Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chikumbu chimatha kupanga chidwi pakuwona koyamba. Choyamba, amadabwa ndi malamulo olimba komanso kukula kwakukulu. Nthawi ya subspecies amatha kudzitama kutalika kwa masentimita 9.
Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lowoneka bwino la kachilombo kameneka ndi bulauni wonyezimira, nthawi zina wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira, ndiye kuti nsagwada zakumwambazi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chimphona choyambirira, chowoneka bwino kwambiri.
Zofunikira ndizokulirapo kotero kuti amapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi, ndipo m'mitundu ina yokha samadziwika kwambiri. Ngakhale awa ndi nsagwada, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, sikutheka kutafuna chilichonse kapena kukukuta nawo. Izi ndi zida za kafadala.
Amuna, momwe mawonekedwe amkamwa, komanso thupi lonse, amapangidwira kwambiri kuposa kafadala wamkazi, gwiritsani ntchito pamipikisano wina ndi mnzake, kumangoyambitsa mikangano pakati pawo.
Maudindo amenewa amaperekedwa m'mphepete mwamapiri ndi zotuluka zodabwitsa zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati nyerere. Mabungwe oterewa adalimbikitsa munthu kuti apatse dzina lachilengedwe. mbawala yamphongo... Komabe, zofunikira za tizilombo tomwe tafotokozazi, sizikugwirizana ndi nyanga za artiodactyls.
M'malo mwake, ndi zikhadabo, monga za nkhanu kapena nsomba zazinkhanira, zokhala ndi mfundo zowongoleredwa mkati, monga zopalira zopotera shuga. Amakhala ndi mano, chifukwa chake kafadala amaluma nawo, osatekeseka, ndipo mozama kuti, atha kuwononga ngakhale chala chamunthu, koma amachita izi munthawi yapadera, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito chida ichi polimbana ndi anzawo.
Zigawo za kachilomboka kamakhala kamutu wakuda, wopingasa pamwamba, wopangidwa ngati tung'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mawonekedwe, wokhala ndi maso okhala ndi mbali kuchokera mbali ndi tinyanga tolowera kutsogolo, komangidwa ndi mbale zosunthika. Chifuwa cha mtundu womwewo chimamangiriridwa pamutu, chokhala ndi minofu yamphamvu.
Ndipo kumbuyo kwake kuli pamimba, kotsekedwa kwathunthu ndi elytra yolimba kwambiri, makamaka bulauni yofiirira mwa amuna ndi akazi akuda-akuda mwa akazi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe ali amtundu uliwonse wamtunduwu. Kuseri kwa mapangidwe otetezawa, mapiko owonda, osakhwima, ophimba ndi obisika.
Nyongolotsi zilinso ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi yayitali, yopindika. Miyendo yawo pamapeto pake imakhala ndi zikhadabo zokhala ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kafadala azikwera mitengo. Ziwalo zomverera, makamaka za kununkhiza ndi kulawa, ndi ma palps okhala ndi tsitsi lomwe lili nsagwada zakumunsi. Maonekedwe okongola a chimphona chachikulu ichi akuwonetsedwa Kumbu kachilomboka pachithunzichi.
Mitundu
Tizilombo tomwe tafotokozazi ndi am'banja lamphongo. Oimira ake ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono kamene kali ndi pakamwa pakamwa patali patali komanso yokhala ndi mano.
Mitundu yonse ya mbozi zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe (ku Russia kuli pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri okha) ndi North America, koma mitundu yambiriyo inali m'malo akum'maŵa ndi akumwera kwa Asia, ndi a banja lachilendo. Tiyeni tifotokoze mitundu ina ya zolengedwa zamanyanga izi.
1. Chikumbu chachizungu... Mitundu yake idafalikira ku kontrakitala, kufalikira kuchokera ku Sweden kumpoto mpaka kudera lonse la Europe kumwera, mpaka ku Africa komwe. Ndipo chakum'mawa mpaka ku Urals. M'chigawo chino cha dziko lapansi, titani wamanyanjayu ndi wamkulu kukula, komwe amuna amafika masentimita 10.
2. Chimphona chachikulire, wokhala ku North America, ngakhale kuposa mnzake waku Europe kukula, ngakhale ndi masentimita angapo. Kupanda kutero, amawoneka ngati iye, mtundu wofiirira wokha wa thupi ndi wopepuka pamalankhulidwe. Koma, monga oimira ambiri amtunduwu, akazi a kachilomboka amakhala ochepa kwambiri kuposa abambo awo ndipo samakula kuposa 7 cm.
3. Mphala wopanda zingwe, yokhazikika kuzilumba zaku Hawaii, makamaka pachilumba cha Kauai, ili ndi zosiyana zambiri ndi mitundu iwiri yapitayi. Poyerekeza ndi iwo, maudindo ake ndi ochepa. Izi ndi zaukhondo, zopindika pakati, mapangidwe. Amangofanana ndi agwape, koma nyanga za ng'ombe. Zamoyo zotere ndizakuda. Ma elytra awo amaphatikizidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sangathe kuzifalitsa ndikuuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, mapiko apansi, ngakhale alipo, sanakule bwino kwenikweni.
4. Mbawala yakumpoto kwa Africa... Izi, poyerekeza ndi zimphona zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ku Europe ndi America, ndizochepa, koma zitsanzo za tizilombo tomwe timakhala zokongola kwambiri, motero ndizofunikira pakati pa osonkhanitsa. Zomwe zimatchedwa nyanga sizomwe zili mbali yotchuka ya kachilomboka. Koma mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thupi, ndikupanga kusiyanasiyana kosayembekezereka, imagwirizana mosangalatsa.
5. Utawaleza mbawala yamphongo ndiyonso yokongola modabwitsa ndimitundu yake yambiri. Pali zitsanzo zamkuwa wofiira, wachikasu dzuwa, wobiriwira ndi wabuluu masikelo. Ndipo chifukwa chake ziweto zoterezi zimasungidwa ndi okonda zachilengedwe kunyumba. Nyanga za zolengedwa izi ndizopindidwa m'mwamba kumapeto. Dziko lakwawo ndi Australia. Kafadala nthawi zambiri samapitilira masentimita 4 kukula, kuwonjezera apo, pali mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri, makamaka pakati pa theka lachikazi.
6. Mbawala yaku China ali ndi nsagwada ngati mawonekedwe a miyezi iwiri akuyang'anizana. Chikumbu ndi chakuda komanso chonyezimira. Mutu wake ndi thorax ndizolimba, zopangidwa bwino komanso zokulirapo kuposa mimba yovundikira kumapeto. Mitunduyi ili ndi ma subspecies awiri, kusiyana komwe kumakhalapo pakukula kwa zofunikira.
7. Titan kachilomboka amakhala kumadera otentha ndipo amafika kutalika masentimita 10. Ali ndi mutu waukulu, wofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi lonse. Nyanga zake zimawoneka ngati malekezero opukutira.
8. Rogach Dybowski m'dziko lathu amakhala ku Far East, kuwonjezera apo, amapezeka ku China ndi Korea. Chikumbu sichimachita chidwi kwenikweni kukula kwake, pafupifupi kutalika kwa amuna pafupifupi masentimita 5. Nyanga zake ndizopindika, zazikulu. Elytra wofala kwambiri ndi woderapo, ndi tsitsi lachikaso lomwe limaphimba thupi kuchokera kumwamba. Theka lachikazi lajambulidwa mumayendedwe akuda mpaka wakuda ndi malasha.
9. Rogach Grant kwawo kochokera ku South America. Ndi woimira wamkulu kwambiri pabanjali. Maudindo ake amafanana ndi mano, opindika mozungulira ngati mphete, wokutidwa ndi mano ang'onoang'ono. Zatalika kwambiri kotero kuti ndizokulirapo kuposa thupi la tizilombo tokha. Mbali yakutsogolo ya kachikumbu kali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wagolide wokhala ndi utoto, ndipo elytra yofiirira imawoneka kumbuyo kwawo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbawala zazing'ono zimakhala m'zigwa, komanso m'malo ataliatali a mapiri. Malo okondedwa a tizilombo ndizovuta kwambiri, komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana. Amapezekanso m'minda, m'mapaki a nkhalango ndi m'mapaki. Nyongolotsi zotentha zimakonda nkhalango zamitengo.
Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zilipo m'madera, ndipo kuti zikule bwino komanso kuti zikhale ndi moyo wabwino, nkhalango zakale zokhala ndi mitengo yambiri yakugwa, nthambi zake ndi mitengo yake, ndi zitsa zowola zimafunikira. Chowonadi ndichakuti mderali, ndiye kuti, mumitengo yowonongeka, pomwe mphutsi za zolengedwa zomwe zikufotokozedwazo zimakula.
Kutha kwa ma coleopteran awa m'malo otentha kumayamba mu Meyi ndipo kumatenga milungu ingapo. Makamaka, nthawiyo imadziwika ndi nyengo ndipo imasiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera komwe kuli. Chomalizachi chimakhudzanso nthawi yayitali yantchito. M'madera akumpoto, imagwa madzulo, pomwe mbozi zakumwera zimagwira masana.
Nthawi zambiri, theka lamwamuna limakonda kukwera m'mlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito mapiko. Koma ma flyers nthawi zambiri samayenda mtunda wopitilira makilomita atatu, ngakhale amayenda mwachangu ndipo amatha kuyenda. Nyongolotsi zimayamba bwino kuchokera kumtunda winawake ndipo sizimachokera kumagawo osanjikiza, chifukwa chake zimakonda kunyamuka pamitengo.
Zinyama zakutchire ndizodzaza ndi zoopsa kwa zolengedwa zotere, chifukwa adani awo ndi mbalame zodya nyama: kadzidzi, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, magpies, akhwangwala, komanso tizilombo, mwachitsanzo mavu a parasitic, omwe ana awo amadya mphutsi kuchokera mkati.
Koma iyi si ngozi yayikulu kwa mbozi zakutchire. Mothandizidwa ndi munthu, dziko lapansi likusintha, ndipo ndimalo okhala tizilombo, ndiye kuti nkhalango zodzaza ndi mitengo yovunda. Kuphatikiza apo, okhometsa amakopeka ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe a zolengedwa zotere. Chifukwa chake, kuwononga nkhalango, zimawononga kwambiri anthu.
Komabe, pali njira zomwe akutenga kuti ziteteze zimphona zanyanga. Kachilombo kakang'ono kakang'ono ka Red Book kapena ayi? Zachidziwikire, osati ku Russia kokha, komanso m'maiko ena ambiri aku Europe. Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuyesetsa kuteteza nkhalango zakale, makamaka nkhalango zazikulu. Zosungidwa zimapangidwa kuti ziziswana mitundu yomwe ili pangozi.
Zakudya zabwino
Mphutsi za kachilomboka zimakula pamtengo, zimadya. Ndipo safuna apamwamba kwambiri, omwe ndi nkhuni zakufa, amangovunda. Sakhalanso ndi chidwi chokhala ndi moyo, koma zomera zodwala. Apanso, mitundu yawo ndiyofunikira kwambiri. Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha mphutsi ndi thundu wambiri komanso mitengo ina yamnkhalango, koma mitengo yazipatso kawirikawiri.
Zakudya zotere sizoyeneranso akuluakulu. Kodi mbawala imadya chiyani?? Kuphatikiza pa mame ndi timadzi tokoma, timadyetsa msuzi wa mphukira zazing'ono zazomera. Komabe zimphona zimatha kutchedwa okonda phala. Chosangalatsa kwambiri kwa iwo ndikupeza thundu yoyenera, yomwe thunthu lake lidasweka ndi chisanu chozizira nthawi yachisanu.
Ndipo pakufika masiku ofunda, kudzera m'ming'alu yomwe idapangidwa, yomwe idalibe nthawi yoti ichiritse, imaphika madzi, omwe ndiosangalatsa komanso otsekemera kafadala. Kudutsa ming'alu yatsopano, chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dzuwa lotentha la chilimwe, imawira pang'ono ndikuyamba kuchita thovu.
"Zilonda" zotere za mitengo ya thundu ndizopatsa mphamvu tizilombo timeneti. Kumeneko zakumwa, zokondedwa ndi zimphona, zimawonekera. Apa kafadala amadyetsa magulu, atasonkhana pa nthambi za mitengo. Ngati pali msuzi wambiri, gulu laphwando limagwirizana mwamtendere. Koma gwero likayamba kuwuma pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuti mtima wamakani a mbawala umawonekera.
Nthawi zambiri, amuna amakhala oyambitsa mikangano. Polimbana ndi zakumwa "zamatsenga", amakonza masewera owopsa kwambiri. Apa ndipomwe kusintha kwachilengedwe kumakhala ndi nyanga zazikulu. Izi zili choncho nsagwada zakumtunda za mbawala yamphongo ndipo alipo kuti amenyane.
Kuphana kotere nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri, ndipo zimphona zimapikisana osati mwanthabwala, koma modzipereka. Mphamvu za zolengedwa izi ndizowona mtima. Chofunika kumangonena kuti kulemera komwe amakweza kumapitilira awo zana. Kuyika mdani panyanga, opambana amaponya omwe agonjetsedwa panthambi. Ndipo olimba kwambiri amakhalabe pagwero lodalitsika.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zofunikira kwa ngwazi zamphongo ndizothandizanso ikafika nthawi yopitiliza kuthamanga kwa zimphona. Pokhala ndi zizolowezi zolumikizidwa, amatenga nawo mbali mgulu la mating, lomwe limatha mpaka maola atatu.
Mimbulu yamphongo zitatha izi, zimatafuna pakati pa zowola zamatabwa, ndipo zimapanga zipinda zaphungwa. Ndipo ikafika nthawi yoikidwiratu mwachilengedwe, imasiya mazira mwa iwo, yonse osapitilira zidutswa 20. Ndi achikasu mumthunzi, oval ooneka, ochepa kukula: gawo lawo lalitali ndi pafupifupi 3 mm kutalika.
Pambuyo pa mwezi ndi theka, zamoyo zofewa, zazitali, zonyezimira zimachokera kwa iwo. Ali ndi miyendo yoyenda; thupi, lopangidwa ndi magawo ambiri, ndi mutu wofiira-burgundy, pomwe zoyambira za "nyanga" zamtsogolo zimawonekera kale. izo Mphutsi zazing'ono... Pakubadwa, amapindika ngati kamwana kakang'ono, ndipo akamakula, amafika mpaka 14 cm.
Mofananamo, gawo lalikulu la moyo wa mbawala yamtsogolo imadutsa. Ndipo nthawi imeneyi imakhala zaka zingapo. Zambiri, palibe amene akudziwa. Izi zimangotengera momwe thupi limakhalira.
Kukhalapo koteroko kumatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma m'malo abwino, osachepera zaka zinayi, ndipo nthawi zina kupitilira sikisi kapena ngakhale eyiti. Mphutsi imakhala yowola nkhuni, imadyetsa, komanso imabisala m'makungwa, pomwe imatha kupulumuka ngakhale chisanu choopsa.
Komabe, m'kupita kwanthawi chaka chimabwera mwana atayamba kuphunzira. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri mu Okutobala. Ndipo kumapeto kwa Meyi, nthawi zina mu Juni, kachilomboka kakang'ono kamaonekera padziko lapansi. Chimphona chachinyengocho sichikhala motalika, pafupifupi mwezi kapena kupitilira apo. Amakwaniritsa ntchito yoberekera ku chilengedwe ndipo amamwalira.
Kusamalira kunyumba ndi kukonza
Tizilombo timeneti timabadwa ndipo timafalikira mwachilengedwe. Anthu amaweta kafadalawa ndi chidziwitso chodabwitsa chakunja. Choyamba, izi zachitika kuti zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mbawala zamphongo.
Kukula ndi chitukuko chawo, zinthu zabwino zimapangidwa, mapiramidi enieni owola a thundu amamangidwa. Maziko a "nyumbazi" amapangidwa ndi mitengo ya mitengo yomwe imayendetsedwa m'nthaka. Ndipo mu microclimate yabwinoyi, kafadala amayikidwa, mphutsi zimayamba ndikusangalala.
Otsatira a tizilombo amafalitsa nyongolotsi kunyumba, zomwe zimawapatsa mpata wowona moyo wa zamoyozi. Akatswiri opanga zoweta amakulitsanso mitundu yokongola ya mbozi zomwe zimagulitsidwa. Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta komanso yayitali, imafuna kuleza mtima komanso chidziwitso chofunikira. Ndipo zimayenda motere.
Zida zoyenera zimatengedwa (ngakhale zitakhala zotani) ndikuphimbidwa ndi utuchi. Machende achibwibwi amaikidwa mmenemo. Tsopano chinthu chachikulu ndikupereka mu khola ili pafupi ndi chinyezi komanso kutentha.
Apa, kuyang'anira mosamala kukula kwa mphutsi ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimapangidwa bwino, komanso kuti ziwateteze ku tiziromboti ndi matenda a fungal. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, ndiye kuti m'zaka zisanu dziko lapansi lidzawona chozizwitsa - kachilomboka kakang'ono, ndipo mwina palibe. Ziwetozi zimadyetsedwa ndi madzi a shuga, momwe mungawonjezere msuzi kapena uchi.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza anthu
Chamoyo chilichonse chimafunikira chilengedwe. Itha kuvulaza mitundu ina yazachilengedwe, koma imathandiziranso ena chifukwa, chifukwa chilengedwe chimagwirizana. Koma zimphona zathu zanyanga ndizosiyana mwanjira ina.
Mwa kung'amba zipinda za dzira ndikudya nkhuni zowola munthawi yamatenda, kafadala samawononga mitengo. Samakhudza zomera zamoyo, chifukwa chake, sitinganene kuti tizilombo timeneti timawononga nkhalango ndi malo obiriwira. Amangokonda zowola, chifukwa chake samawononga nyumba zamatabwa za munthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakudya mitengo ikuluikulu, ziphuphu ndi nthambi, kafadala amayeretsa nkhalango ndipo ndi dongosolo lake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimakhudza chilengedwe chonse, kuphatikizapo anthu. Palinso zopeka zoti zolengedwa izi zimatha kuvulaza anthu kapena nyama zazikulu ndi nyanga zake. Zonsezi ndi zinthu zopanda pake. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono sitimavutikanso ndi kachilomboka, chifukwa sizokonda kudya.
Ndiye zimapezeka kuti kuwonjezera pa maubwino tizilombo mbozi sichimabweretsa chilichonse, kukhala chowopsa, ngakhale chowoneka chowopsa, chimphona chaminyanga. Chokhacho chomwe zimphona zanyanga zili zowopsa ndi mtundu wawo. Ndipo izi zilidi choncho, chifukwa tizilombo timeneti ndi tankhanza kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Zosangalatsa
Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa, chifukwa chake moyo wawo sungakhale ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Zambiri zosangalatsa zidanenedwa kale kale. Koma palinso china chomwe ndikufuna kuwonjezera pazanyanga zodabwitsa za zolengedwa izi ndi zinthu zina.
- Mbawala zazing'ono zimadziwika kuti zimatha kuuluka. Koma nyanga zawo zazikulu zanthambi zimalowa iwo mlengalenga. Kuti azitha kuchita zinthu bwino, amayenera kuyimirira pomwe akuuluka;
- Nyongolotsi zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nyanga kuyambira pomwe zidakhalako. Monga tanenera kale, amafunikira zida izi kuti achite nkhondo ndi kafadala wina. Pokhapokha pakakhala zankhanza mwa iwo zimapangitsa kuti zisamveke nthawi yomweyo, koma chifukwa cha zochitika. Ngati palibe zifukwa zapadera, kafadala, ngakhale samawonetsa ubale wabwino kwa mtundu wawo, sasunga udani;
- Zofunika kwambiri za mbozizi ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti chisinthiko chimagwira ntchito mwanzeru. Ngati nsagwada zikuluzikulu za kachilomboka zikadasungidwa momwe zidapangidwira, ndiko kuti, ndi malekezero akuthwa opera zakudya, monga makolo awo akutali kwambiri, kukopa kwamphongo kumatha kubweretsa imfa ya anthu ambiri, chifukwa chake mitundu yonse. Koma zimphona-zamphamvu zimangokhoza kuzikweza panyanga zawo ndikuchotsa mdani wopanda zotsatirapo zake;
- Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zimatha kumenyera chakudya, komanso ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi. Nkhondo isanayambe, amayesa kukopa mdani nthawi yomweyo. Ndi izi, kafadala amayimilira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, akunyamuka ndikuwonetsa kulimba kwawo;
- Nyanga, ndiye kuti nsagwada zakumtunda, zimakhala ngati zida zamphongo. Koma zazikazi zimaluma ndi nsagwada zawo zakumunsi, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri;
- Chojambulacho, chomwe chinali chimodzi mwazoyamba kusindikizidwa mu 1910, chidapangitsa mbawala yamtunduwu kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira pamenepo, tizilombo ngati timatchuka kwambiri, ndipo chithunzi chawo chakhala chikupezeka pamakobidi ndi masitampu otumizira.
Zochita za anthu zimawononga kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zapaderazi. Ikucheperachepera, ndipo mitundu yachilengedwe yokha imadziwika kuti ili pangozi, ngakhale pali njira zotetezera. Pofuna kuti anthu adziwe za vutoli, kachilomboka kakudziwika mobwerezabwereza m'mayiko ambiri ngati tizilombo ta chaka. Makamaka, izi zinachitika mu 2012 ku Germany.
