Chule yamagalasi (Centrolenidae) amadziwika kuti ndi amphibian wopanda chingwe (Anura). Amakhala kumadera otentha ku South America. Chodziwika chawo ndi pafupifupi kuwonekera kwathunthu kwa zipolopolo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chule wamagalasi ali ndi dzina ili.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Oimira ambiri a nyamayi ndi obiriwira mopepuka ndimatumba ang'onoang'ono amitundu ingapo. Chule chamagalasi osapitilira 3 cm, ngakhale pali mitundu yazokulirapo pang'ono.
Mwambiri mwa iwo, pamimba pokha pamakhala chowonekera, momwe, ngati zingafunikire, ziwalo zonse zamkati zimatha kuwonedwa, kuphatikiza mazira azimayi apakati. M'mitundu yambiri yama chule agalasi, ngakhale mafupa ndi minofu yaminyewa zimawonekera. Pafupifupi aliyense wa oimira nyama sangathe kudzitama ndi khungu.
Komabe, izi sizokhazo zomwe achulewa achita. Maso amawapangitsanso kukhala apadera. Mosiyana ndi abale ake oyandikira kwambiri (achule amtengo), maso achule amtundu wowala modabwitsa ndikuwongoleredwa kutsogolo, pomwe maso achule amitengo ali mbali zamthupi.
Ichi ndiye chizindikiro cha banja lawo. Ophunzirawo ndiopingasa. Masana, amakhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo usiku, anawo amakula kwambiri, amakhala pafupifupi ozungulira.
Thupi la chule ndi lathyathyathya, komanso lotambalala, monganso mutu. Miyendo ndi yolimba, yopyapyala. Pali makapu okoka pamiyendo, mothandizidwa ndi achulewo mosavuta. Komanso, achule owonekera amakhala ndi chinsinsi komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Mitundu
Zitsanzo zoyambirira za amphibian izi zidapezeka m'zaka za zana la 19. Gulu la Centrolenidae limasinthasintha: tsopano banja la amphibiyoli lili ndi mabanja awiri komanso mitundu yopitilira 10 yama achule agalasi. Anapezeka ndipo anafotokozedwa koyamba ndi a Marcos Espada, katswiri wazaku Spain. Pali anthu osangalatsa pakati pawo.
Mwachitsanzo, Hyalinobatrachium (chule kakang'ono kagalasi) ili ndi mitundu 32 yokhala ndi mimba yowonekera bwino komanso mafupa oyera. Kuonekera kwawo kumakupatsani mwayi wowona bwino pafupifupi ziwalo zonse zamkati - m'mimba, chiwindi, matumbo, mtima wa munthu. Mitundu ina, gawo lina lamagawo am'mimba limakhala ndi kanema wowala. Chiwindi chawo chimakhala chazunguliro, pomwe m'matumba ena amtundu wina chili ndi masamba atatu.
M'gulu la Centrolene (geckos), lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu 27, anthu omwe ali ndi mafupa obiriwira. Pamapewa pali mtundu wa mphukira yoboola pakati, yomwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito bwino akamakwerana, akumenyera nkhondo mdera lawo. Mwa abale onse apamtima, amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulu kwambiri.
M'malo mwa achule a Cochranella, mafupawo amakhalanso obiriwira komanso filimu yoyera mu peritoneum, yophimba ziwalo zamkati. Chiwindi chimakhala chobowola; zikopa za phewa kulibe. Iwo ali ndi dzina lawo polemekeza katswiri wa zinyama Doris Cochran, yemwe anayamba kufotokoza mtundu uwu wa achule agalasi.
Mwa iwo, mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri ndi ziphuphu zamapazi chule (Cochanella Euknemos). Dzinalo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki "ndimiyendo yokongola". Mbali yapadera ndi mphonje ya nyama yakutsogolo, miyendo ndi manja akumbuyo.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Kapangidwe ka chule chamagalasi ikugwirizana bwino ndi malo ake komanso moyo wake. Khungu lake limakhala ndi minyewa yambiri yomwe imatulutsa mamina nthawi zonse. Nthawi zonse imakongoletsa mabokosi ndikusungira chinyezi pamalo awo.
Amatetezanso nyama ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Komanso khungu limatenga nawo gawo pakusinthana kwa gasi. Popeza madzi amalowa mthupi lawo kudzera pakhungu, malo okhalamo ambiri ndi achinyezi, malo achinyezi. Pano, pakhungu, pali zopweteka komanso zotengera zotentha.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za kapangidwe ka chule ndi malo oyandikira mphuno ndi maso kumtunda kwa mutu. An amphibian amatha, posambira m'madzi, amasunga mutu ndi thupi pamwamba pake, amapuma ndikuwona chilengedwe chozungulira.
Mtundu wa chule wamagalasi umadalira kwambiri komwe amakhala. Mitundu ina imatha kusintha mtundu wa khungu kutengera chilengedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, ali ndi maselo apadera.
Miyendo yakumbuyo ya amphibiyayi ndi yayitali kuposa kutalika kwake. Izi ndichifukwa choti omenyera kutsogolo amasinthidwa kuti athandizire ndikufika, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi kumbuyo amayenda bwino m'madzi komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Achule ochokera kubanja lino alibe nthiti, ndipo msanawo wagawika m'magawo anayi: khomo lachiberekero, sacral, caudal, thunthu. Chigoba cha chule chowonekera chimamangiriridwa msana ndi vertebra imodzi. Izi zimalola chule kuyendetsa mutu wake. Miyendo imalumikizidwa ndi msana ndi malamba akutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwamiyendoyo. Mulinso masamba amapewa, sternum, mafupa amchiuno.
Dongosolo lamanjenje la achule limavuta kwambiri kuposa nsomba. Zimakhala ndi msana ndi ubongo. Cerebellum ndiyochepa chifukwa amphibiya awa amakhala moyo wongokhala ndipo mayendedwe awo ndi osasangalatsa.
Njira yogaya imakhalanso ndi zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali, lokakamira pakamwa pake, chuleyu amagwira tizilombo ndipo amawagwira ndi mano ake okha pachibwano chapamwamba. Kenako chakudyacho chimalowa m'mimba, m'mimba, kuti chikakonzedwenso, pambuyo pake chimapita m'matumbo.
Mtima wa amphibiyazi uli ndi zipinda zitatu, zopangidwa ndi ma atria awiri ndi ma ventricle, pomwe magazi amitsempha ndi amitsempha amasakanikirana. Pali magawo awiri amwazi. Njira yopuma ya achule imayimiriridwa ndi mphuno, mapapo, koma khungu la amphibiya limaphatikizaponso pakupuma.
Njira yopumira ili motere: mphuno za chule zimatseguka, nthawi yomweyo pansi pa oropharynx yake imagwera ndipo mpweya umalowamo. Mphuno zikatsekedwa, pansi pamakwera pang'ono ndipo mpweya umalowa m'mapapu. Panthawi yopuma kwa peritoneum, mpweya umachitika.
Excretory imayimilira ndi impso, pomwe magazi amasankhidwa. Zinthu zopindulitsa zimayikidwa mu ma tubules a impso. Kenako, mkodzo umadutsa ureters ndikulowa m'chikhodzodzo.
Achule agalasi, monga ma amphibiya onse, amakhala ndi kagayidwe kakang'ono kwambiri. Kutentha kwa chule mwachindunji kumadalira kutentha kozungulira. Pakayamba nyengo yozizira, amakhala chete, kufunafuna malo obisika, ofunda, kenako ndikumatha kugona.
Mphamvu ndizovuta, chifukwa achule amatha kukhala pamtunda komanso m'madzi. Zapangidwa m'njira yoti amphibiya azitha kuzolowera moyo winawake. Ziwalo zomwe zili patsogolo pamutu zimawathandiza kuyenda mosavuta mumlengalenga. Mawonedwe, amawoneka ngati mikwingwirima iwiri.
Masomphenya a chule galasi amakulolani kuti muwone zinthu zikuyenda bwino, koma siziwona zinthu zoyimirira bwino. Mphamvu ya kununkhiza, yomwe imayimilidwa ndi mphuno, imalola chule kudziyendetsa bwino ndikununkhiza.
Ziwalo zomvera zimakhala ndi khutu lamkati komanso pakati. Pakatikati ndi mtundu wa zibowo, mbali imodzi imakhala ndi kotulukira mu oropharynx, ndipo inayo imayendetsedwa pafupi ndi mutu. Palinso eardrum, yolumikizidwa ndi khutu lamkati ndi zokometsera. Kudzera mwa iyo ndikumveka kwa mawu akumutu kwamkati.
Moyo
Achule agalasi nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, ndipo masana amapuma pafupi ndi malo osungira udzu wonyowa. Amasaka tizilombo masana, pamtunda. Pamenepo, pamtunda, achule amasankha wokwatirana naye, wokwatirana naye ndikugona pamasamba ndi udzu.
Komabe, ana awo - ankhandwe, amakula m'madzi okha ndipo pambuyo poti asanduka chule amapitanso kumtunda kuti akule bwino. Chosangalatsa ndichikhalidwe cha abambo, omwe, pambuyo poti mkazi wayikira mazira, amakhala pafupi ndi ana ndikuwateteza ku tizilombo. Koma zomwe mkaziyo amachita akagona sizikudziwika.
Chikhalidwe
Amphibian amakhala m'malo abwinobwino m'mbali mwa mitsinje, pakati pa mitsinje, m'nkhalango zanyontho zam'madera otentha ndi mapiri. Chule chamagalasi amakhala m'masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, miyala yonyowa pokonza ndi udzu. Kwa achulewa, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chinyezi pafupi.
Zakudya zabwino
Monga mitundu ina yonse ya amphibiya, achule agalasi satopa posaka chakudya. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana: udzudzu, ntchentche, nsikidzi, mbozi, kafadala ndi tizilombo tina tofananako.
Ndipo tadpoles pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya achule samatsegula pakamwa. Kupezeka kwawo kwa zakudya kumatha patatha sabata imodzi kuchokera pamene kachilombo kofiira kanasiya dzira. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwa pakamwa kumayamba, ndipo panthawiyi ya kukula, tadpoles amatha kudyetsa tokha tokha tamoyo tomwe timapezeka m'matupi amadzi.
Kubereka
Amuna achule achigalasi amakopa chidwi cha akazi ndi mawu osiyanasiyana. Nthawi yamvula, chule polyphony amamveka m'mbali mwa mitsinje, mitsinje, m'mbali mwa mayiwe. Atasankha wokwatirana naye ndikuikira mazira, yamphongo imachitira nsanje kwambiri gawo lawo. Mlendo akaonekera, yamphongo imachita mwankhanza kwambiri, kuthamangira kunkhondo.
Pali zithunzi zokongola komwe chule galasi kujambulidwa amateteza ana ake, atakhala pa tsamba pafupi ndi mazira. Yaimuna imasamalira zowalamulira, nthawi zonse ikuthira mafuta ndi chikhodzodzo chake, poteteza ku kutentha. Mazira omwe ali ndi bakiteriya amadyedwa ndi amuna, potero amateteza clutch ku matenda.
Achule agalasi amaikira mazira pamwamba pamadzi, pamasamba ndi udzu. Tadpole ikatuluka m'dzira, imalowa m'madzi, komwe imakulira. Kokha pambuyo pa kuonekera kwa mphetamphaka m'pamene mwamuna amasiya kulamulira ana.
Utali wamoyo
Utali wamoyo wa chule wamagalasi sunamvetsetsedwe bwino, koma zimadziwika kuti mwachilengedwe chilengedwe chawo chimakhala chofupikitsa. Izi ndichifukwa chakusavomerezeka kwachilengedwe: kudula nkhalango mosalamulirika, kutaya mosiyanasiyana kwa zinyalala zosiyanasiyana mumadzi. Zimaganiziridwa kuti nthawi yayitali ya chule yamagalasi m'malo ake achilengedwe imatha kukhala zaka 5-15.
Zosangalatsa
- Pali mitundu yopitilira 60 yama achule agalasi padziko lapansi.
- M'mbuyomu, achule agalasi anali gawo la banja la achule amtengo.
- Pambuyo pogona, mkazi amatha ndipo sasamala za mwanayo.
- Njira yokwatirana ya achule amatchedwa amplexus.
- Yemwe akuyimira wamkulu wa chule wamagalasi ndi Centrolene Gekkoideum. Anthu amafika 75 mm.
- Vocalization amuna kumaonekera mwa mawonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phokoso - mluzu, squeaks kapena trill.
- Moyo ndi kakulidwe ka tadpoles siziphunziridwa.
- Achule agalasi amabedwa ndi mchere wa bile, womwe umapezeka m'mafupa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto wina.
- Achule a m'banjali ali ndi masomphenya owonera, i.e. amatha kuona mofanana ndi maso onse awiri nthawi imodzi.
- Dziko lakwawo la achule owonekera ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America.
Chule wamagalasi ndi cholengedwa chapadera, chosalimba chomwe chimapangidwa mwachilengedwe, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri am'mimba, kubereka komanso moyo wamba.
