongola. Izi ndi nkhunda zazikulu. Mutu wawo ndi waukhondo, wawung'ono, mawonekedwe ake ndi osangalatsa, a cuboid.
Pansi pamutu kumbuyo kwake kuli chiwongolero. Maso a nkhunda ali mdima; mlomo ndi wopindika pang’ono; mapikowo ndi aatali, amphamvu; fluffy mchira; paws pinki, nthawi zina amakhala ndi nthenga zolimba. Mlengalenga, nkhunda zotere zimadziwonetsera ngati akatswiri enieni. Amasewera mosavutikira, ma roll, mafunde, mafunde otsetsereka ndikutsata mosayembekezereka komanso ziwerengero zina za acrobatic.
Nkhunda ya Iran
Ichi ndiye chomwe chimatchedwa mtundu wankhondo. Paulendo wapaulendo, nkhunda zotere zimatulutsa, zimamva kutali, kumenyedwa kwamapiko awo, kukumbukira kukumbutsa kwa chikwapu. Mlengalenga, anthu olimba mtima amtunduwu amatha kukhala mpaka maola khumi. Amadziwa kupanga zovuta zina zapadera, amapota, amanyamuka ndikutsetsereka, koma amawuluka pang'onopang'ono.
Mutu wa mbalamezi ndi zazing'ono, kenako zimakhala zopindika, zozungulira. Zina mwazinthu monga: Thupi lokhathamira, mlomo wokongola; nthenga zazitali pamapiko ndi mchira. Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa kwa azungu panthawi yophunzitsa ndege.
Zolemba
Ndi mtundu wokongoletsa wokhala ndi mizu yaku India. Anabweretsedwa ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 16 ndipo nthawi yomweyo adachita chidwi ndi kukongola kwake. Ndipo oyera oyera amakhala osangalatsa kwambiri. Nthenga za mbalame zotere ndizolemera, zotsekemera, makamaka pamutu. Yakula kwambiri kotero kuti imafanana ndi wigi wonyezimira kapena maluwa a dandelion, obisala kwathunthu osati kumbuyo kokha kwa mutu, komanso mbali yakutsogolo.
Mbalame zoterezi ndizopangidwa modabwitsa. Chovuta chokha ndichakuti mutu wamtunduwu umafuna chisamaliro chapadera kuchokera kwa obereketsa, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto pakusamalira. Kuopa kwamphamvu kwa mbalame zotere ndikodabwitsa.
Nkhunda zakutchire
Koma kuchokera zoweta, tiyeni tibwererenso ku nkhunda zomwe zimakhala kuthengo. Awa ndi nthumwi za banja la nkhunda lomwe limakakamizika kukhala kutali ndi nyumba za anthu, chisa pamapiri amiyala ndi miyala, kulumikizana m'magawo kuti athane ndi zovuta ndikudzitchinjiriza kwa adani.
Mitundu ya nkhunda zakutchire osati owoneka mosiyanasiyana komanso owoneka bwino ngati mitundu yambiri ya achibale omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kwambiri, amafanana, koma amakhalanso ndi kusiyana kwakukulu.
Nkhunda yakuda
Ngakhale kuti dzina la mbalamezi limatanthauzira mtundu winawake wanzeru wa nthenga zawo, ndizosangalatsa - zotuwa ndi silvery sheen. Kuphatikiza apo, chovala cha zolengedwa zamapikozi chimakwaniritsidwa bwino ndikulowetsedwa kwakuda, makamaka pamapiko ndi mchira, komanso kumbuyo kwa khosi, komwe kumachitika ndi utoto wobiriwira pang'ono.
Mbalame zoterezi ndizochepa. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala m'malo otentha, m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe zimakhalira m'mitengo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Indonesia. Amakula mpaka 40 cm.
Nkhunda ya thanthwe
Mwakuwoneka, nkhunda zoterezi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi imvi, kotero kuti ngakhale asayansi ena amaziona ngati mtundu umodzi. Koma miyala ikuluikulu imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi abale omwe atchulidwa ndi timiyala tawo, mlomo wakuda ndi mchira wautali wopepuka. Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka kumapiri a Altai ndi Tibet, komanso madera ena ofanana ndi a ku Asia.
Mbalamezi zimakopeka ndi kukongola kwawo kwanzeru. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala osakhulupirika komanso osamala, amapewa chitukuko cha anthu, amakonda kupempha mtundu wawo wonyada komanso kukhala kwayokha.
Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri ndi pomwe amatha kusiya mfundo zawo ndikusaka chakudya m'malo otayira tawuni. M'bale wapafupi kwambiri wamiyala ndi nkhunda yoyamwa. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kuyenera kuganiziridwa ngati nthenga zoyera pachifuwa ndi pamimba.
Nkhunda
Kuchokera kwa nkhunda zina, nkhunda zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chawo, komanso chovala cha nthenga, chomwe chimakopa chidwi chake chofananira komanso mawonekedwe achilendo omwe amakongoletsa, omwe adayikidwa bwino pamiyendo yakuda ya nthenga yayikulu. Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka ku Eurasia ndi Africa.
Mtundu womwewo umagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo. Mwa izi, chosangalatsa kwambiri, mwina, ndi njiwa yaying'ono, yomwe imadziwa kuseka ngati munthu, ndiye kuti imamveka chimodzimodzi. Pachifukwa chofananira choyambirira, subspecies iyi imadziwika ndi anthu.
Chifukwa chake, mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndikusungidwa m'makola. Posankha anthu oyenerera kwambiri omwe ali ndi talente yowala kuti afalitse kuseka, oimira mtundu wa anthu adabweretsanso mtundu wina - nkhunda yosekera. Koma samakhala kuthengo, koma amadziwika kuti ndiwoweta kale.
Vyakhir
Mbalamezi zasankha nkhalango zosakanikirana bwino za ku Europe, komwe kumangidwa zisa zawo pamitengo yayitali. Mwa nkhunda zakutchire, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikhala zazikulu kukula kwake, ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zimafika masentimita 40, ndipo kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumadutsa theka la kilogalamu. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhunda zimakonda kusamukira ku Africa, ndikubwerera kwawo kwinakwake pakati pa Marichi.
Posakhalitsa moyo wokangalika umayamba apa. Akuluakulu amasankha okha awiri oyenera kuti m'badwo watsopano wa nkhumba zibadwire. Munthawi zoterezi, mbalame zimakhala zochenjera komanso zamanyazi pa anthu, zimabisala zikawonekera pamasamba a mitengo. Chovala chanthenga cha mbalame zotere chimakhala chamtundu wabuluu kwambiri, chifuwa chake ndi chofiira.
Khalintukh
Mtundu wa membala wakuthengo wa banja la nkhunda ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, zikuwoneka kuti ndizofala kwa nkhunda, imvi-buluu, koma imakwaniritsidwa ndi utoto wobiriwira wobiriwira m'khosi ndi mithunzi yofiira yamatte mdera la goiter.
Izi ndi mbalame zazing'ono, zosaposa masentimita 32. Zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku Europe ndi Asia, zomwe zimapezeka ku North Africa. Amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana bwino komanso zosakanikirana, zokhalira m'mitengo yovunda.
Ndipo pomaliza, tikuwona kuti zomwe zaperekedwa mitundu ya nkhunda (pachithunzichi Mutha kudziwa mawonekedwe akunja a mbalame zotere) ndi gawo limodzi chabe mwa mitundu yonseyo. Zonsezi, pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu ndi mitundu ya mbalame zosangalatsa.
Ndipo tikuwonanso kuti chidwi cha anthu mu mbalame zodabwitsa komanso zamtenderezi pakadali pano sichikuchepa konse. Mitundu yonse yatsopano ya nkhunda zakumunda ikuweta. Ndipo anthu nawonso nthawi zambiri amatenga nthumwi zoyimira kutetezedwa.
