Tikudziwa kuyambira ali mwana kuti njoka osati chakupha. Komabe, owerengeka a ife amadziwa kuti ndi chokwawa ichi chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha sayansi yamankhwala. Pali nkhani yoti mliri unagwa ku Roma kwanthawi yayitali. Ansembe adapeza m'mabuku a Sibyl, wansembe wamkazi wamphamvu kwambiri, kuti miliri idzatha ngati mulungu Aesculapius abweretsedwa.
A ofesi ya kazembe akufika ku Epidaurus adawona njoka ikutuluka pansi pa fano la mulunguyo. Iye anakwawira mwachangu kulowera ku zombo zomwe zinali kufika ndipo anakwera imodzi mwa izo. Zombozo zinabwerera ku Roma. Tinaima kangapo panjira, koma njokayo sinachoke m'ngalawamo.
Pamapeto pa ulendowu ndi pomwe adadzilowereranso m'madzi ndikusambira kupita pachilumba china ku Tiber, pafupi ndi mzindawu. Atafika kumeneko anakulungika pamtengo wa mchisu nakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Ku Roma, mliri unatha, ndipo njokayo idatchedwa Aesculapius. Zinali kale... Anthuwo anamanga kachisi kwa Aesculapu pachilumbachi, ndipo njokayo yakhala chizindikiro cha mulungu wamachiritso ndi mankhwala.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa izi zimakhala zazing'ono, mpaka 1.2 m, ngakhale nthawi zina zimatha kutalika 2.4 mita. Iwo ali ndi mamba osindikizidwa ndi nthiti. Kale mu chithunzi chimawoneka ngati tcheni cholukidwa mwaluso, chomangirizira kwambiri mamba ake. Pamutu pake pali zikopa zamkati. Ophunzirawo ndi ozungulira, mphuno zake zimayang'ana mbali ndi kumtunda. Mimba ndi yamathanga. Mbale ya kumatako imagawika.
Tiyeni tiwonjezere kulongosololi mtundu wina wa zomwe zili ngati - njoka wamba. Ndizofala kwambiri mdziko lathu. Awa ndi malo achikaso odziwika pamutu, omwe amawapangitsa kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo. Mtundu wa mawangawo ukhoza kukhala lalanje, wachikasu wowala, beige pang'ono, ngakhale pafupifupi woyera. Chinthu chimodzi chomwe timamvetsetsa nthawi imodzi - mawangawa akuwonetsa kuti sitikukumana ndi njoka yapoizoni. Njoka zina zilibe mawanga oterowo.
Thupi lawo ndi locheperako komanso losinthika, mutu ndi wocheperako, khosi limafotokozedwa bwino. Mchira umaloza kumapeto. Mano ambiri amakhala pachibwano ndi m'kamwa. Mano a nsagwada zakumtunda amakula molowera pakamwa, kumapeto kwake ndi kwakukulu makamaka. Mafupawa alibe primordia ya mafupa a chiuno. Ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri omwe timawawona ngati njoka.
Kale amatha kutchedwa cholengedwa chanzeru, chimasiyana ndi zokwawa zina zambiri mu nzeru. Ndipo kuyenda, kumene. Pali mawu okhazikika: "Nimble, zingati." Nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi chidwi ndi funso ngati pali poizoni njoka yomwe imawoneka ngati njoka?
Inde, ndi mphiri wowopsa kwa anthu. Komabe, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zina:
- Choyamba, ndi mawonekedwe a thupi. Wocheperako, wina akhoza kunena, "runnier".
- Njokayo ili ndi mzere wozungulira kumbuyo kwake; njokayo ilibe. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zambiri zimakhala ndi malo achikasu odziwika pamitu yawo.
- Maonekedwe awo amutu ndi osiyana. Njokayo ndi yozungulira, yopingasa pang'ono, njoka yamphongo ndi yamakona atatu, yofanana ndi nsonga ya mkondo.
- Ana a njoka ya njoka, mofanana ndi onse owopsa, ali ngati ma slits osunthika; ana a njoka ali pafupi ndi amphaka.
- Njoka ikatsegula pakamwa pake, ndipo uwona kuti ili ndi mano awiri, iyo ndi mamba. Njokayo ilibe mano opha, mano ndi ochepa.
- Ngati njokayo ilira moopseza ndipo sichifulumira kuthawa, ndiyedi njoka. Njoka nthawi zambiri zimakhala mwamtendere.
- Njoka sizimakonda achule, zimakonda makoswe, m'malo mwake, zimasankha amphibians.
Kuchokera pamwambapa, muyenera kumvetsetsa - ngati mukukumbukira bwino, njoka imawoneka bwanji, mutha kusiyanitsa mosavuta ndi anzawo omwe ndi owopsa.
Mitundu
Kale - mtundu wa njoka zopanda poizoni za banja lomwe lapangidwa kale. Dzinalo "kale" lidatuluka mchilankhulo cha Asilavo, m'zilankhulo zina amatchulidwa mosiyana. Koma paliponse pamene akutanthauza njoka. Chifukwa chake, kwa nthawi yayitali, herpetologists amati njoka, zomwe zinali zovuta kuziyika pakati pa mabanja ena. Chifukwa chake banjali lidakula chifukwa cha mitundu yotayidwa.
M'dziko lathu, njoka wamba komanso zamadzi ndizofala kwambiri, ndipo njoka yamphomboyi imapezekanso. M'gulu la njoka zenizeni, mitundu 4 imasiyanitsidwa. Awa ndi atatu pamwambapa ngakhale wamkulu. Aesculapius yemwe tamutchula kale uja tsopano akutchedwa njoka ya Aesculapius, iyenso ndi yamtundu womwewo.
1. Chodziwika kwambiri kwa ife wamba... Ndi za nyama zam'madzi, zimasambira bwino komanso zimasaka nyama m'madzi. Amapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia konse, kupatula zigawo za Far North. Amakonda nkhalango zowirira m'mbali mwa mitsinje, m'madambo, kapena m'nkhalango momwe nthaka imakhala yonyowa. Amapezeka pamadamu akale.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi munthu ngati amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Ikhoza kukwawa mpaka kulowa m'nyumba, m'chipinda chosungira, kapena kubisala pabwalo mulu wa zinyalala. Kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi mita, koma kumatha kufika mamita 2. Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna.
Ndi utoto wakuda, chithaphwi kapena pafupifupi bulauni, nthawi zina ndimayendedwe ofanana ndi bolodi lowunika. Mimba ndi yotuwa, pafupifupi yoyera, ndimizere yakuda mthupi. Pakati pawo pali albino ndi melanists (woyera ndi wakuda).
2. Madzi kale ilibe mawanga achikasu kumutu. Pakadali pano, ili ndi malo amdima ooneka ngati V okhala ndi point kutsogolo. Zojambulidwa pafupifupi mwachizolowezi, mumayendedwe obiriwira ndi abulauni, okhala ndi mawonekedwe a bolodi pa thupi. Amakhala moyo wam'madzi. Amadyetsa nsomba ndi amphibiya okha.
3. Viper kale Si njoka yapoizoni. Amawoneka ngati njoka koposa, ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kumbuyo kwake, ngakhale nthawi zina amakhala malo angapo olinganizidwa mosiyanasiyana. Koma iye ndi wocheperapo kuposa mphiri, ndipo mosiyana ndi iye ali ndi khungu la satin la khungu. Khungu la njokayo limawoneka louma komanso lolimba. Amapezeka ku Mediterranean, kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa dera lino.
4. Wamitu yayikulu kale (Colchian) amakhala ku Caucasus. Zimasiyana ndi zachizolowezi ndi mutu wokulirapo. Ndi kwathunthu wakuda kale, ndi mawanga owala kumbuyo kwa mutu mwa akulu. Amakonda mitsinje yam'mitsinje, pomwe wamba amakonda madzi odekha. Mazirawo ndi aakulu kuposa oyamba.
Pakadali pano, njoka, mitu yamkuwa, njoka zam'nkhalango, njoka za abuluzi, njoka zazino zazitali, njoka zamphaka, njoka zokwera, ma dynodon ndi eirenis nawonso amawerengedwa kuti apangidwa kale. Komabe, kusokonekera kwa njoka izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Posachedwa, asayansi akuchoka pakuchuluka kwa njoka, ndikuzigawa m'mabanja ena, makamaka aspids.
Ndipo, kuti titseke mutuwo, timawonjezera kuti, pali njoka zapoizoni, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa njoka, izi ndi njoka zabodza kapena njoka zopindika kumbuyo. Mano awo owopsa amapezeka mkamwa, kuseri kwa ena onse. Poizoni wawo ndi wowopsa kwa nyama zazing'ono, sapha anthu, ndipo zimawononga. Ndi okhawo, nawonso, omwe akuyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi ma aspids.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Njoka zimasambira ndikusambira bwino, chifukwa chake amakhala komwe kuli madzi. Ngakhale amapezeka madera ouma. Adilesi yawo ndi Dziko Lapansi. Kona iliyonse, kupatula madera akumadzulo, mungapeze njoka.
Zambiri mwazo ndi nyama zosintha msanga, zachangu komanso zoyenda. Usiku, amayesa kubisala mwachangu. Kuchokera pamakhalidwe awa zikuwonekeratu mukuwopa chiyani... Akapanda kubisala mpaka usiku, amayamba kuziziritsa msanga ndipo samatha kuyenda bwinobwino. Ndiye iye adzakhala nyama yosavuta nyama zina.
Ndipo nyama zambiri, mbalame ndi zokwawa zakonzeka kukhumudwitsa njokayo. Sitilankhula za adani odziwika bwino monga nkhandwe, raccoon kapena hedgehog. Pakadali pano mitundu 40 ya mbalame imatha kudya. Njoka iliyonse yayikulu, khoswe, mphaka akhoza kuidya, ngakhale mumapezeka nsomba musazengereze kumenya njoka yaying'ono. Ndipo tizilombo tina timatha kumuvulaza. Zinyama zapansi ndi nyerere zimawononga mazira ake.
Ndizosangalatsa kuwona cholengedwa chokwawa cha agile m'mbali mwa dziwe. Apa amagona osasunthika, akutenthedwa ndi dzuwa. Ndipo m'kuphethira kwa diso, muvi wocheperako, ngati dontho la mercury, udatsikira mumtsinje. Amasambira pansi pamadzi, mutu umodzi wokha umakwezedwa pang'ono pamwamba. Itha kumizidwa kwathunthu m'madzi, njoka zimatha kukhala zakuya kwanthawi yayitali.
Nthawi zambiri, pofuna kuthawa mdaniyo, amalira mokweza, amagwedeza khosi lake, ndikupinda thupi lake mozungulira, mwamantha amapotoza nsonga ya mchira wake kuti wolakwayo aganize izi kaya njokayo ili ndi poizoni kapena ayi... Mwina simukuyenera kumusokoneza? Chinyezimiro chaching'ono chimakhala chokwanira kuti nyamazi zizitha msanga.
Ngati muli ndi famu pafupi ndi dziwe, mutha kupeza njoka mnyumba ya nkhuku nthawi iliyonse. Zimakhala zabwino komanso zotentha pakati pa mbalame. Pakhala pali njoka zomwe zimayikira mazira awo mu bakha kapena chisa cha nkhuku. M'makomedwe ena - m'makola kapena nkhokwe, sakonda kukhala, kuwopa kuti adzaponderezedwa.
Zinyama zimapezeka pakiyo, m'malo owonongeka am'mizinda, pagombe. Amathanso kulowa mumzinda, ndiyeno nthawi zambiri amafera pansi pamiyendo yamagalimoto. Nthawi zina mumatha kugwira njoka, ndi wofatsa, wodalirika komanso chidwi.
Mukanyamula nyamayi, konzekerani ndi fungo losasangalatsa lomwe lingatuluke. Amakhalanso ngati munthu wakufa. Ali mu ukapolo, wogwidwa msanga amazolowera, amakhala wowonda.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi zinyama zazing'ono, amphibiya ndi zokwawa. Njoka zina zimakonda makoswe, mbalame ndi nsomba. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi achule. Amagwira onse m'mbali mwa nyanja komanso m'madzi momwemo. Ndiyenera kunena kuti achule pafupifupi samawona zoopsa mwa iye ndikumulola kuti ayandikire kwambiri.
Pogwira nyama, mlenje amayesa kuyimeza ili yamoyo. Amadziwa kutsegula pakamwa kwambiri, monga njoka zina. Zimathandiza kwambiri posaka nsomba. Mwachangu amazembera kukhosi kwa chilombocho. Koma chule ndi chovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zina chule wothamanga kwambiri komanso wamkulu kwambiri amatha kutuluka pakamwa pake, ndikusiya phazi lake pamenepo.
Wouma kale, amakwanitsa kusaka bwino pomuthamangitsa wothawirako. Amadya achule aang'ono mpaka 5-6 kuti akwane. Ngati muli ndi njala, tadpoles amagwiritsidwa ntchito, njoka yawo imameza kwambiri nthawi imodzi, chiwerengerocho chimafika pa zidutswa 100.
Mukapanga zakudya za nyama iyi, mumapeza mndandanda wotsatirawu: nthiti, achule, achule, abuluzi, anapiye omwe agwa pachisa, makoswe amadzi, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Chokwawa ichi sichidya chovunda, koma chimakonda mkaka kwambiri. M'midzi, adakhazikika mkaka mumitsuko, ndikuponya njoka pamenepo. Amakhulupirira kuti sizimasukanso kwa nthawi yayitali pambuyo pake.
Kusaka kwawo kwakukulu kumakhala m'mawa ndi madzulo, mpaka kutada kwambiri. Masana, padzuwa lowala, amakonda kukhala moyo wama sybarite. Zokwawa zimagona pa ziphuphu, zopunthira, miyala, mitengo ikuluikulu yakugwa, zimawala padzuwa. Amabisala usiku. Bowo lililonse kapena kukhumudwa kuli bwino chifukwa chaichi. Ngati muli ndi njoka kunyumba, phunzirani malamulo osungira chokwawa ichi:
- Mukufuna terrarium ndi chingwe chotenthetsera kapena matenthedwe pakona. Kutentha kwake komwe amakonda ndi 30-33 degrees Celsius.
- Ikani miyala, pepala, kapena kokonati mchidebecho.
- Muyenera kupanga malo awiri omugwirira pakona yotentha komanso yozizira. Cuvette yokhala ndi sphagnum yonyowa imayikidwa yotentha, yozizira iyenera kukhala youma.
- Amafunikira chidebe chachikulu chamadzi, amamwa kwambiri, amakonda kusambira.
- Ikani kuyatsa kowonjezera (nyali ya UV), kuyatsa pomwe kuli dzuwa pang'ono.
- Ngati mukufuna, m'malo mwake, kuti mugone chiweto chanu m'nyengo yozizira, yesetsani kufupikitsa masana.
- Dyetsani 1-2 masabata ndi achule, nsomba zazing'ono, makamaka kukhala ndi moyo. Sadzadya wakufa.
- Nthawi zina njoka zimazolowera zakudya zotayidwa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Njoka ndi oviparous. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika zaka 3-4. Nyengo yokwatirana imatenga miyezi iwiri mchaka, Epulo ndi Meyi. Nthawi yake ndiyosiyana kulikonse, koma ma algorithmwo ndi ofanana ndi njoka zonse. Amatuluka atatha kubisala, amatenga nyama yoyamba ya masika, amakhetsa zikopa zawo zakale ndikuyamba masewera okwatirana.
Amuna ndi akazi angapo amatenga nawo mbali pantchitoyi. Mu tangle iyi ndizovuta kumvetsetsa kuti ndi ndani bambo. Mwina alipo angapo. Zotsatira za mgwirizano wamitalawu ndikuikira mazira pafupifupi 100. Mazira a njoka mwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake ndi ofanana ndi nkhunda, zokutidwa ndi chipolopolo chofewa chachikopa.
Amakhala ndi yolk, mapuloteni pang'ono, chipolopolo chochepa chabe. Mkazi amaikira mazira pamalo obisika, pamulu wa masamba kapena m'manda pamalo onyowa. Akasiyidwa pamtunda, adzauma, ndipo akaikidwa m'madzi, amafanso. Apa ndipamene chisamaliro chake kwa ana chimathera. Samamufungatira.
Mazira amatuluka m'modzi m'modzi, womangidwa ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi gelatinous. Zonsezi zimawoneka ngati mikanda yachilendo kapena korona. Mazira m'malo ena amatchulidwanso zamatsenga. M'malo ena amatchedwa "mazira a tambala". Amati akuchiritsa ndikuthandizira diso loyipa.
Pambuyo masiku pafupifupi 21, anawo, atasiyidwa kuti adzawonongedwe, adabowola okha, amatuluka ndikuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Zing'onozing'ono zimachepetsedwa mpaka 15 cm, zili ndi mano kale. Amadyetsa tizilombo, nyongolotsi, ndi nkhono. Njoka zimakhala ndi moyo kuyambira zaka 19 mpaka 23. Ndipo chikhalidwe chachikulu chokhala kwawo kwakutali ndi kuyandikira kwa madzi.
Chifukwa chiyani ndikulota
Kale m'maloto, nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati chinthu chabwino. Chosangalatsa chake - kusangalala ndi dzuwa atagona kutanthauza kuti nkhani yabwino ikukuyembekezerani. Mukadyetsa njokayo m'maloto, kwenikweni mudzayamikiridwa, mudzalandira phindu, mphotho kapena kuzindikira. Kwa amayi, kuwona njoka m'maloto kumatanthauza kusintha kwabwino m'moyo wawo.
Mwina mukukwatira kapena kukumana ndi chibwenzi chanu. Ngati njokayo ilumidwa, dikirani mimba yomwe mukufuna. Kwa amuna, njoka iyi siyothandiza kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kukumana ndi njoka m'maloto kumatanthauza chinyengo ndi chinyengo m'moyo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira zochitika zonse za malotowo kuti mumvetsetse chifukwa chake njokayo ikulota.
Zokhumba zathu zosazindikira nthawi zina zimapereka chithunzi m'maloto. Koma malingaliro athu ndi ovuta kunyenga. Ngati mutatha kulota ndi chokwawa mulibe chithunzi chosasangalatsa, omasuka kupereka tsikulo. Malotowa amakhala abwino nthawi zonse.
Zosangalatsa
- Mu Urals muli nthano yonena za "mgonero wamfumu". Amati ngati njokayo idalowa kale mnyumba, uku ndikutukuka. Simungathamangitse, muyenera kumudyetsa mkaka. Chokwawa chikakhumudwitsidwa, mfumu yodyerayo ibweretsa zovuta mnyumba muno.
- Njoka zimakonda kusambira kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina popanda cholinga. Amakonda mwambo wokha. Nthawi zambiri njira zawo zimadutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma nthawi zina zimapezeka pakatikati pa nyanja yayikulu, ngakhale kunyanja.
- Pambuyo kukhuta kwathunthu kale akhoza kukhala osadya kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina ngakhale masiku, koma miyezi. Ndizovuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake, koma wazachilengedwe wina waku Germany adaganiza zoyesa ndipo sanadyetse njokayo kwa miyezi 10. Pomaliza, njala "yoopsa" inatha ndipo chinyama chosaukayo chinalandira chakudya. Chodabwitsa, mayesowa adadutsa popanda zotsatira zake.
- Ngati panthawi yogona pali malo ochepa obisika, ndipo pali makolo ambiri, amakonza "nazale". Amapanga zomangamanga wamba. Asayansi nthawi ina adawona zosungira zonse m'nkhalango, panali mazira pafupifupi 1200.
