Mmodzi mwa mitundu ya mbalame zakuda amatchedwa Mbalame ya buluu... Amakhala kumapiri a Asia otentha komanso otentha kuchokera ku Turkestan ndi Afghanistan kumadzulo, kupita ku Taiwan ndi Borneo kum'mawa ndi Ceylon ndi Java kumwera. Malire akumpoto amtunduwu amadutsa m'maiko aku Central Asia, koma nthawi zina mbalameyi imapita kumadera akumwera a Russia.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nthenga za bluebirds zimayambira buluu mpaka pepo, kuphatikiza mitundu yonse. Chifukwa chake, dzina la mitunduyo ndilofala kwambiri: thrush wofiirira. Mtundu wakumtunda ndiwofanana. Nthenga zokhala ndi nsonga zoyera zilipo pakhosi, pachifuwa ndi m'mimba. Izi zimapanga chinyengo cha madontho pa nthenga. Mlomo umasiyana ndi chivundikirocho: umakhala wachikasu.
Malo amkati mwa nthenga ndi mapiko a mchira atha kukhala akuda. Kutalika kuchokera pakamwa mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira nthawi zambiri kumasiyana masentimita 30 mpaka 35. Kulemera kwa mtundu wachikulire wabuluu kumakhala magalamu 130 mpaka 230. Kulemera ndi kukula kwake kumawonetsa kuti mtundu wa bluebird ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa thrush.
Malinga ndi ulamuliro wa Bergman, mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto kwa China ndizazikulu kuposa ma thrushes akumwera kwa India. Kutentha kwanyengo, kukulirako mitundu ya mtundu womwewo. Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwa anthu akumpoto kumapitilira 190 g, ndi zitsanzo zoyikirira kumwera zosapitirira 150 g.
Bluebird subspecies ili ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamakhalidwe kwakunja. M'madera omwe amakhala ku China, milomoyo ndiyosiyana ndi enawo - ndi yakuda. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Afghanistan (Central Asia subspecies), m'munsi mwa milomo ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Ku Indochina, thrush yofiirira nthawi zambiri imapezeka yopanda zoyera pakhosi, pachifuwa ndi pamimba.
Mitundu
Mtundu wabuluu kapena wofiirira umakhala ndi dzina la sayansi Myophonus caeruleus. Mtundu uwu unapatsa dzinali mtundu womwe umakhalapo. Dzina la sayansi la mtunduwu ndi Myophonus. Pali zotsutsana ndi kukhala am'banja. Poyamba onse mitundu ya mbalame zamtambo anali amtundu wa banja thrush kapena Turdidae.
Mu 2013, malo ena amtunduwu adakonzedwa ndipo mbalame zamtundu wabulu zimatha kukhala m'banja la omwe amawuluka kapena Muscicapidae. Kusinthaku kutengera maphunziro amolekyulu ndi amphylogenetic omwe adachitika mu 2010. Kusinthaku kunakhudza mgwirizano wamabanja abuluu. Subpecies momwe mitunduyo imagawanika imakhalabe pamalo omwewo.
- Chitchaina Mbalame ya buluu — amakhala m'zigawo zapakati pa China. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus.
- Central Asia bluebird - wopezeka ku Tien Shan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan. Anthu osiyana amakhala kumpoto kwa Myanmar. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus temmincki.
- Indochina bluebird ndiye malo okhala kumpoto ndi pakati pa Indochina. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus eugenei.
- Thai bluebird - amakhala kum'mawa kwa Thailand, Cambodia ndi Vietnam. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus crassirostris.
- Sumatran bluebird - adadziwa chilumba cha Malay Peninsula ndi Sumatra. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus dichrorhynchus.
- Javanese bluebird - amakhala pazilumba za Borneo ndi Java. Dzina la sayansi - Myophonus caeruleus flavirostris.
Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo amatsutsana ndi magawanowa. Amawerengedwa kuti si mitundu ya bluebird, koma anthu. Kuphatikiza pa mafunde obiriwira (ofiira), palinso mitundu ina ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi nthenga zofananira. Mwachitsanzo. Mbalame ya azure, yotchedwanso sialia, ndi m'modzi wa banja la thrush. Ali ndi chifuwa chofiira komanso pansi. Thupi lonse ndi mapiko ake ndi azure wokongola, wabuluu.
Nthenga za mbalame zamtundu wa azure zimatha kupikisana ndi nthenga za mbalame zamtambo zamtundu wake. Anthu aku Sialias amakhala ndi chisa ku North America; sapezeka mu Old World. Mu zaluso zaku America komanso zaluso, mbalame yokhazikika yatenga malo a mbalame yachimwemwe.
Zizindikiro
Nthawi zambiri mtundu wabluebird umatembenuka kuchoka pachinthu chamoyo kukhala chithunzi chokulirapo. Mwa mawonekedwe oyenera, bluebird amatenga nawo mbali pazikhulupiriro zambiri ndipo avomera. Chithunzi cha mbalame ya buluu sichimangokhala m'maluso owerengeka. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi azikhalidwe zam'mbuyomu komanso zamakono.
Ziri zovuta kunena momwe zisonyezo zogwirizana ndi bluebird zidayambira - thrush iyi ndiyosowa kwambiri mdziko lathu. Kwa fano lomwe limachita zamatsenga, mtundu wa mbalame siofunika kwenikweni. Mutu wamba ukhoza kusewera ngati mbalame yachisangalalo.
Chizindikiro chachikulu. Munthu amene amakumana ndi mbalame ya buluu amakhala pafupi ndi chisangalalo. Mwayi womwewo umapita m'manja mwake. Posachedwa tsogolo labwino kwambiri. Chimwemwe chidzakhala chonse, ndiko kuti, kupambana kwachuma kudzagwa pamutu panu, ndipo wokondedwa wanu adzakubwezerani. Chokhacho ndichakuti simuyenera kuchita zinthu mopupuluma.
Zizindikiro zazikulu sizimalumikizidwa ndi msonkhano wamunthu ndi mbalame, koma ndikubwera kwa mbalame kwa munthu. Kusiyana kumawoneka ngati koperewera. Koma liri ndi tanthauzo. Mbalame yomwe ikafika kunyumba, ikagogoda kapena kuthyola galasi ikhoza kukhala tsoka la tsoka.
Zitatha izi, wina mwa anthu omwe akukhala panja pazenera lino, kapena munthu wapabanja lino, atha kudwala kapena kufa. Kuthekera kwakusowa chimwemwe kumawonjezeka ngati mbalame ikuphwanya galasi ndi thupi lake ndikupwetekedwa.
Ngati posachedwa wina wapafupi naye wamwalira, moyo wake ukhoza kukhala ngati mbalame. Miyoyo imadziwa bwino zakale komanso zamtsogolo. Pofuna kudziwitsa okondedwa awo za chochitika chofunikira chomwe chikubwera, mbalame yomwe moyo wamoyo umayamba kugogoda pazenera. Chochitika chomwe chikubwerachi sichikhala chomvetsa chisoni, koma chofunikira kwambiri.
Zizindikiro zokhala ndi mbalame zomwe zikuyesera kuti ziulowe mnyumba zimataya mphamvu ngati pali chisa cha izi kapena mbalame yofananira pafupi ndi nyumbayo. Ngati zichitika kumayambiriro kwa masika, mbalame yomwe imawonekera panyumba, makamaka tit, imawonetsa kutentha kwanyengo ndikulimbikitsa alimi kukonzekera kufesa. Ngati mtundu wina wabuluu ukuwoneka mu nthenga za mbalameyo, idzakhala yopambana, yopatsa zipatso chaka cha bluebird.
Akhwangwala, seagulls, ndipo nthawi zina jackdaws amakhala ndi kuthekera koipa kwamatsenga. Mpheta yosautsa samaneneratu chilichonse, kupatula ntchito zina zopanda ntchito. Amayi osasamala, mbalame zakuda, ma warblers nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwayi. Izi ndizomwe zimabweretsa chisangalalo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu ya buluu imakhala yolumikizana kapena yokhayokha. Tsatirani gawo lawo, lomwe limakhala malo ochepera 1 sq. km, ndipo nthawi zina zimangokhala pakudula mitengo ndi zitsamba zingapo kapena thanthwe limodzi. Tsamba lodyeramo ziweto, nthawi yomweyo, limamanga mazira, mbalame zimatsatira kwa zaka zingapo.
Bluebirds imawulukira pansi, osawuluka, imagwira ntchito mwachangu ndi mapiko okhala ndi nthenga zouluka zokulirapo. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka akutsikira pansi. Pansi, zimayenda pang'ono, pang'ono kapena kulumpha. Samangokhalira kunyamuka pamiyala, komanso amadzuka ndikudumpha kuchokera pamiyala ndi miyala.
Mbalame ya buluu pachithunzichi imakhala nthawi zambiri pansi kuposa nthambi zamitengo. Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa mophweka: ziphuphu monga kufunafuna nyama pansi pa masamba, miyala, nthambi zogwa. Kwezani chinthu chomwe tizilombo timatha kubisala, mosamala, kuweramitsa mitu yawo, kuwona momwe zingathere chakudya.
Zosachepera pansi, zinthu zokopa zimakopeka ndi mitsinje ndi madzi osaya. M'mitsinje yothamanga kwambiri, mwaluso amawedza tadpoles, mwachangu, chamoyo chilichonse chomwe chimakhala kufupi ndi gombe. Mantha, mbalamezo zimakweza mchira wawo wotseguka, kenako nkukupinda ndikuwutsitsa.
Nthawi yomweyo, amakuwa. Ngakhale mbalame za buluu sizimangokhala pagulu, ma chenjezowa amapita kwa mbalame zina zakuda zapafupi. Bluebirds sizimasunthira nyengo yayikulu. Nthawi zambiri, amaswana anapiye komwe amakhala nthawi yachisanu.
Mbalame zamtambo zomwe zimakhazikika kumalire akumpoto kwamtunduwu zimasamukira kumadera ena akumwera. Nthawi zonse mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri zimayenda pafupipafupi. M'chilimwe, zimakwera mpaka 3000 m, pomwe zimaswa anapiye, nthawi yozizira zimatsikira kumtunda wa 1000 m.
Mbalame zamtambo, ngakhale zimayesedwa kangapo, sizinasanduke mbalame zoweta. Komabe, alonda a mbalame ndi akatswiri odziwa zosangalatsa amakonda kuzisunga bwino. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino mu ukapolo, mbalame za buluu zimafuna khola lalikulu, bafa lalikulu. Oyandikana nawo mu khola, ngakhale amitundu anzawo, thrush sangalekerere - idzawombera mpaka kufa.
Kudyetsa mbalame ya buluu si vuto. Kusakaniza koyenera kwa mbalame zomwe zimatha kudya ndizoyenera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amtundu uliwonse tidzakhala choyenera kuwonjezera pazosakaniza. Zipatso ndi zipatso zimadulidwa mwachangu komanso mosangalala. Bluebirds siosankha, osangalala ndi zinyenyeswazi za mkate ndi chidutswa cha nyama kuchokera mbale ya eni.
Zakudya zabwino
Nthenga zamtundu wabuluu zimakhala ndi nthenga zokhala ndi nthenga zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya cha nyama, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo zipatso, zipatso, masamba amasamba azomera. Mapuloteni anyama amtundu wopezeka chifukwa chofunafuna ma minwombu, mbozi za gulugufe, mphutsi zilizonse, orthoptera ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Mapiri, mapiri amiyala ndi mitsinje ikuyenda pakati pawo ndi malo omwe mbalame zamtambo zimakonda kukhala. Pogwira nkhono kapena nkhanu, mbalame zakuda zaphunzira kuswa zipolopolo zawo pamiyala. Pokhala nyama zolusa, mbalame zamtundu wa buluu zimatha kujompha ndi kumeza mbewa, zomwezo zitha kuchitika ndi kambalame kakang'ono kapena kosasamala.
Gulu la mbalamezi likuyenera kuzindikira kuti mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndi zowononga zisa. Komabe, 2/3 yokha yazakudya zonse ndi zomanga thupi. Zina zonse ndi chakudya chobiriwira. Mbalame makamaka zimakonda zipatso. Tsamba limodzi lokhala ndi zipatso zambiri limakhala gawo lodyera. Kuti mukhale ndi ufulu wokhala nawo, mkangano umabuka pakati pa amuna.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Pakangoyamba nyengo yoswana, amuna amayamba kuyimba. Kufunitsitsa kupitiliza mpikisano kumatha kuyambira Epulo, nthawi zina kuyambira Marichi mpaka Ogasiti. Bluebirds, kuyesa kupewa mpikisano, kusewera nyimbo zawo kawiri patsiku. Nthawi yoyamba kucha, nthawi yachiwiri dzuwa litalowa. Pakadali pano, mbalame zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimayimba payekha.
Nyimbo ya bluebird ndiyotsatira mluzu wokongola kwambiri. Phokoso limakhala lofewa, chitoliro mwachilengedwe, koma siliphatikiza ndi nyimbo imodzi. Bluebirds ndi amuna okhaokha, ndipo okwatirana amakhalabe okondana kwazaka zingapo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi nyimbo yamphongo, yomwe amaimbira mayi wachikulireyo.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, banjali limayamba kukonza chisa. Ili ndi gawo losavuta: mbale ya nthambi, udzu wouma ndi masamba, zoyikidwa pamalo obisika. Pali mazira 3-4 mu clutch. Ndi mkazi yekha amene amawakwiyitsa. Yaimuna ndiyo yomwe imayang'anira kudyetsa nkhukuzo. Pakadutsa masiku 15 - 17, osowa thandizo amawonekera, atadzaza ndi mwana wakhanda anapiye abuluu.
Achinyamata amakula mwachangu kwambiri. Pambuyo pa milungu inayi, amayamba kusiya chisa. Pambuyo pa mwezi umodzi kuchokera pakubadwa, amayesa kuwuluka ndikudyera okha. Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, amasiyana pang'ono ndi mbalame zazikulu. Ngakhale amayesetsa kupempha chakudya kwa makolo awo. Kukula msanga kwa anapiye kumathandiza banja kupanga kachilombo kachiwiri ndikudyetsa anapiye ena 3-4.
Kubereka kwakukulu ndikofunikira kwa mbalame zamtambo. Iyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yosungira zamoyo. Alibe njira zodzitetezera kwa adani. Bluebirds imasowa mtundu wobisala. Zisa, anapiye, mbalame zazikulu zimapanikizidwa ndi nkhandwe, mitundu yonse ya ndevu, amphaka amtchire ndi nyama zina zolusa.
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni chokhudzana ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame zamtambo; Zaka 7 zitha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi zenizeni. Zambiri zimatengera malo okhala komanso malo okhala. Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala muukapolo zaka zopitilira 10.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame yabuluu ikulota
Maloto samakhala ndi mbalame nthawi zambiri, makamaka ndimabuluu. Mbalame ndi zomwe zimalota, zomwe zitha kuimira, kutengera mtundu wa malotowo, zosiyana, nthawi zina zotsutsana, zomwe zimakhala. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi tsatanetsatane wofunikira. Mbalame zamtambo kapena zabuluu sizikhala ndi zoopseza, sizikuwonetsa zochitika zomvetsa chisoni.
Mbalame yokhala ndi nthenga zowala, yolota ndi mkazi wosungulumwa, ikuwonetsa msonkhano ndi bambo yemwe ayambe kusamalira dona. Ngati mbalameyo ndi yabuluu pang'ono, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosangalatsa pamsonkhanowu. Ngati bambo wosungulumwa awona maloto, tsogolo lake litembenukiranso chimodzimodzi: msonkhano ndi mkazi wokondwerera suli patali, ubalewo umangokhala wosangalatsa komanso wowopsa.
Kwa mkazi wokwatiwa kapena wokwatiwa, mbalame yosangalala, yolira imalengeza zakubwera kwa mwana. Amatha kukhala mwana wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, mdzukulu wamwamuna kapena mdzukulu wamkazi. Ndizotheka kuti kuwonjezeraku kudzachitika m'mabanja ochezeka kapena achibale.
Kuyesera kupeza mbalame yonyezimira, yabuluu si maloto abwino. Khama lalikulu lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kufunafuna mwayi wongoyerekeza. Ngati mbalame ili m'manja, munthuyu ayenera kuyembekezera kuchuluka kwachuma posachedwa, alandila bonasi kapena kusintha kwakuthupi kofananako.
Gulu la mbalame zouluka modekha zimaimira moyo ndi ukadaulo waluso. Mtundu wa mbalame ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, wabuluu ndi wabwino kwambiri. Mbalame zakuda nthawi zonse zimakhala zoyipa. Pakakhala gulu la akhwangwala kapena jackdaws, mzere wakuda ukhoza kuchitika m'moyo. Mbalame zofuula, monga zakuda, ndizosavomerezeka m'maloto. Kuimba kapena kulira kwa mbalame kumaneneratu za zosangalatsa zosangalatsa.
Mbalame m'maloto zimatha kunenera zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha mapiko, kuthawa, kukhalako, ngakhale zitakhala maloto otani ndikuwonetseratu mbalame, sizili zakupha nthawi zonse. Mutha kupewa zoyipa kapena kubweretsa zoyipa zakutsogolo pafupi ndi kuyesetsa.
Zosangalatsa
Statistics ikudziwitsa kuti kutchuka pakati pa mayina am'magulu amakono amakono, nyimbo ndi zolembalemba, mpikisano, mabungwe azokwatirana, ndi zina zotero, amodzi mwamalo oyamba amakhala ndi "mbalame yabuluu". Chiyambi chidaperekedwa ndi ntchito yochititsa chidwi ya M. Maeterlinck The Blue Bird.
Ndi ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti seweroli loyamba lidapangidwa ku Russia. KS Stanislavsky adabweretsa The Blue Bird pa siteji. Izi zinachitika mu 1908 ku Moscow Art Theatre. Kupambana kunali kofunika. Ngakhale kuti mfundo zoyendetsera chiwembucho zimawoneka ngati zosayenera kwa wotsogolera yekha, adayamika kwambiri chilengedwe cha Maeterlinck.
Paki ya Ile-Alatau idatsegulidwa ku Kazakhstan mu 2017. Ili pafupi ndi Almaty. Ulendo wokaona zachilengedwe ukukula mofulumira kwambiri. Kwa Kazakh ndi okhala m'dziko lathu, awa ndi amodzi mwamalo ochepa komwe buluu, thrush ndi dzina la sayansi Myophonus caeruleus. Kumene maulendo amapita kukayang'anira mbalame zachimwemwe.
