Kukumana kosayembekezereka ndi mphiri m'malo ake achilengedwe sizachilendo. Kugundana kumathandizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala zokwawa. Kuti mumvetse kuti reptile ndi wowopsa bwanji, muyenera kudziwa kusiyanitsa njoka yapoizoni kuchokera ku njoka zopanda vuto, zizolowezi zowerengera.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ku Russia, pakati pa mitundu ina yambiri ya zokwawa zapoizoni, imapezekanso njoka wamba, yomwe, chifukwa chakutetezedwa ndi kutentha pang'ono, sikuti imangokhala kumpoto, madera apakati a Europe, komanso kumapiri, ku Siberia, pafupifupi. Sakhalin.
Ambiri amvapo zaukali, milandu yokwawa ndi zokwawa, motero anthu amachita nazo chidwi chikuwoneka bwanji njoka ndipo ngati ndikosavuta kuzizindikira pakati pa zokwawa zina zopanda vuto lililonse. Viper pachithunzichi zodabwitsa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mawonekedwe.
Nthawi zambiri, posatengera mtundu wakumbuyo wa thupi (wachikaso, bulauni, imvi, bulauni), mzere wakuda ngati mawonekedwe a zigzag umawonekera bwino m'mbali mwa phirilo. Pali njoka zakuda, pankhaniyi zigzag imachita khungu, mchira wake wachikaso, lalanje pansipa. Unyinji wa njokayo ndi 100-200 g, amuna amakula mpaka -60-80 cm, akazi amalemera komanso kutalika kwa 10 cm.
Mutu wokhala ndi mphuno yozungulira ndiwophwatalala, wamakona atatu, wopatukana ndi thupi potengera khomo lachiberekero. Zakutsogolo, parietal, ndi mphuno zimayera ndi mtundu wakuda. Zishango zazikulu za supraorbital zimapachikika pamaso ang'onoang'ono abulauni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakamwa pakhale poyipa.
Ophunzira owoneka ngati ofooka amakula ndikayamba mdima, ndikudzaza diso lonse. Chifukwa cha kuwoneka bwino njoka samakhala ndi njala pambuyo posaka usiku. Thupi lolimba lokhala ndi mchira wawufupi, loloza kumapeto, lokutidwa ndi masikelo.
Mu nsagwada chapamwamba cha njoka, timayimba tating'onoting'ono tomwe timamera, komwe timadontho ta glands ndi poizoni timagwirizana. Pakadali pano chiwembucho, nsagwada zimatseguka, mano, omwe kale anali atagona mozungulira ndikulowera mkati, amapita patsogolo. Minofu yozungulira ma canines imagwirizana kwambiri. Kuluma kumachitika ndi jakisoni wa poizoni munthawi yomweyo.
Ziwalo zamkati za njoka ndizotalika, zomwe zimayenderana chimodzichimodzi. Mafupa, mosiyana ndi ubongo, amakula bwino, zomwe zimabweretsa mgwirizano woyenda bwino wa chokwawa, kuyankha kwakanthawi pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
Manjoka, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka kupuma, pomwe m'malo mwa mapapo ataphulika kumanzere, mapapo owonjezera a tracheal adapangidwa, malowo adawoneka kuti akutupa pangozi, kuti atulutse mkokomo.
Mitundu
Asayansi apeza mabanja ang'onoang'ono 4 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 300 ya mphiri. Kuphatikiza pa wamba, mitundu ya zokwawa izi ndizofala kwambiri ndipo ndizosangalatsa kuziwerenga:
1. Gyurza. Chachikulu, mpaka mamitala awiri, poyizoni wa poyizoni yemwe ndi wocheperako poizoni wa njoka ya mamba potengera mphamvu yake, sanaphatikizidwe mgulu la zokwawa zonyika. Magawo azimuna amaposa azimayi.
Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi njokayo ndikubwezeretsanso zazing'ono pamutu ndi sikelo. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa wosaoneka bwino, palibe mzere uliwonse m'mbali mwa chitunda. Madontho amawoneka m'mbali, m'mphepete mwa mitundumitundu ya bulauni. Chitsanzocho chimayamba kuchokera m'khosi ndipo chimathera kumapeto kwa mchira. Mimba ndi yamangamanga, yopepuka kuposa msana.
Mitundu ya njoka za Red Data Book zomwe zimakhala kumapiri zimapezeka ku North Africa, m'maiko aku Middle East. Ku Russia, anthu ochepa amakhala ku North Caucasus .. Poyerekeza ndi njoka wamba, gyurza siyisamala, nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi anthu.
2. Njoka ya Nikolsky. Zinyama zimapezeka ku Ukraine, ku Europe ku Russia kupita ku Urals. Njokayo imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wa thupi, nsonga yachikaso ya mchira kumbuyo kwa njokayo imatenga zaka zitatu zokha. Zokwawa zazing'ono ndi zofiirira ndi mzere wopindika kumbuyo.
Zimaganiziridwa kuti njoka yakuda - subspecies wa mphiri wamba, koma atafufuza mwatsatanetsatane, asayansi azindikira kuti njokayo ndi mtundu wina. Akatswiri ena a zinyama akukayikirabe kulondola kwa chizindikirocho.
Viper ya Nikolsky Amakula mpaka masentimita 80, amuna ndi ochepa kuposa akazi. Njokayo imasambira msanga kuposa momwe imayendera pamtunda. Imasaka masana. Nthawi zowopsa, kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe owongoka ndi mkokomo mokweza, kuwopseza mdaniyo, imatulutsa chinthu chonunkhira kuchokera kumafinya apadera.
3. Njoka yamtengo woyipa. Zojambulidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya buluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu, wofiira, njoka zimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha za m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa. Zokwawa zimakula mpaka masentimita 45-80.
Moyo pamitengo umathandizidwa ndi mchira wotsogola, masikelo owoneka ngati nthiti. Pa nthawi yosaka njoka yamtengo Imadzibisa yokha ngati nthambi, yopindidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa njoka zamphamvu, chitsamba chaminga, nyanga, njoka zobiriwira ndi zobiriwira zakuda zimatchedwa arboreal.
4. Njoka ya steppe. Chokwawa chimakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe, nkhalango, nkhalango ya Caucasus, Nyanja Yakuda, kumwera kwa Siberia. Kutalika kwakanthawi koyimira mtunduwo ndi masentimita 60. Pamutu, pali mawonekedwe m'chigawo cha korona chomwe chimakhala chakuda kuposa kamvekedwe ka thupi.
Chigaza chimatambasulidwa, mphuno imakwezedwa m'mphepete. Mzere wakuda umadutsa m'mbali mwa thupi lofiirira, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosazungulira, nthawi zina chapakatikati. Mimbayo ndi yoyera, yamangamanga. Mafinya a reptile alibe poizoni pang'ono.
Njoka ya steppe amasambira bwino, mofulumira kuposa momwe nthaka imadutsira mumitengo. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya njoka, tizilombo timakonda kudya. Mwa kupha dzombe lambiri m’minda yolimidwa, chokwawa chimathandiza alimi kusunga mbewu zawo.
5. Chiphuphu cha Chipembere. Gawo lakumtunda la cholengedwa chokwawa chowala, chokongola limakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana azithunzi, ojambulidwa mumithunzi 15 yofiira, yabuluu, yobiriwira, ndi yachikaso. Mimba ndi yotuwa ndi zigamba zakuda.
Njoka ya chipembere inatchedwa dzina lake kuchokera ku minyewa iwiri yakuthwa yomwe imakula kumapeto kwa mphuno. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi ndi 1.2 m, ochepera ndi 0.6 m.Mtundu uwu wa mphiri umakhazikika m'malo onse a Africa, kupatula chapakati. Amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, osalowa kwambiri m'nkhalango.
Tsankho lamunthu la njoka yamadzi yopanda vuto pakati pa anthu omwe adalandira dzinali njoka ya chess chifukwa chakusowa kwa zaushin wachikaso pamutu, mawonekedwe a njoka. M'malo mwake, njoka yomwe imapezeka m'madzi ndi yotetezeka. Izi zimatsimikizika ndi ana ozungulira omwe ndi njoka zopanda poizoni. Nthawi zowopsa, madzi amayimba, amatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa, losasamba bwino madzi, koma siluma.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Njoka yamphongo- osati chokwawa chosamukasamuka. Imasuntha osapitilira 5 km, posankha malo oyenera kubisalira. Kuyambira mwezi watha wophukira, zokwawa zakhala zikufunafuna timing'alu, maenje omwe amayenda pansi pa nthaka 2. Pakuya kwambiri, kutentha kwabwino kumakhalabe nthawi yonse yachisanu, komwe kumakhala njoka.
Ndikusowa kwa malo otentha, kuchuluka kwa njoka pamalo amodzi kumafikira anthu mazana angapo. Chakudya chikatha, zokwawa zimayenda makilomita 1-2 kunja kwa malo okhalirako, osapitirira 100 m.
Masika, njoka zimatuluka m'maenje awo, kufunafuna wokwatirana naye. Zinyama zimakonda kudya padzuwa pafupi ndi pogona. Nthawi yotsalayo amabisala m'malo obisika kapena kusaka. Njokayo sikukwawa ikamafuna nyama, koma imabisalira, kudikira kuti wovulalayo ayandikire kwambiri.
Njokayo siyopsa mtima pomwe palibe chowopseza, koma nthawi zowopsa imathamangira pazinthu zopanda moyo. Iwo alibe chitetezo, osagwira ntchito, amakonda kukwawa kumalo obisika a chokwawa panthawi ya molting.
Kutatsala milungu iwiri kuti mavalidwe asinthe, khungu limasuluka, khungu la diso limakhala mitambo. Molting amapezeka njoka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati njokayo ndi yaying'ono, yathanzi komanso yamphamvu, khungu limapangidwanso m'maola ochepa. Zimatenga masiku angapo njoka zofooka, zodwala, zakale kuti zisungunuke.
Ma Vipers amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana - m'nkhalango, minda, madambo, m'malo amiyala, m'miyala, m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, ngakhale m'nyumba zazilimwe ndi nyumba. Njoka zimasambira bwino kwambiri, zimatha kuwoloka mtsinjewo popanda kuchita khama ngati kuli kofunikira.
Chifukwa chodula mitengo mwachisawawa, ngalande zamadambo, kukonzanso madera osayanjanitsika, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya zokwawa, kuphatikiza mphiri wamba, zalembedwa m'mabuku a Red Data Books apadziko lonse lapansi.
Adani achilengedwe amathandizira kuchepa kwa anthu. Nguluwe, zosaganizira kwenikweni poizoni, nkhandwe, mimbulu, mahedgehogs, mbira, ma hedgehogs amadya zokwawa. Njoka ndi gawo la zakudya za mbewa, ziwombankhanga, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, ndi adokowe.
Zakudya zabwino
Kupeza chakudya, chokwawa sichimagwira womenyedwayo, koma ziwopsezo zobisalira. Wobisala muudzu kapena pamtengo, njokayo imathamangitsa makoswe, achule, abuluzi. Njoka wamba imadya anapiye, mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimangodutsa, imakonda kudya mazira.
Ndi kusaka kopambana, zokwawa ziyenera kukhala zokhutira ndi tizilombo - cicadas, ziwala, kafadala wamkulu, agulugufe. Njoka sizingathe kutafuna chakudya, chifukwa chake zimameza nyama yawo yonse, ndikupanga mawonekedwe kuchokera kunsagwada.
Chokwawa chimakoka nsagwada kumtunda kwa womugwirirayo, ndikuigwira ndi mano ake apansi. Kenako amasula mayini, ndikukankhira nsagwada ina patsogolo. Ndikusuntha uku, njokayo imakankhira nyama yake pakhosi, paminyezi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mu njoka zazikazi zachikazi, kukhwima kumachitika zaka zisanu, mu zibwenzi - ndi anayi. Nyengo yakukhwimitsa imayamba mchaka mutakhazikika pamwamba-zero kutentha masabata 2-3 pambuyo pa kubisira.
Kutengera dera lomwe mukukhalamo, nthawi yokwatirana ndi kuchuluka kwa kubereka kumasiyana. M'madera omwe nyengo imakhala yotentha, nyengo yokhwima imayamba mu Marichi, yaikazi imabereka ana chaka chilichonse. M'madera akumpoto, njoka zimadzuka pambuyo pa miyezi 1-2, ndipo zimaberekanso chaka chimodzi.
Choyamba, amuna amatuluka m'malo obisika a nthawi yozizira yopita kumalo otseguka dzuwa. Pambuyo masiku khumi, akazi amawoneka, omwe amafufuzidwa ndi amuna. Ngati amuna awiri ali ndi chidwi ndi njoka imodzi, kumachitika nkhondo pakati pawo.
Pa magule achikhalidwe, ampikisano amayesa mphamvu, amayesa kukanikizana pansi, koma pewani kulumidwa koopsa. Ziwalo zoberekera zazimayi zimayimiriridwa ndi thumba losunga mazira awiri, yamwamuna ndimayeso ndi thumba limodzi lokhala ndi msana womwe umakhala kuseli kwa anus.
Pakati pa coitus, banjali limalumikizana ndi matupi, champhongo, chokankhira chiwalo chophatikizira kuchokera pansi pa khungu, chimalowa mu chovala chachikazi. Pamapeto pake, zokwawa zija sizingayende kwa mphindi zingapo, kenako zimakwawa kupita kwina ndipo sizingalumikizanenso.
Mimba imakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu, koma pali zosiyana. Umuna wamwamuna umakhalabe m'thupi la mkazi kwa nthawi yayitali, umuna umachitika pakakhala zinthu zabwino zakunja. Mlanduwo udadziwika pomwe, pakusunga njoka muukapolo, njoka zobadwa kumene zidatuluka zaka 6 zitakwatirana.
Njoka siyiyikira mazira, koma imanyamula m'mimba. Ena amasungunuka, enawo amakula bwino. Kudzera mumitsempha yamagazi yama oviducts a mayi, kudzera mu chipolopolocho, zakudya zowonjezera zimaperekedwa kwa miluza, yomwe imakula makamaka chifukwa cha yolk.
Mkazi amabala ana omwe ali ndi poyizoni kale mu kuchuluka kwa zidutswa 5-10. Kubala, kumatenga masiku anayi, kumachitika pamtengo. Chokwawa chimakutira thunthu, ndikumenyetsa mchira wake, pomwe ana obadwa kumene amagwera pansi. Njoka zazing'ono nthawi yomweyo zimakwawa mosiyanasiyana, zabisala muudzu wandiweyani. Makolowo satenga nawo mbali pakudyetsa, kuleredwa.
Njoka zimabadwa pafupifupi kukula kwa pensulo kapena wokulirapo pang'ono, wokhala ndi khungu lopepuka kuposa amayi awo. Pakadutsa maola angapo kapena masiku angapo, kusintha koyamba khungu kumachitika, pambuyo pake anawo amasiyana ndi makolo awo kokha kulemera ndi kutalika. Ngakhale kuti nkhokwe zosakwanira ndizokwanira masiku asanu ndi limodzi, nyama zazing'ono zitangotha kusungunuka zimatsegula kusaka kwa tizilombo.
Kudalira kwachidziwikire kwa moyo wa njoka, kutengera mitundu, kudawululidwa. Zokwawa zazing'ono zimakhala zaka 7, zazikulu - 15. Njoka zam'madzi ndizokhazikika, zina zimamwalira patadutsa zaka 30.
Zosangalatsa
Chosangalatsa kwambiri pa njoka:
- ngati njoka yobadwa kumene ilibe nthawi yobisala m'tchire, imatha kudya ngati kholo lake;
- njoka zamoto nthawi zonse zomwe zilipo, ana nthawi zambiri kuposa achikulire chifukwa chakukula kwawo msanga;
- Achijapani, achi China, aku Korea amaona nyama yanjoka ngati chakudya chokoma, mankhwala a matenda ambiri;
- kachipangizo kotentha pamutu panjoka, kamene kamathandiza kuyenda usiku, kamatha kupeza kusiyana kwa 0,002 ° C;
- zokwawa zimakhala ndi poizoni akangobadwa;
- njoka zimatulutsa poyizoni zikalumidwa mu milandu 75 mwa zana;
- mano a njoka yaku Africa ku Gabon amakula mpaka 3 cm;
- Anthu aku Malawi okhala pachilumba cha Penang amalemekeza njoka ngati nyama yopatulika;
- Njoka zazing'onoting'ono zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri m'madzi ndi m'mitengo kuposa pamtunda;
- Kulusa kwa njoka kumawonjezeka nthawi yakumasirana, yomwe imagwera pa Marichi-Juni.
Mano a mphiriyo amakula, amasintha moyo wawo wonse, monga momwe anakonzera komanso ngati atayika, izi zimalola kuti njokayo ikhale ndi zida nthawi zonse ndikukonzekera kumenya wozunzidwayo.
