Mollies kapena petsilia - mtundu wa nsomba za viviparous (lat. Poecilia), wophatikizidwa ndi banja lalikulu la petsiliaceae. Dzinalo "mollynesia" lasungidwa ngati chithunzi cha dzina lakale la Mollienesia. M'mabuku achingerezi, dzina la mollies lidafupikitsidwa kuti "molly".
Sizokokomeza kunena kuti ma mollies ali pamalo oyamba kutchuka pakati pa akatswiri odziwa zamadzi, chifukwa ma guppies odziwika nawonso ndi ma mollies. Okonda nsomba odziwa zambiri amasunga malo oti aswane.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mollies ndi nsomba zamtundu wakale. Mutu sudutsa 20% ya kutalika kwa thupi. Pakamwa kutsogolo. Maso ake ndi ozungulira ndi njereza yoyera. Zipsepse ndizapakatikati kukula, kuzungulira akazi. Pali mitundu yokhala ndi mphalapala yotukuka kwambiri. Awa ndi ma boti oyenda panyanja komanso amphaka.
Dimorphism ya akazi imafotokozedwa makamaka kukula. Mzimayi amakhala wochepera gawo limodzi mwa atatu kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwake, kumatha kutambasula mpaka masentimita 10. Kuphatikizanso apo, amuna amakhala owala kwambiri. Ali ndi gawo limodzi. Mimbulu yamphako yasintha kukhala chiwalo choberekera - gonopodium. Zimagwira kusamutsa ma gametes achimuna kupita kwa akazi.
Mitundu ya mollies yachilengedwe imapezeka movutikira m'madzi am'madzi. Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mtundu wa mollies ndi malo ofewa osakhazikika. Mawanga akhoza kukhala otuwa, abulauni, abuluu-imvi. Odyetsa abusa agalu amtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso mosiyanasiyana kuposa abale awo okhala mwaulere.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu 33 yosiyanasiyana mumtundu wa mollies. Pali ena otchuka kwambiri.
- Amayi a ku Amazonia. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa petsilia wokongola. Ali mfulu, amakhala m'madzi ofunda komanso odekha omwe amapezeka mumtsinje wa Amazon. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo atsimikizira kuti nkhono za ku Amazonia zimatha kuberekana popanda yamphongo. Makamaka, pakalibe amuna amtundu wawo, amagwiritsa ntchito zogonana za amuna amtundu wina. Koma magemu akunja amangoyambitsa mazira azimayi, osafotokozera zamtundu wawo mwa iwo. Izi zimathetsa vuto losunga zamoyo ngati amuna atasowa.
- Zowona zazikulu za mollies. M'magwero achingerezi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mollie sailboat". Malo ake achilengedwe ndi mitsinje yotentha yokhala ndi mafunde ofooka komanso madzi otentha kumwera kwa United States, kumpoto kwa Mexico.
- Mollies ang'onoang'ono. Mtundu wake wachilengedwe umakhudza gawo lalikulu la kontinenti yaku America. Amapezeka m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi othamanga kuchokera ku Texas kupita ku Venezuela. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu mwachilengedwe idatuluka m'malo okhalamo.
- Mullies oyenda panyanja. Dzina lachiwiri la nsomba iyi ndi velifer mollies. Dzinalo komanso mawonekedwe ake amabweretsa chisokonezo. Ponena za ma mollies oyenda, amatha kutanthauza ma veliffer mollies ndi ma boti oyenda ma mollies.
- Mollies aku Mexico. Ku Mexico ndi Guatemala, kuli matupi amadzi ofunda momwe nsomba iyi imakhalira mwachilengedwe. Mmodzi mwa anthuwa adapezeka m'phanga lina m'chigawo cha Mexico ku Tobasco. Sikuti nsomba iyi imangokhala moyo wawo wonse mumdima, imatha kukhala m'madzi odzaza ndi hydrogen sulfide. Anthuwo amatchedwa "mapanga a mapanga".
- Zolemba za Endler. Masamba ake ali ku Venezuela pachilumba cha Paria. Izi mollies — nsomba yaying'ono komanso yokongola kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwoloka ndi ana agalu. Zomwe zimatulutsidwa nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa Endler's guppy.
- Guppy. Mtundu uwu unapezedwa ndi katswiri wazamoyo waku England Robert Guppy pachilumba cha Trinidad. Nsombazo ndizodziwika bwino pakati pamadzi am'madzi, mwakuti, zimakhala ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha, wosagwirizana ndi mtundu wa mollies (platies).
M'nthawi yathu ino, mtundu wa guppy wakula kwambiri. M'madera onse otentha komanso otentha, ana agalu ndi omwe amalimbana kwambiri ndi mphutsi za udzudzu wa malungo. Chifukwa chake, ma guppies sangapezeke mumitsinje ndi m'nyanja zokha, komanso m'madamu opangira komanso njira zothirira ulimi.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yachilengedwe, akatswiri am'madzi apanga mitundu yambiri yomwe imasiyanasiyana m'mizere yakumapeto ndi mtundu wa thupi. Akatswiri azikhalidwe amakhulupirira zimenezo mollies wakuda ndi mtundu wolondola kwambiri wa nsomba. Amati kutchuka kwa anyaniwa kunayambiranso ku nsomba zamankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi nsomba zamtundu wa lyre-tailed ndi tailed-tailed. Mitunduyi imachokera ku mitundu yonse yotchuka. Ma guppies ophimbidwa ndi zofala ndiofala kwambiri kuposa ena. Mitundu ya mollies ndi osawerengeka. Zatsopano zikuwonekera nthawi zonse: Umu ndi momwe akatswiri oweta nsomba zam'madzi aku aquarium amasangalalira ndi mtundu uwu wa nsomba za pecilia.
Mwa mitundu ina ya mamolies opangidwa mwanzeru, pali mitundu yotchuka kwambiri.
- Molliesia ndi Dalmatia. Kubwereza mtundu wa mtundu wodziwika wa agalu. Kuchotsa pazomwe zili. Zabwino m'malo am'madzi okhala ndi zomera zam'madzi. Amakonda osati kungokhala pakati pawo, komanso kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi tsamba lobiriwira.
- Mitundu yakuda. Wosakanizidwa adabadwa mzaka zapitazi; idaperekedwa kwa akatswiri azamadzi mzaka za m'ma 20. Imodzi mwa mafomu oyamba opangira. M'makhalidwe ndi machitidwe, amasiyana pang'ono ndi anzawo. Monga ena onse mollies mu aquarium amakonda zambiri zobiriwira. Amatha kukhala m'madzi amchere pang'ono. Aquarists, podziwa izi, samangoyiyika m'madzi amchere okha, komanso m'madzi am'madzi. Asanakhazikitsidwe, mchere umachulukitsidwa pang'onopang'ono mchombo ndi mollies mpaka pamlingo woyenera.
- Platinum Lyrebird. Amasiyana pamitundu ya sikelo. Kuphatikiza pa chitsulo, pulatinamu yotentha ya thupi, imakhala ndi mchira wa mawonekedwe apadera. Lobe wapamwamba amayamba ndipo wotsikayo amathera ndi cheza chokulirapo.
- Boti loyendetsa golide. Mitundu iyi ya mollies imasiyanitsidwa ndi sikelo ya lalanje-golide komanso yayikulu, pafupifupi kumbuyo konse, kumapeto kwakumaso. Komanso sakufuna kukhala ndi moyo, monga abale ake. Madzi olimba okwanira, ndere zochulukirapo, ndi mchere wamchere ndizofunikira.
- Chiboliboli cha Mollies. Kapena mollies okhudzidwa. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa cha thupi lovuta. Imafupikitsidwa komanso imakhuthala, imapereka chithunzi cha nsomba yotupa, kapena chomwe ili Mollies apakati... Kuphatikiza pazomwe zimapangika, zitha kudabwitsa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pali zowoneka, lalanje, imvi ndi zina.
Kusamalira ndi kusamalira
Kusavomerezeka nsomba za mollies wotchuka ndi okonda nsomba apanyumba. Chidebe chazing'ono kwambiri chimatha kukhala nyumba ya gulu laling'ono la agalu. Kuchuluka kwa malita 100 kumatha kuonedwa kuti ndi koyenera kuti mamolies azikhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri.
Chotenthetsera ndi zofunika. Ngati firiji ikuyembekezeka kutsika pansi pa 18-20 ° C, gwero la kutentha kowonjezera ndilofunika. Kutentha kotsika 14 ° C, nsomba zimafa. Kutentha kwakukulu sikofunikanso, kumachepetsa moyo wa nsomba. Momwemo, nsomba izi zimakhulupirira kuti zimakonda kusambira m'madzi a 25-degree.
Chida chofunikira cha aquarium iliyonse ndi kompresa wopangira aeration, kukhathamiritsa kwa madzi ndi mpweya. Kusunga kuuma kofunikira komanso acidity sikovuta, chifukwa magawo awa ali pakati pazotheka. A acidity woyenera ali pafupi pH 7, kuuma kwake kumatha kukhala mu dH 10-20.
Kuunikira kowonjezera kwa aquarium ndikofunikira kwa onse okhala. Zomera zam'madzi ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri. Mollies amachita bwino limodzi ndi hornwort, egeria, pinwort ndi ena wamba okhala mumtambo wa aquarium. Kugwirizana kwa Mollies zabwino kwambiri ndi masamba.
Nsomba ndi zomera zimamva bwino pafupi. Molynesia ndi yopatsa chidwi, chifukwa chake imatha kudya tsamba kapena kukula panthambi, koma siyimasokoneza mizu. Zomera, osati mbewa, ndi zomwe zimayala pansi. Kawirikawiri ndi coarse, anatsuka mchenga kapena miyala yaing'ono.
Mollies samakumba mu gawo lapansi posaka chakudya. Amatha kukweza ma virus kapena ma tubifex pansi, omwe, monga mitundu ina ya chakudya chamoyo, ndiye chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha nkhono. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi zabwino kwa mitundu youma yazakudya. Nsomba za Mollies ndizopatsa chidwi, sizimakonda kudziphatika ndi chakudya china, zimangodumphadumpha pazomera zamasamba, nthawi zina zimadula masamba. Amatha kudya caviar ya wina ndi ana awo omwe.
Kugwirizana kwa Aquarium
Mollies pachithunzichi Nthawi zambiri amalandidwa atazunguliridwa ndi mitundu ina, yofanana komanso yosagwirizana ya nsomba zam'madzi am'madzi. Nsombazo zimakonda kukhala pagulu laling'ono. Wopanda mikangano. Magawo amadzi momwe angakhalemo ndi okwanira. Chifukwa chake, mamolies amakhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri.
Mukayika nsomba mumadzi amodzi, muyenera kusamala kwambiri ndiomwe amakhala moyandikana nawo. Zonse zapakati, zopanda nkhanza, makamaka nsomba za viviparous ndizoyenera pamtundu wawo. Mollies amakhala omasuka pafupi ndi malupanga, sikilidi wapakatikati, zikwangwani, lalius. Nthawi zina, munthu amatha kuwona chizolowezi chodya anzawo: amatha kudya za wina ndi ana ake.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi sikovuta. Mkazi ndi wokulirapo komanso wowala pang'ono, wozungulira komanso wolimba amamva mkati mwake. Amuna achimuna mafoni, okongoletsedwa bwino, kuwonetsa zovala zake nthawi zonse. Nthawi zonse, mbewa zimatha kubala ana mwezi uliwonse.
Zochita zawo zosakanizana sizimayenderana ndi nyengo iliyonse. Kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kutentha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa gawo la mapuloteni mu zakudya kumatha kukankhira nsomba kuti ziyambe kuswana. M'madzi otentha aakazi, mkazi amatenga mwachangu kwa masiku opitilira 20. Ngati kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kotsika 22 ° C, njira yopangira mluza imatha kutenga masiku 40.
Akatswiri odziwa zamadzi amadzi amakhala ndi malo osungira ana okonzeka nthawi yomwe anawo adzawonekere. Mkazi, yemwe amawonetsa zizindikilo zonse zakubadwa kwa mwana, amaikidwa mnyumba imeneyi. Thanki yoberekera imakhala ndimadzi omwewo monga aquarium yayikulu. Zomera zotsalira zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimayikidwamo, pomwe nsomba zongobadwa kumene zimatha kubisala.
Amayi achikazi a Mollies amabala 10 mpaka 100 mwachangu. Mukabweza kholo ku aquarium yanthawi yomweyo, ndiye pafupifupi chilichonse mollies mwachangu kupulumuka. Kuti muwadyetse, zomwe zimatchedwa fumbi lamoyo zimatulutsidwa mu aquarium. Ali ndi sabata limodzi kapena awiri, nsombazo zimayamba kudya chakudya chowuma.
Amayi ambiri amakhala ndi chidwi, pakabadwa ana, akazi safunika kukumana ndi amuna. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ndipo nthawi zina koyambirira, yaikazi imatha kusesa mwachangu popanda kulumikizana ndi yamphongo. Kuphweka kwa njira yoberekera mwina ndichimodzi mwazifukwa zotchuka za mollies.
Kufunika kokhala ndi moyo kumapangitsa zaka zakulowa msodzi kukhala zazing'ono kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kubereka kosalamulirika, anyamata achimuna ndi achikazi amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Popeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndikofunikira, izi zitha kuchitika patangotha milungu iwiri kapena itatu yakubadwa.
Nsomba zambiri za viviparous, kuphatikiza ma mollies, zimakhala ndi zina. Mollies mwachangu amabadwa atakhazikika, atha kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Koma amadutsabe gawo la dzira. Amayi achikazi masamba mazira m'mimba mwake. Mazirawo samalumikizana mwachindunji ndi thupi la mayi, monga nyama zokhazokha, zimadyetsa zinthu zomwe zili mdzira.
Njira yotuluka dzira imachitikanso mthupi la mkazi, pambuyo pake kumabadwa nsomba yatsopano. Chifukwa chake, ndizolondola kuyitanitsa mollies osati viviparous, koma ovoviviparous. Njira yobadwira imeneyi imapulumutsa moyo wa ana ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zimapereka kusintha kosavuta kwam'madzi mu aquarium, yomwe akatswiri azowonera amaziyang'ana mwachidwi.
Mollies amakhala zaka 3-5. Njira yobereketsa imapangitsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo kukhala yayikulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe komanso kuthamanga kwakupeza ana ndizoyenera kuchita ntchito yoswana. Poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa mitundu yopangidwa mwaluso, obereketsa akuchita bwino.
Lingaliro losankhidwa mosankhidwa limalimbikitsidwa ndikuwona kosavuta kwa nsomba. Patatha miyezi itatu kapena inayi atakhazikika m'nyanja ya guppy, amuna omwe ali ndi utoto wosazolowereka wa zipsepse za caudal amatha kuwonekera. Izi zikhoza kuchitika ngakhale ndi kusadziletsa nsomba.
Kuti mupeze njira yolondola, yasayansi yantchito yoswana, anthu ogula m'madzi amagula kapena amapanga malo ambiri okhala m'madzi. Mwa zazikuluzikulu, odyetsa, mbalame zazing'ono za nsomba zidzasungidwa, amuna mosiyana ndi akazi. Atatu atatu opanga opanga azikhala muzinthu zawo.
Opanga nthawi ndi nthawi amasinthidwa ndi nsomba zosankhidwa kuchokera mwa ana awo. Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zakubzala zogwirizana, konzekerani kuyenda kwa amuna ndi akazi m'njira yoti pasapezeke nsomba yochokera kwa makolo omwewo. Chonyamula chosankha chimayambitsidwa, momwe zabwino kwambiri zimasankhidwa nthawi zonse, koma abale apafupi sanawoloke.
Kupezeka ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nsomba kwasintha njirayi kukhala chizolowezi kwa akatswiri ambiri am'madzi. Ku Russia, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse, mpikisanowu umachitika chifukwa cha ana agalu omwe angopangidwa kumene. Zikondwerero zomwezo zimachitika m'maiko ambiri aku Europe ndi Asia. Nsomba zabwino kwambiri zimagulitsidwa pamsika. Okha "koma": mafomu omwe angopezeka kumene sangathenso kupereka kwa anawo.
Mtengo
Msika wamakono wa nsomba za m'nyanja zam'madzi umapereka mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu ndi mitundu ya mollies, kapena, monga amatchulidwira molondola pazolemba ndi mitengo yamitengo, magawo. Nsomba zamitundu yosavuta komanso wamba zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wa ma ruble 50. Mitundu yoyera yoyera, kapena "chipale chofewa" ndiokwera mtengo kale, chidzagula ma ruble 100-150. Etc.
Guppies, omwe ogulitsa samasakanikirana ndi mitundu ina, ndikugulitsa ngati mitundu yodziyimira pawokha, amayamba mtengo kuchokera ku 90-100 ruble. Ometa okhaokha komanso ogulitsa amafunsira mtengo wotsika kuposa masitolo. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi ndani amene ali ndi malonda abwino, omwe nsomba zake zidzakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Mtengo womaliza umakhudzidwa ndi utoto, kuwonjezera, nsomba zazikulu ndizokwera mtengo. Kukula kwa nsombazi sikuwonetsa osati kokha komanso ngakhale zaka zochulukirapo monga momwe zimasungira nsomba. Odyetsa nsomba za Aquarium amawasunga m'malo ambiri. Ndi kokha mwa kusamala bwino nsomba zimatha kukhala ndi mwayi wokula mpaka kukula kwake.
