Marsh harrier - mbalame yodya nyama yofalikira ku Eurasia. Dzinali limachokera ku Asilavo wamba. Ikhoza kumasuliridwa m'chinenero chamakono ngati wakuba. Mayina ofanana ndi awa: hared harrier, marsh hawk, marsh kite, mousewort.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mitundu 5 ya zisa zotchinga ku Russia. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa izo ndi chotchingira chithaphwi kapena chotchingira bango. Monga mbalame zambiri zodya nyama, imawoneka yokongola, yopyapyala. Mutu ndi waung'ono. Maso amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu.
Kwa mbalame, makamaka mbalame zodya nyama, masomphenya ndiye chiwalo chachikulu. Pamphepete mwachinyontho, ndi chakuthwa, kukulolani kuti muwone mbewa kapena mpheta yaying'ono mtunda wa pafupifupi 1 km. Malo omwe maso ali nawo amazindikira mawonekedwe a masomphenya. Koma mawonekedwe amalingaliro amakanema ndi ochepa.
Diso limodzi la Marsh Harrier limakwirira madigiri 150 - 170. Maganizo a Binocular azinthu amangokhala gawo la madigiri 30. Ndiye kuti, kuti muwone zinthu zam'mbali ngati kuchuluka, mbalame iyenera kutembenuza mutu.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwoneka bwino, zotchinga zam'madzi zimakhalanso ndi mbalame zambiri zodya. Amasiyanitsa bwino pakati pazinthu zosuntha mwachangu. Kwa munthu, kuphethira kwa nyali 50 ya hertz kumalumikizana ndikuwala kosalekeza. Masomphenya a dambo lanyanja amawona kung'anima kwapadera.
Kuperewera kwa masomphenya kumathandiza nyama yolusa nthenga kusiyanitsa mtundu wa chandamale choyenda mofulumira. Ndikufuna kuthamanga kwambiri, chiwombankhanga kapena chotchingira, chifukwa cha malowa, pewani kuwombana ndi zopinga.
Katundu wodabwitsa kwambiri wamaso a Marsh Harrier ndi mbalame zina zosamuka ndikutha kuwona maginito apadziko lapansi. Woyendetsa zachilengedwe womangidwa m'maso amatsogolera mbalame m'njira yomwe zimadutsa.
Makutu ali pafupi ndi Marsh Harrier. Mwachilengedwe, sizowoneka, chifukwa mbalame zilibe makutu. Zothandizira kumva zonse ndizofanana ndi zinyama.
Pamutu pake pali bowo la khutu lokutidwa ndi nthenga. Mtsinje wamakutu umachokera pamenepo. Kudzera mwa iyo imamveka phokoso khutu lamkati. Zomwe, mwazinthu zina, zimagwira ntchito zowoneka bwino.
M'chombocho, nthenga zomwe zimatsegula kotseguka zimakhala zosefera. Posuntha khungu pamutu, mbalame imasintha kasinthidwe ka nthenga, momwe pakhomo lolowera khutu limabisika. Izi zimasinthitsa kapena kumakweza mawu amtundu winawake. Izi zimathandiza kumva nyamayo kudzera phokoso la mabango.
Marsh Harrier ilibe makutu akunja, koma ili ndi mlomo wa nkhwangwa. Ndi yayikulu kuposa ya zotchinga zina, ndiyotalika pafupifupi masentimita 2. Yakuda, yolumikizidwa. Mphuno zake zili pansi pamlomo. Ndi gawo la kupuma.
Mpweya wouma wodutsa m'mphuno mumakhala fungo. Zovuta zimadza ndikudziwika kwawo mu zotchinga zam'madzi ndi mbalame zina. Maselo olandirira ndi fungo amapezeka mummphuno, koma sanakule bwino. Zomwezo ndizoyipa tanthauzo la kukoma.
Marsh Harrier siwaphokoso ndipo alibe fungo lililonse. Koma masomphenya, kumva, kutengera thupi, nthenga zimanena izi chilombo chothamangitsa waluso, wopambana.
Wamwamuna wamkulu amalemera 400-600 g. Yaikazi, monga zimakhalira ndi mbalame zodya nyama, imakhala yamphamvu kuposa yamphongo, imalemera magalamu 600 mpaka 850. Yaimuna imatha kutambasula mapiko ake kuchokera pa masentimita 100 mpaka 130. Munthu wamkazi amatambasula mapiko ake ndi masentimita 120-145.
Mphepete, kumtunda kwamwamuna ndi utoto wofiirira. Pamutu ndi m'khosi, m'mphepete mwa nthenga mumakonzedwa ndi fodya, mawu achikasu. Nthenga zomwe zili kumchira kumtunda ndi mapiko ake zimatulutsa utoto wofiirira. Mbali yamkati yamkati yamthupi ndi yotupa ndi chikasu.
Swamp Harrier Mkazi wosiyana kwambiri ndi wamwamuna. Makaka osiyanitsidwa pang'ono. Mutu wake ndi wotuwa, ndi mikwingwirima yachikaso pabulu pake. Zovuta zazing'ono sizitenga nthawi yomweyo mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu. Kuti achite izi, amayenera kudutsa ma molts angapo.
Mitundu
Marsh Harrier imaphatikizidwanso m'gulu lachilengedwe lotchedwa Circus aeruginosus. Mbalameyi ndi ya banja lalikulu la akabawi ndipo ndi yolumikizana ndi zopinga zina mu mtundu wa Circus. Akatswiri a zamagulu amaphatikizapo mitundu 18 yamtunduwu, pomwe mitundu iwiri yazilumba yatayika.
- Circus aeruginosus ndiye mbalame yofala kwambiri pamtunduwu - wamba wa marsh harrier.
- Circus assimilis - amakhala ku Australia ndi Indonesia. Nthenga zimakhala zamangamanga ngati kadzidzi. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake amtunduwu, amatchedwa chotchinga chotchinga. Mtundu wachikulire wamawangamawanga umapezeka mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
- Ma circus pafupifupi - mbalameyi imatchedwa: Australia swamp harrier, New Zealand harrier. Kugawidwa pakontinenti yachisanu komanso ku New Zealand. Ndikumwamba kofiirira lakuda komanso nsonga yamapiko yaimvi. Waku Australia chithaphwi chothawira pothawa - mbalame yokongola kwambiri.
- Circus buffoni. Dzina lodziwika bwino la mbalameyi ndi chotchingira mapiko ataliatali. Zimaswana ku South America. Nthenga zazitali pamapiko ndi mchira zimathandizira kupanga ndege zazikulu pofunafuna chakudya.
- Circus cyaneus ndi chotengera m'munda waku Europe. Kumpoto, gawo la kukaikira mazira ndi kusaka limathera ku Arctic Circle, kum'mawa kukafika ku Kamchatka, kumwera kumaphatikizapo Mongolia ndi Kazakhstan, kumadzulo kuli malire ndi French Alps.
- Circus cinereus ndi chotengera chakuda ku South America. Malire amderali adachokera ku Colombia kupita ku Tierra del Fuego.
- Ma circus macrosceles - Malagasy kapena Madagascar Marsh Harrier. Amapezeka ku Madagascar ndi ku Comoros.
- Circus macrourus - Pale kapena Steppe Harrier. Amakhala kumwera kwa Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, nyengo yozizira ku India, kumwera kwa Africa.
- Circus maurus ndi wakuda wakuda waku Africa. Zimaswana ku Botswana, Namibia ndi madera ena aku South Africa. Mbalame yokhala ndi mapiko opindidwa imawoneka pafupifupi yakuda. Potuluka, nthenga zoyera za nthenga zimaonekera. Mtundu wonse umakhala wowoneka bwino koma wachisoni.
- Circus maillardi amatchulidwa ndi malo ake okhala: Reunion Marsh Harrier. Odwala ku Chilumba cha Reunion.
- Circus melanoleucos - waku Asia piebald harrier. Zimaswana ku Transbaikalia ndi dera la Amur, zimapezeka ku Mongolia ndi China. Nyengo ku Southeast Asia.
- Circus pygargus ndi chotchinga chotchedwa Eurasia. Amasaka zisa ku Europe, Siberia ndi Kazakhstan. Nyengo ku India komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
- Circus spilonotus - East Asia kapena chotchinga chakum'mawa... Poyamba tinkalingalira ngati subspecies za wamba marsh harrier. Zimaswana ku Siberia, kuchokera ku Urals mpaka Nyanja ya Baikal. Amapezeka ku Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China. Anthu ochepa amakhala kuzilumba zaku Japan.
- Circus ranivorus - mitundu ndi nyengo yozizira kumwera ndi pakati pa Africa. Lili ndi dzina lofananira ndi mtundu wake - nkhono zam'madzi zaku Africa.
- Circus spilothorax - New Guinea Harrier. Kugawidwa ku New Guinea. Anthu ena anapezeka ku Australia.
- Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri yakutha: Circus eylesi ndi dossenus. Zotsalira za oyamba zimapezeka ku New Zealand. Mtundu wachiwiri kamodzi unkakhala ku Hawaii.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
M'nyengo yozizira, madambo amaundana, mbalame zazing'ono ndi mbalame zam'madzi zimayambira kumwera. Izi mwina ndichifukwa chake chotchingira chithaphwi — mbalame kusamukasamuka. Kuzizira kwam'mawa ku Hindustan. Mbalame zisafuna kumpoto komanso kotentha ku Europe zimasamukira kumadera otentha aku Africa. Marsh Harriers ochokera Kumadzulo ndi Kummwera kwa Europe amapita ku Southeast Africa, kudera la Zambia ndi Mozambique.
Ku Spain, Turkey, mayiko aku Maghreb, kuli anthu omwe amakhala pansi. Mtundu wawo uli pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Moyo ndi nyengo zimalola kuti mbalamezi zisiye kusamuka kwakanthawi. Chiwerengero cha mbalame zokhazikika sichikulirakulira, sichiposa 1% ya ziwerengero zonse zamatope (mabango).
Ndege yozizira imayamba kugwa, mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Ndachita ndekha. Kawirikawiri Hawkbirds, ndi Marsh Harriers makamaka, samapanga ziweto. Gulu lokhalo lokhalokha lomwe loonies limapanga ndi banja. Pali zochitika pomwe mgwirizano wamwamuna ndi wamkazi udalipo kwazaka zingapo. Koma nthawi zambiri banjali limangolumikizana kwa nyengo imodzi.
M'malo obisalamo ndi nyengo yachisanu ya malowa, amasankha malo amtundu wofanana. Amakonda udambo, madzi osefukira, madambo okhala ndi madzi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri awa amakhala minda yoyandikira pafupi ndi madambo kapena nyanja zosaya. Looney amalungamitsa limodzi la mayina awo: ali ndi tsankho m'nkhalango zamabango.
Zakudya zabwino
Ndege zouluka zam'madzi zosaka ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Uku ndikokuyang'ana kotsika pamapiko ndikupanga mawonekedwe osazama a v. Nthawi yomweyo, miyendo ya mbalameyo nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi. Ndiye kuti, kufunitsitsa kwathunthu kuwukira kukuwonetsedwa. Mtundu woulukawu umakupatsani mwayi wotsika msanga ndikunyamula nyama pamwamba pamadzi kapena pamtunda. Mndandanda woyandikira wa amadyetsa chotchinga chotani:
- abakha ndi anapiye ena,
- nsomba zazing'ono ndi mbalame,
- makoswe, makamaka muskrats achichepere,
- zokwawa, amphibiya.
Marsh Harriers, makamaka panthawi yodyetsa, yesetsani kuukira mbalame zazikulu zam'madzi. Kuyesaku kumachitika bwino. Pokhapokha bakha kapena sandpiper akadwala kapena kuvulala. Mbalame zomwe zimakhazikika pamudzi zimadziteteza mwakhama ndipo sizilola kuti zotchinga ndi mbalame zina zizibwera pafupi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Marsh Harriers ibwerera kumalo awo opangira zisa mu Epulo. Masiku oyamba amachira atatha kuthawa - amadyetsa mwachangu. Ngati awiriwa sanapangidwe nthawi yachisanu, mgwirizano watsopano wa mbalame umapangidwa panthawiyi.
Mabanja omwe amadza chifukwa cha chiwonetserochi. Mbalame zimapanga ndege zowuluka limodzi. Marsh Harrier pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri imakhazikika pochita mayendedwe achilengedwe.
Mwinamwake, pakuyenda kwa maulendo apaulendo, sizowonetseratu zolinga zokha, komanso zikuyerekeza momwe gawo lamanga nyumba lasankhidwa bwino. Pambuyo pa chibwenzi cha mlengalenga, ndi nthawi yoti apange chisa.
Malo okondeka kwambiri a Marsh Harrier amapezeka m'mitengo ya bango, m'malo othimbirira. Marsh Harriers amamanganso malo awo anyani nyengo iliyonse. Koma samachoka kumadera omwe amawadziwa. Amakhala m'malo omwewo chaka chilichonse.
Ntchito yayikulu yomanga chisa imapangidwa ndi mkazi. Amuna amathandizira. Kubweretsa zomangira, kudyetsa mkazi. Mabango ndi nthambi zimapanga dera lozungulira pafupifupi 0.8 m m'mimba mwake ndi 0.2 m kutalika. Matenda okhumudwa amaponderezedwa pakati pa tsambalo, pansi pake pamakutidwa ndi zigawo zazomera zofewa, zowuma.
Soketi ili ndi ntchito ziwiri. Chitetezo cha zomangamanga, chinsinsi cha chisa ndicholinga cha izi. Kufikira mosavomerezeka ku chisa cha mbalame zazikulu. Ndiye kuti, kupezeka kwa mitengo, zomera zazitali kwambiri, zomwe, zikagona, zimatha kusokoneza kukwera ndi kufika kwa miyezi.
Ma Marsh Harriers ena atatsala pang'ono kumaliza kumanga chisa ndikuika, ena akufunabe mnzake. Ntchito yolumikiza, kumanga chisa ndikupanga zomangamanga zimatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi.
Kumapeto kwa Epulo, ndi kasupe wautali mu Meyi, mkaziyo amatenga mazira 4-5 omwe ali oyera kwambiri ndi zipsyera zakuda. Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala zazikulu kapena zazing'ono. Mzimayi yekha ndi amene ali pachisa. Yamphongo imamudyetsa, imapanga chakudya chapaulendo nthawi zonse. Usiku imakhazikika pafupi ndi chisa pamtengo.
Pambuyo masiku 20, mwana woyamba kubadwa amatulutsa chipolopolocho. Anapiye ena amaswa ndi kusokonezedwa kwakanthawi. Alibe chodzitetezera, wokutidwa ndi utsi wofiirira pansi. Mwana wankhuku woyamba amalemera 40-50 g, womaliza samapitilira 30 g. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukula, kainism (kupha m'bale wofooka ndi wolimba) sikuwonedwa mkati mwa chisa.
Masiku 10-15 oyamba a anapiye ndi aakazi amadyetsedwa ndi owotchera amuna okha. Pambuyo pake mkaziyo amayamba kuchoka pachisa kukafunafuna chakudya. Pofuna kudyetsa anapiye, mbalame zonse ziwiri zimauluka kukafunafuna nyama, nthawi zina zimayenda makilomita 5-8 kuchokera pachisa.
Chakumapeto kwa Juni, anapiye amayamba kutuluka. Mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi, makolo amadyetsa ana awo. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimayang'ana ndikuthamangitsa mbalame zazikulu, zimakhala ngati nkhuku yopemphapempha, ndipo pamapeto pake zimapempha chakudya. Ma Broods amayamba kugawanika mu Ogasiti. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, njira yoberekera ndi kudyetsa zotchinga zam'madzi zimatha.
Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, koyambirira kwa Seputembala, a Loonies amayamba kusamuka kwawo kwophukira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kukhala kwa kanthawi. Ali ndi zaka 12 - 15 patsogolo pawo (ndi momwe zotchinga zam'madzi zimakhalira nthawi yayitali).
Kwa funso "chithaphwi chotsekera m'buku lofiira kapena ayi"yankho ndiloti. Mbalame zimagawidwa mofanana mosiyanasiyana. Ndizovuta kuwerengera chiwerengerocho, koma kusowa kwa ma marsh (bango) zotchinga sikuopsezedwa.
