Njoka yapakamwa. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, moyo ndi malo okhala shitomordnik

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Mwa mitundu yambiri ya njoka, pali anthu omwe satuluka chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, kukula kwake kapena kuwopsa kwawo, koma chifukwa cha mikhalidwe ina yosangalatsa. Mmodzi wa iwo kuipanikiza - mitundu yofala kwambiri ya njoka zaululu za mtundu wa Shytomordnikov wabanja la banja lanjoka.

Kuchokera pa dzinali mutha kuwona mawonekedwe akulu a njoka iyi - zikopa pamwamba pamutu. Asanayambe kudziwana ndi chokwawa ichi, pang'ono za kupezeka kwake. Zidapezeka kumtunda kwa Yenisei muulendo wake wina wasayansi ndi a Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), wasayansi yaku Germany, wazachilengedwe yemwe akutumikira ku Russia.

Adathandizira kwambiri pakuphunzira za biology, geography, geology ndi philology yaku Siberia ndi kumwera kwa Russia, ndikuphunzira ndikukonza zomera ndi zinyama za zigawozi. Ngakhale anali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka chotere, sanali wodziwika bwino pa sayansi iliyonse, koma adadzipereka kwathunthu pamutuwu.

Mwanjira zambiri, anali patsogolo pa anthu am'masiku ake malinga ndi chidziwitso chakuya komanso kuthekera kosanthula zomwe zapezeka. Amadziwika kuti ndiye adayambitsa sayansi monga zachilengedwe ndi biogeography. Iye anali woyamba kuzindikira ndi kufotokoza mitundu ya mbalame 425, mitundu 240 ya nsomba, mitundu 151 ya mammalian, mitundu 21 ya helminth, komanso amphibiya ambiri, zokwawa, tizilombo ndi zomera.

Kuphatikizapo, wamba kuipanikiza m'dera la Eastern Siberia adafotokozedwanso koyamba ndi wasayansi wodabwitsayi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Chifukwa chake, dzina lachiwiri la shitomordnik wamba ndilo Pallas 'chishango-pakamwa.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe

Chokwawa ichi ndi chaching'ono, mpaka 1.7 mita Kutalika kwake, mutu wowonekera bwino wa khosi, pamwamba pamutu kulibe masikelo, koma zikwapu 9 zazikulu, ngati zida zankhondo. Pansi pa maso, pamwamba pa mphuno zake pali maenje a thermosensitive. Ndi chithandizo chawo, amatenga kutentha kwa dzuwa.

Ichi ndi gawo lapadera la njokayo. Samangowona, kumva, kununkhiza cholengedwa china, komanso amatenga kutentha kwake. Zikadakhala kuti ziwalozo zidali mwa anthu, zikadakhala chiwalo chathu chachisanu ndi chimodzi chakumva. Izi ndizomwe zimalandira kutentha. Amagwira ntchito, monga maso. Ndiwo okhawo omwe samagwira kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, koma kutentha kwa infrared.

Mwana wa diso ndi wowongoka, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha zokwawa zapoizoni. Pakatikati pa thupi pali mizere 23 ya sikelo m'makona. Pamimba ndi pansi pa mchira palinso zishango, poyambira 155-187, wachiwiri - 33-50 awiriawiri.

Kumbuyo ndi kumtunda kuli utoto wakuda kapena wakuda-bulauni, utali wonsewo pali mikwingwirima yamadontho akuda omwe amatambasulidwa m'mbali ndi ellipse, ndikupanga chokongoletsera chovuta. Mawanga ang'onoang'ono amapezeka pambali. Pamutu pali zazing'ono kwambiri, koma zowoneka bwino, ndipo mbali zonse za mutu pamakhala mzere wakuda wowonekera kuchokera m'maso mpaka mkamwa.

Mimba ndi yopepuka, imakhalanso ndimayendedwe akuda kapena abulauni, okhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kapena toderako. Nthawi zina pamakhala njoka za monochromatic, red-terracotta kapena zakuda. Shitomordnik pachithunzichi limatuluka patsogolo kwambiri, pomwe mutu uli. Ndi zikopa zake zotchuka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithunzi chake chikhale chodziwika komanso chosaiwalika.

Mitundu

Kwenikweni, shitomordniki imagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo awo. Pali mitundu itatu ku Russia: wamba, miyala ndi Ussuriysky. Kum'mawa, Himalayan, pakati, phiri, Strauha (Tibetan) - mitundu iyi imakhala kumpoto kwa Iran, China, Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa India.

Mitundu ina imakhala ku America, Indochina ndi Asia Minor

1. Njoka yamadzi kapena wodya nsomba, amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States. Imafika mamita 1.5-1.85. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Ili ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiirira komanso nsonga yachikaso yowala. Amagwiritsa ntchito nyambo pogwira nyama. Pali mizere iwiri yopapatiza yoyera pamutu, yolumikizana pamphuno.

Ndi ukalamba, kumakhala mdima, utoto umasanduka wobiriwira, mawanga amawoneka bwino. Mafinya ake ndi a hemotoxic, amawononga minofu. Panali milandu pomwe anthu amataya chiwalo chifukwa choluma chotere. Mu pharmacology, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga hemostatic agents.

2. Mkuwa kapena chingwe cha moccasin wopezeka kum'mawa kwa North America. Mtundu wa khungu lake umakhala wofiira mpaka bulauni. Pafupi ndi mutuwo, utoto umadetsa ndikutenga utoto wamkuwa. Mikwingwirima 126 yopingasa ndi mawanga akuda, ngati ma arcs m'mbali, ikutambasula thupi.

Chojambulachi chinapatsa dzina lachiwiri - moccasin. Iyi ndi njoka yopusa, mosiyana ndi njoka wamba. Amatha kuluma popanda chenjezo. Imasaka masana. Asanachitike, thupi limatenga mawonekedwe a kalata S.

3. Yosalala kapena njoka ya malay, "Wakupha pang'ono", ndi munthu wowopsa kwambiri. Amakhala ku Southeast Asia (China, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia) komanso kuzilumba za Java, Sumatra ndi Laos. Amakonda nkhalango zamatabwa, minda yazomera zosiyanasiyana komanso nkhalango zam'malo otentha.

Kutalika kwake konse kuli pafupifupi mita, koma mano a masentimita awiri amabisika mkamwa, ndipo poyizoni ndiwowopsa kwambiri. Amawononga maselo ndikudya minofu. Ogwira ntchito m'minda nthawi zambiri amalumidwa ndi njoka iyi. Ndi pinki wonyezimira kapena wofiyira ofiira, mutha kuyinyalanyaza ndikupitilira.

Palibe mankhwala a poizoni wake, mutha kulowa seramu kuchokera ku poyizoni wina, ndikuyembekeza kusintha. Thandizo liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa theka la ora. Ndipo musapusitsidwe ndi kakang'ono kake - kamadzipindulira mu kasupe, kuwombera, kuluma ndikubwerera komwe kudali koyambirira.

Nthawi zina imatha kupezeka m'malo omwewo isanachitike. Samachoka pambuyo pa chiwonongekocho. Itha kutchedwanso njoka yofiira, ngakhale dzinali limagawana ndi wachibale wake waku America wamkuwa.

Komabe, chowala kwambiri, pafupifupi matanthwe amtundu wa njoka zamtunduwu chinawonedwa ku Central Asia. Shitomordnik wamba wamtundu woterewu adakwawira kulowa m'mudzi kuti amwe madzi. Adaluma munthu yemwe adapita kwa wakumwa mosazindikira. N'zotheka kuti njoka zonse zofiira zofiira zimakhala zolusa. Zimangoganiza kuti khalidweli limakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wowala.

Maganizo ocheperako ndi Ussuri shtomordnik... Kukula sikumangodutsa masentimita 70. Ilibe mizere 23 mamba mmbali mwa thupi, monga wamba, koma 21, zotupa m'mimba - 144-166, sub-caudal - 37-51 awiriawiri. Mutu ndi waukulu, mphutsi ndi yozungulira. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kwakuda, nthawi zina kumakhala kwakuda, m'mimba ndikopepuka, imvi.

M'mbali pali mawanga okhala ndi malire amdima ngati chowulungika. Mutu wake wam'mwamba ulinso ndi kachitidwe ndi kamzere pafupi ndi maso. Amakhala mdera la Primorsky, kumwera kwa Khabarovsk Territory ndi dera la Amur, kumpoto kwa Korea ndi ku Manchuria. Dzina lake lachiwiri ndi Kum'maƔa kwa shtomordnik. Nthawi zambiri amakhala malo ake ndi njenjete zamiyala.

Mitundu yonse ndi yapoizoni, kukumana nawo kumatha kukhala koopsa. Kuluma kumapweteka kwambiri, sikumayambitsa imfa, koma kumayambitsa mavuto okwanira.

Moyo ndi malo okhala

Wamba shitomordnik amakhala ku Russia ku Caucasus ndi Far East, m'maiko aku Central Asia - Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, Mongolia. Ku Russia, cormorant idakhazikika makamaka momasuka - kuchokera kumunsi kwa Don ndi Volga mpaka Primorye kum'mawa. Mitundu ina imapezeka kumpoto kwa Iran.

Mwa njira ya moyo, iye ndi wodzichepetsa. Itha kusintha pazinthu zosiyanasiyana - zigwa, mapiri, mapiri, zitunda, zipululu komanso zipululu. Madera obiriwira, nthaka yamiyala, madambo, msipu, magombe amtsinje, mapiri - amakhala momasuka kulikonse.

Zikanakhala kuti pali chakudya. Amakwera mapiri mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 3000. Njoka zambiri sizingakwere pamwamba kwambiri, kuzizira, ndipo njoka sizingathe kutentha kutentha kwa thupi lawo. Ndipo shitomordnik ili ndi malo ake otentha.

Amamva bwino kwambiri kuposa khungu la anthu ndipo amatha kutentha kuchokera kuzinthu zotentha zomwe zimatenthedwa ndi dzuwa masana. Amalakalaka kumeneko pofunafuna malo ogona kwakanthawi. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri kunja kwa matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi midzi kufunafuna mbewa ndi makoswe. Nthawi zina amakwawa kukasodza m'malo otayira tawuni.

M'masiku oyambirira a masika, poganizira za malo okhala, amachokera ku hibernation. Ambiri mwa iwo amatha kuwoneka kuyambira Marichi mpaka koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Nthawi zina, zochepa za iwo zimawonedwa m'malo awo. Ndi m'chigawo cha Baikal okha chomwe chiwerengerocho chimakhalabe chachikulu.

Nthawi yogwira ntchito, amatha kusaka masana, kenako amasinthana ndi kayendedwe ka usiku wamadzulo. Pakati pa chilimwe, njoka zimakhazikika "m'misasa yachilimwe" - kufunafuna malo olemera kwambiri osakira.

Nthawi zambiri kumapazi otsetsereka, m'ming'alu ya mapiri, mipata yamiyala. Apa amabisala ndikusaka. Nthawi zambiri, amasankha malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi makoswe. Amapita m'nyengo yozizira koyambirira kwa Okutobala, atabereka ana. Mwachilengedwe, ali ndi adani ambiri - mbalame zodya nyama, mbira, agalu a raccoon ndi anthu.

Chifukwa chakuti njokayi imakhala m'zigawo za Far East, zomwe ndizodziwika bwino pazakudya zachilendo, sizinali zamwayi, anthu aku Asia omwe adachita izi adatulutsa mbale zambiri. Amazisaka, amaziphika zatsopano komanso zouma. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama ya njoka imathandizira chitetezo chamthupi. Mafinya a Shtomordnik ndi nyama zouma amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala.

Kuluma pakamwa zopweteka koma sizimapha kwenikweni. Pamalo olumirirapo, pamapezeka ma hematomas akulu ndi zotupa zamkati zamkati. Kutentha kumakwera, koma pakatha masiku 5-7 chilichonse chimatha. Neurotoxins amachita pa kupuma ndi manjenje machitidwe.

Thandizo la panthawi yake limakhala lothandiza nthawi zonse. Ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa ana aang'ono, odwala ndi okalamba. Chipatala chofulumira chimafunika. Kwa akavalo ndi ziweto zina, njokayo ndi njoka yakupha. Kuluma kwake kumabweretsa wovulalayo.

Mwachilengedwe, samakhala wankhanza, ngati simumukakamiza kuti akumane ndi zovuta. Nthawi zambiri, kulumidwa kumachitika nthawi yakubwera kwa alendo omwe alibe mwayi kudera lawo chifukwa chakusazindikira. Amatha kuponda mchira wa njokayo, kenako nkumenya. Nyamayi ikakhala kuti ikufuna kuukira, imayamba kuopseza ndipo imayamba kunjenjemera ndi nsonga ya mchira wake.

Anthu akuyenera kukumbukira kuti kulibe gawo lawo, ndikuyenera kuchita zinthu mosamala. Nthawi zambiri, kuwona zoopsa, zokwawa zimayesa kubisala ndikupewa msonkhano wosafunikira. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti njoka njoka ovomerezeka.

Zakudya zabwino

Masana, nyamayi imakonda kusangalala ndi dzuwa, kusambira m'madzi. Kusaka kumayamba madzulo. Njoka sikuyenera kulimbana ndi omwe amawagwira kwa nthawi yayitali. Kumvetsetsa bwino kuluma kwake, amazemba mosazindikira ndipo mwadzidzidzi amaluma wovulalayo. Atalumidwa, samatha kusuntha nthawi yomweyo.

Kusaka nyama kumathandizidwa ndi chiwalo chosazindikira kutentha kwake, chomwe chimatsegula njira yokwawa, monga woyendetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mu "kuyenda" uku njoka yafika pangwiro. Amatha kunyamula kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa magawo awiri mwa magawo khumi a digiri.

Popeza yapeza nyama, ikayang'ana zotengera zake zotentha, imawongolera mutu wake kwakanthawi kwakanthawi mpaka itakwaniritsa chimodzimodzi. Pomaliza, malowo agwidwa, chokwawa ngakhale pafupifupi "amawona" kukula kwa wovulalayo ndipo amatha kudziwa kutalika kwake. Kuukira kumachitika pafupifupi osaphonya.

Shitomordnik wamba imaphatikizapo nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, makamaka makoswe, zikopa, mbalame ndi abuluzi ang'onoang'ono mu zakudya. Amadya omwe amatha kuthana nawo. Izi zimachitika kuti amasungunula menyu ndi mazira a mbalame kapena njoka.

Zinyama zazing'ono zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa ndi tizilombo. Kumbu, malasankhuli, akangaude ndi otchuka nawo. Chakudya chofala cha njoka zamadzi ndi achule, abuluzi, achule, nsomba. Monga njoka zambiri, nthawi zambiri amadya anzawo. Anthu okulirapo amadya ang'onoang'ono.

Nthawi zina m'chilengedwe ndizotheka kuwona chithunzi: shitomordnik imasaka buluzi, yemwe m'tchire lomwelo amasaka tizilombo kapena amadya zipatso zokoma. Amakonda kugwira wovutikayo munthawi yokhazikika pavuto lake.

Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo

Kulumikizana ndi nyengo, kuyambira mu Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi. Nthawi zambiri, patadutsa milungu iwiri kuchokera kutulo. Ndipo akupitirira mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Nthawi zambiri amuna amamenyera ufulu wa akazi. Amadikirira moleza mtima panthawiyi, osakwawa kulikonse. Pomaliza, njirayi imatha bwinobwino, ndipo njoka zimakwawa mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Mayi amayesetsa kusankha malo osaka mwakhama komanso malo obisika m'mabowo ndi ming'alu. Chibadwa chokhala mayi wamtsogolo chimamupangitsa kuti azitsogolera kwambiri. Ziphuphu zonse ndizopepuka. Chodziwika bwino cha njoka izi osayika mazira, koma kuwanyamula mthupi lawo mpaka atakhwima kwathunthu, zimawalola kuti azikhala kumapiri ataliatali.

Palibe chowopsa chilichonse kuti mazira omwe abisidwa padzuwa azikazinga ndipo m'malo mwake, amaundana usiku. Mu Ogasiti ndi koyambirira kwa Okutobala, kuyambira pa 3 mpaka 14 njoka zazing'ono zimabadwa, iliyonse imachokera ku 16 mpaka 19 masentimita kukula kwake ndipo sikulemera magilamu opitilira 6. Njokazo zimawoneka mu zipolopolo zosunthika, zomwe zimasosola nthawi yomweyo.

Kukula kwachichepere komwe kumawoneka kofanana mofanana ndi makolo. Iwo ali kale ndi poizoni, komabe samadziwa kuluma. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu. Pakadali pano, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika theka la mita. Zokwawa izi zimakhala zaka 9-15 mwachilengedwe. Mu terrarium, kutalika kwa moyo kumatalika pang'ono.

Zosangalatsa

  • Mitundu yosangalatsa ya shitomordnik imapezeka ku China. Mphuno yake kumapeto imakwezedwa pang'ono, ndikupanga chotupa. Chifukwa cha ichi, adatchedwa chimphuno chopanda phokoso.
  • Shitomordniki, ndikukwawa kupita kumidzi, monga kuyang'ana zitini za zinyalala. Chifukwa chake, viniga wa njoka akhoza kukhala wowopsa osati kokha chifukwa cha poyizoni, komanso chifukwa cha matenda omwe njoka imabweretsa pachilondacho. Mulimonsemo, ndi dokotala yekha amene ayenera kusankha mankhwala omwe angamupatse.
  • Shitomordnik amatha kutchedwa kuti mbuye wodzibisa. Mitundu yake, kuleza mtima komanso kusayenda bwino posaka kapena kupumula kumatha kuzisiya zosaoneka kwa olowerera kapena nyama yomwe angafune. Wophunzira wina waku America adalemba chithunzi chotsekeka ndi mutu wamkuwa ndipo adati apeze chithunzichi. Palibe amene walimbana ndi ntchitoyi. Njokayo idadzibisa mwaluso pakati pamasamba kotero kuti ngakhale yomwe ili ndi zikwangwani pachithunzicho pambuyo pake sinathe kusiyanitsidwa.
  • Pali zambiri pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi "zowopsa" zoyambirira zapakhomo - kanema wowopsa "Project: Panacea". Inayamba kujambulidwa ku Primorye kuchokera kanema kanema mu 2010, ndipo tsopano ikutchuka kwambiri. Mu chimodzi mwazithunzi zoyambirira za kanemayo, chingwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja chimakhudzidwa. Mwangozi adakwawira pamtunda, omwe adapanga makanemawo adamuwona ndipo adaganiza zopanga "kufera" mu chimango. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti palibe amene adavulala, chifukwa njoka yapoizoniyo idakwawira mwa anthu.
  • Njoka yosowa mitu iwiri, njoka yamutu wamkuwa, idagwidwa mumzinda waku America wa Leslie, Kentucky, ndikuphunzira ku Frankfurt, Germany. Mitu yonseyi imapangidwa bwino komanso yolumikizidwa ndi matumbo.

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