Mbalame zotchedwa lovebirds ali ndi dzina lawo lachikondi chifukwa cha chikondi chawo komanso kudzipereka kwambiri kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kumtchire, mbalamezi zimakhalabe zokhulupirika kwa anzawo mpaka imfa yawo. Mbalamezi ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha utoto wawo, mawonekedwe achikondi, komanso mabanja olimba amuna okhaokha. Pali mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya mbalamezi. Omwe asanu ndi atatu mwa iwo amapezeka ku mainland Africa ndipo amodzi ku Madagascar. Mitundu ina imasungidwa mu ukapolo ndikusungidwa ngati ziweto.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mapuloteni Achikondi
Limodzi mwa mafunso ovuta kwambiri pakati pa asayansi omwe akuphunzira za kusinthika kwa mbalame ndilo tanthauzo lenileni la mbalame zamakono (neorniths) pomwe zidayamba kuwonekera. Izi ndichifukwa chakumvana pakati pa njira yolemba zakale ndi chibwenzi cham'magulu. Kuperewera kwa mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe m'mabwinja, komabe, kumabweretsa zovuta, ndipo tsopano pali zotsalira zambiri zotsalira kuchokera kumpoto chakumpoto koyambirira kwa Cenozoic.
Zosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wama molekyulu akuwonetsa kuti mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zinasintha zaka 59 miliyoni zapitazo (osiyanasiyana 66-51) ku Gondwana. Magulu atatu akulu a mbalame zotchedwa neotropical zinkhwe ali pafupifupi zaka 50 miliyoni (osiyanasiyana 57-41 miliyoni).
Chidutswa chimodzi cha 15 mm chomwe chimapezeka m'malo okhala ku Niobrer chimawerengedwa kuti ndi kholo lakale kwambiri la ma parrot. Komabe, kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti zotsalazo sizinachokere ku mbalame. Zimavomerezedwa kuti ma Psittaciformes analipo nthawi ya Paleogene. Mwina anali mbalame zodula, ndipo analibe milomo yokhwimitsa yomwe ili yachilengedwe.
Kanema: Ma Mbalame Achikondi Ma Parrot
Kusanthula kwa genomic kumapereka umboni wamphamvu kuti mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe ndi gulu lophatikizana lomwe limapitapo. Zakale zoyambirira zosakanika za parrot zimachokera ku Eocene yotentha. Woyamba kukhala kholo adapezeka koyambirira kwa Eocene ku Denmark ndipo adakhala zaka 54 miliyoni zapitazo. Anatchedwa Psittaciformes. Mafupa angapo okwanira ofanana ndi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe apezeka ku England, Germany. Izi mwina sizomwe zidakhalapo zakale pakati pa mbalame zamakolo ndi mbalame zamakono, koma mizere yomwe idafanana ndi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame zotchedwa lovebirds m'chilengedwe
Mbalame zachikondi zimakhala zobiriwira komanso mbalame zazing'ono. Akazi ndi abambo amafanana mofanana. Kutalika kwa anthu kumasiyana masentimita 12.7 mpaka 17, mapiko otambasula amafika masentimita 24, ndipo phiko limodzi ndi 9 cm kutalika, lolemera kuyambira 42 mpaka 58 g. Zili m'gulu la mbalame zazing'ono zang'ono kwambiri, zomwe zimadziwika ndi malamulo a squat, mchira wachidule wosalimba ndi mlomo waukulu, wakuthwa. Maso a mitundu ina azunguliridwa ndi mphete yoyera, yomwe imawapangitsa kukhala osiyana ndi mbiri yowala.
Iris ndi bulauni yakuda, milomo ndi yofiira lalanje-yofiira, yomwe imathera mu mzere woyera pafupi ndi mphuno. Nkhope yake ndi yalanje, kutembenuza mtundu wa azitona wobiriwira komanso bulauni kumbuyo kwa mutu. Masaya ake ndi akuda lalanje, utoto umakhala wopepuka pakhosi ndi wachikaso pamimba. Thupi lonse ndi lobiriwira. Mapikowo amakhala ndi mdima wobiriwira poyerekeza ndi thupi. Mchira ndi woboola pakati komanso wobiriwira kwambiri, kupatula nthenga zina zabuluu. Miyendo ndi yotuwa imvi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu yambiri yamitundumitundu imapezeka chifukwa choswana mwanjira zosiyanasiyana za nkhuku.
Mbalame zachikondi zosakhwima zili ndi mtundu wofanana ndi wachikulire, koma nthenga zawo sizowoneka bwino, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso zowuma poyerekeza ndi achikulire. Anapiye amakhalanso ndi pigment yakuda pansi pazomwe amatha. Akamakalamba, mitundu ya nthenga zawo imawola, ndipo mtundu wa nsagwada zakumunsi umazimiririka mpaka kutheratu.
Kodi mbalame zachikondi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mapiko achikondi a ku Africa
Parrot wa mbalame zachikondi amapezeka kuthengo makamaka kumadera otentha a ku Africa ndi Madagascar. Komabe, amapezeka makamaka m'malo ouma a Sahel ndi Kalahari, komanso kumadera ambiri ku South Africa.
Pali mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya mbalameyi:
- mbalame yachikondi ya kolala, yotchedwa A. swindernianus mwasayansi, ikupezeka paliponse ku Africa;
- mbalame yachikondi yobisa nkhope A personatus ndi mbadwa ku Tanzania;
- Mbalame yachikondi ya Liliana (Agapornis lilianae) imapezeka kum'mawa kwa Africa kokha;
- Mbalame yachikondi ya pinki (A. roseicollis) ili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South Africa, kudera lakumadzulo kwa Namibia komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Angola. Dera lozungulira Nyanja ya Ngami limakhazikika mwachangu ndi A. roseicollis chifukwa chakukula kwachilengedwe;
- Mbalame yachikondi ya Fischer (A. fischeri) imakhala kumtunda kuchokera ku 1100 mpaka 2000. Imapezeka ku Tanzania, m'chigawo chapakati chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Amadziwikanso ku Rwanda ndi ku Burundi. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka mdera lakumpoto kwa Tanzania - Nzege ndi Singide, Serengeti, Arusha National Park, kumalire akumwera kwa Nyanja ya Victoria komanso kuzilumba za Ukereve ku Lake Victoria;
- mbalame yachikondi yamasaya akuda (A. nigrigenis) imakhala ndi malire ochepa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Zambia;
- Mbalame yachikondi ya nkhope yofiira (A. pullarius) imapezeka m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku Africa, kuphatikiza Angola, Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Togo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, ndi Uganda. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mtundu womwe udayambitsidwa ku Liberia;
- mbalame yachikondi yakuda yakuda (A. taranta). Malo awo okhala amachokera kumwera kwa Eritrea mpaka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ethiopia, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala kumapiri ataliatali kapena kudera lamapiri;
- Mbalame yachikondi yaimvi (A. canus) imapezeka pachilumba cha Madagascar ndipo imadziwikanso kuti mbalame yachikondi ya Madagascar.
Amakhala m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango zowuma zolamulidwa ndi mitengo monga Commiphora, mthethe, baobab, ndi balanites. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zachikondi zimatha kukhala m'malo ouma, koma pafupi ndi madzi osasunthika. Malo okhala mitundu ina amaphatikizapo kunja kwa zipululu ndi nkhalango, komanso malo opanda mitengo ngati mitengo ingapo ili pafupi ndi madzi. Madera okondedwa amasiyana kuchokera kunyanja mpaka kukwera kupitirira 1500 m.
Kodi mbalame zachikondi zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mapuloteni Achikondi
Amakonda kufunafuna chakudya pansi. Amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana, amadyetsa makamaka mbewu, komanso amadya zipatso monga nkhuyu zazing'ono. Samasamuka, koma amayenda maulendo ataliatali kuti akapeze chakudya ndi madzi akakhala pamavuto. Nthawi yokolola, mbalame zachikondi zimakhamukira kumadera olima kuti adye mapira ndi chimanga. Mbalame zimafuna madzi tsiku lililonse. Ndi kutentha kodabwitsa kwambiri, amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi madzi kapena gwero lililonse lamadzi komwe mbalame zimatha kulandira madzi kangapo patsiku.
Ali mu ukapolo, chakudya choyambira cha mbalame zachikondi ndi kusakaniza kwatsopano (ndi zipatso zowuma ndi ndiwo zamasamba) zabwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza mbewu, mbewu ndi mtedza wosiyanasiyana. Moyenera, kusakaniza koyambira kuyenera kukhala ndi kapena kuwonjezeredwa ndi pafupifupi 30% yazinthu zilizonse zachilengedwe / zachilengedwe (zachilengedwe zokongola komanso zonunkhira komanso zopanda zotetezera) ndi / kapena granules zachilengedwe (zachilengedwe, zonunkhira komanso zamzitini).
Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zosakanikirana ziyenera kukhala:
- dzinthu;
- zipatso;
- amadyera;
- namsongole;
- nyemba;
- masamba.
Kuchuluka kwa mapeleti ndi chakudya chatsopano kuyenera kusinthidwa kutengera mtundu wa ma pellets, omwe ayenera kuphatikiza amaranth, balere, couscous, fulakesi, oats, mpunga (basmati, mpunga wofiirira, mpunga wa jasmine), tirigu, chimanga. Maluwa odyetserako ziweto, anyezi wobiriwira, dandelion, maluwa a mitengo yazipatso, hibiscus, honeysuckle, lilac, pansies, mpendadzuwa, tulips, bulugamu, ma violets.
Zipatso ndi mbewu zawo: mitundu yonse ya maapulo, nthochi, mitundu yonse ya zipatso, mitundu yonse ya zipatso za citrus, kiwi, mango, mavwende, mphesa, timadzi tokoma, papaya, pichesi, mapeyala, maula, carom. Zamasamba ndizothandiza thanzi la mbalame zachikondi, kuphatikiza ma courgette, mbewu zawo zowotcha uvuni, beets, broccoli, kaloti, nkhaka, kabichi onse, nyemba, nandolo, ma parsnip, tsabola, mitundu yonse ya dzungu, mbatata, turnips, zilazi, zukini ...
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungasungire mbalame za mbalame zachikondi kunyumba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe amakhala kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pawiri wa mbalame zachikondi zinkhwe
Mbalame zachikondi zimauluka mwachangu komanso mwachangu, ndipo mawu akumapiko awo akumveka akamayenda. Amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukhala m'mapaketi. Usiku, mbalame zachikondi zimakhazikika mumitengo, kukhazikika panthambi kapena kumamatira panthambi zazing'ono. Nthawi zina kumabuka mikangano ndi gulu lina lomwe limayesetsa kutenga malo awo mmitengo.
Nthawi zambiri amawetedwa ngati ziweto. Mbalamezi zimaonedwa kuti ndi zokongola komanso zachikondi. Amakonda kucheza ndi eni ake ndipo amafuna kuyanjana pafupipafupi. Monga mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zambiri, mbalame zachikondi ndi mbalame zanzeru komanso zokonda kudziwa zambiri. Ali mu ukapolo, amakonda kufufuza nyumbayo ndipo amadziwika kuti amapeza njira zopulumukira m'makola awo.
Mbalame zili ndi milomo yolimba ndipo zimatha kutafuna tsitsi ndi zovala za eni ake, komanso mabatani okumeza, mawotchi ndi zibangili. Mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe, makamaka zazikazi, zimatha kutafuna mapepala ndi kuwomba m'michira yawo kuti apange zisa. Amaganiziridwa kuti akazi amakhala okwiya kuposa amuna.
Zosangalatsa: Mbalame zachikondi sizitha kuyankhula, ngakhale pali zitsanzo zazimayi zomwe zimatha kuphunzira mawu ochepa. Ndi kakoko kakang'ono, kamene "mawu" kake kamakhala kakang'ono komanso kaphokoso, ndipo nkovuta kumvetsetsa zolankhula zawo.
Izi ndi mbalame zaphokoso kwambiri, zomwe zimamveketsa mokweza kwambiri zomwe zingayambitse mavuto kwa oyandikana nawo. Amapanga phokoso tsiku lonse, koma makamaka munthawi zina za tsikulo. Komabe, mitundu ya Fischer siyokwera kwambiri ngati mitundu ina ya mbalame zachikondi, ndipo pomwe imakonda kufuula, osati mokweza ngati mbalame zazikulu zambirimbiri. Phokoso lawo limakula kwambiri akamachita masewera asanakwane.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe mbalame zachikondi
Mbalame zachikondi zimakwatirana moyo wawo wonse. Mawu oti mbalame zachikondi adachokera kumalumikizano awa. Amakonda kulumikizana mwakuthupi momwe angathere. Amakumbatirana mwachikondi ndikuluma ndi milomo yawo. Izi zikufanana ndi kupsompsona.
Chosangalatsa: Mwa mbalame zachikondi, ndizosatheka kudziwa ngati munthu ndi wamkazi kapena wamwamuna. Amuna ndi akazi a Agapornis amawoneka ofanana ndipo amadziwika molimba mtima poyesedwa kwa DNA komanso momwe amakhalira. Monga lamulo, akazi amakhala ndi miyendo kupatukana kuposa amuna chifukwa chiuno chachikazi ndichachikulu.
Amakhala m'mabowo, ndikupanga zinyalala zoyipa. Akazi nthawi zambiri samanga zisa. Zinthuzo ndi nthambi, zidutswa za makungwa, masamba a udzu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagwira ntchito zonyamula zinthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zina mumilomo yawo, zina - polowetsa mu nthenga za mchira, kapena kuponyera mbali zina za thupi. Mbalame zachikondi zikangoyamba kumanga chisa chawo, mating amayamba. Akazi amaikira mazira masiku 3-5. Mazirawo asanatuluke, wamkazi amakhazikika pachisa chake ndipo amakhala pamenepo kwa maola angapo. Zimachitika kuti ngakhale popanda chisa kapena champhongo, mbalame zachikondi zimatulutsa mazira.
Dzira loyamba litayikidwa, dzira latsopano limatsatira tsiku lililonse mpaka kuwirikiza. Kawirikawiri mazira 4 mpaka 8 amapezeka mu clutch. Mkazi amachita nawo makulitsidwe. Pambuyo pa masabata atatu, anapiyewo amaswa, ndipo amasiya chisa masiku a 42-56, koma makolowo amapitiliza kusamalira ana awo.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zachikondi
Chithunzi: Mbalame zotchedwa lovebirds m'chilengedwe
Mbalame zachikondi zimathana ndi zilombo powazunza, ndiye kuti, adani akafika, amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wamavuto. Poyamba, mbalamezi zimaimirira mofuula ndikufuula mokweza. Nyamayo ikayandikira, imayamba kukupiza mwamphamvu, kutambasula matupi awo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono imawonjezera kulira kwawo, ndikumafikitsira. Mbalame zachikondi zimayamba kusunthira kwa womenyerayo, kutengera zomwe zamuwukirazo.
Ngati chilombocho sichikubwerera m'mbuyo ndikupitirizabe kuwathamangitsa, zinkhwe zija zimaukira m'magulu akuluakulu. Nyama yodziwika kwambiri ndi falcon ya Mediterranean (F. biarmicus) ndi mbalame zina zazikulu zomwe zimakhala chimodzimodzi. Zisa za mbalame zachikondi nazonso zimabedwa ndi anyani ndi njoka. Amatenga mazira ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Khalidwe lodzitchinjiriza limagwira bwino ntchito, koma osati mimbulu ya kanjedza ya G. angolensis.
Chifukwa chakutchuka kwawo komanso malo awo, mbalame zachikondi zimayenera kuyang'aniridwa mukamayanjana ndi mitundu ina ya genera (kaya amphaka, agalu, nyama zazing'ono kapena mitundu ina ya mbalame). Mbalame zimatha kuchitira nkhanza mbalame zina. Mbalame zachikondi zamitundumitundu zimatha kukwatirana ndikupanga ana osakanikirana komanso achonde. Ana awa ali ndi machitidwe a makolo onse awiri. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuti muike mbalame zamtundu umodzi kapena zogonana limodzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mapuloteni Achikondi
Kukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa mbalame zachikondi sikunatchulidwepo, koma mitunduyo akuti imagawidwa kwanuko ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yambiri. Anthu amakhala okhazikika ndipo palibe umboni wotsika kapena kuwopsezedwa. Komabe, kuyambira ma 1970. pakhala kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zachikondi za Fisher, makamaka chifukwa chofala kwamalonda ogulitsa mbalame zamtchire. Kuphatikiza apo, kusakanizidwa kumakhudza kwambiri mitundu ya mitundu.
Mbalame zotchedwa lovebirds alibe pangozi. Anthu ake onse ndi okhazikika. Chiwerengero cha mbalame zachikondi cha pinki chimachepa m'malo ena. Komabe, manambala akuchulukirachulukira m'malo ena chifukwa chakupanga magwero amadzi atsopano komanso kumanga nyumba zopangira zomwe zimapezako malo okhala atsopano ndipo chifukwa chake mitunduyi imagawidwa kuti ndi Yosavomerezeka Kwambiri ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature. Mtundu wa kolala malinga ndi IUCN amadziwika kuti ndi "wowopsa pang'ono". Pomwe mbalame zachikondi za Liliana zili pachiwopsezo chifukwa chotaya malo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/29/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 nthawi ya 22:20
