Nkhandwe yomaliza ya ku Tasmania idamwalira ku Australia zaka zopitilira 80 zapitazo, ngakhale anthu am'nthawi yathu nthawi ndi nthawi amawoneka, akunena kuti chilombocho ndichamoyo ndipo adachiwona ndi maso awo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nyama yomwe yatha ili ndi mayina atatu - marsupial wolf, thylacin (wochokera ku Latin Thylacinus cynocephalus) ndi nkhandwe ya Tasmanian. Dzina lomaliza lomutcha kuti ndi wa Dutchman Abel Tasman: adayamba kuwona nyamayi yachilendo mu 1642... Izi zinachitika pachilumbachi, chomwe woyendetsa ndegeyo amachitcha kuti Vandimenovaya. Kenako anadzatchedwa Tasmania.
Tasman adangonena zokambirana ndi thylacine, kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane komwe kunaperekedwa kale mu 1808 ndi wazachilengedwe Jonathan Harris. "Marsupial galu" ndikutanthauzira kwa dzina lodziwika bwino la Thylacinus, lomwe limaperekedwa kwa nkhandwe ya marsupial. Amamuwona ngati wamkulu kwambiri mwa ophera nyama zam'madzi, osiyananso mbiri yawo ndi mawonekedwe amthupi. Nkhandwe inkalemera makilogalamu 20-25 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 60 ndikufota, kutalika kwa thupi kunali 1-1.3 m (poganizira mchira - kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 1.8 m).
Atsamundawo sanatsutsane momwe angatchulire cholengedwa chachilendochi, ndikumatcha kuti mbidzi, mbira, galu, kambuku wa kambuku, fisi, zebra possum, kapena nkhandwe. Zosagwirizana zinali zomveka: zakunja ndi zizolowezi za nyamayo zimaphatikiza mawonekedwe a nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chigoba chake chinali chofanana ndi cha galu, koma pakamwa pake panali pachitali chotseguka kotero kuti nsagwada zakumtunda ndi zapansi zidasandulika mzere wolunjika. Palibe galu padziko lapansi amene amachita zachinyengo ngati izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, thylacine anali wamkulu kuposa galu wamba. Phokoso lomwe thylacine lidachita mokondwera lidamupangitsanso kuti agwirizane ndi agalu: amafanana kwambiri ndi galu wamatumbo akuwa, munthawi yomweyo osamva komanso osakhazikika.
Amatha kutchedwa kangaroo wa kambuku chifukwa cha makonzedwe amiyendo yakumbuyo yomwe idalola kuti marsupial wolf isunthire (ngati kangaroo wamba) ndi zidendene.
Thylacin anali ngati mphalapala pakukwera mitengo, ndipo mikwingwirima pakhungu lake inali yokumbutsa kwambiri mtundu wa kambuku. Panali mikwingwirima yakuda 12-19 kumbuyo kwamchenga kumbuyo, kumunsi kwa mchira, ndi miyendo yakumbuyo.
Kodi nkhandwe yam'madzi amakhala kuti?
Pafupifupi zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo, thylacine samakhala ku Australia ndi Tasmania kokha, komanso ku South America komanso, mwina ku Antarctica. Ku South America, mimbulu yolusa (chifukwa cha nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe) idasowa zaka 7-8 miliyoni zapitazo ku Australia - pafupifupi zaka 3-1.5 zikwi zapitazo. Thylacin adachoka kumtunda Australia ndi chilumba cha New Guinea chifukwa cha agalu a dingo omwe amachokera ku Southeast Asia.
Mmbulu wa Tasmanian womwe udakhazikika pachilumba cha Tasmania, pomwe ma dingoes sanasokoneze izi (kunalibe)... Chilombocho chimamva bwino pano mpaka zaka za m'ma 30 zapitazo, pomwe adalengezedwa kuti ndiwononga wamkulu wa nkhosa ndikuyamba kuwonongedwa kwambiri. Pamutu wa nkhandwe iliyonse, mlenjeyo adalandira bonasi kuchokera kwa olamulira (£ 5).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, atasanthula mafupa a thylacin, asayansi adazindikira kuti ndizosatheka kumuimba mlandu wopha nkhosa: nsagwada zake zinali zopanda mphamvu kuti athe kulimbana ndi nyama yayikulu chonchi.
Kaya zikhale zotani, chifukwa cha anthu, nkhandwe yaku Tasmania idakakamizidwa kusiya malo ake omwe amakhala (zigwa zaudzu ndi apolisi), ndikupita kunkhalango zowirira komanso mapiri. Apa adathawira m'maenje a mitengo yodulidwa, m'miyala yamiyala komanso m'maenje pansi pamizu ya mitengo.
Moyo wa nkhandwe waku Tasmanian
Zidakhala kuti pambuyo pake, kukhumbira magazi ndi nkhanza za marsupial nkhandwe zidakokomezedwa kwambiri. Chilombocho chimakonda kukhala chokha, nthawi zina zimalumikizana ndi makampani obadwa nawo kuti azisewera... Anali wokangalika mumdima, koma masana ankakonda kuwonetsa mbali zake padzuwa kuti azitha kutentha.
Masana, thylacin amakhala m'malo obisalamo ndipo amangopita kukasaka usiku: mboni zowona izi zidati adaniwo anapezeka akugona m'mabowo omwe anali pansi pamtunda wa 4-5 mita.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anapeza kuti nthawi yoswana ya anthu okhwima mwachidziwikire inayamba mu December-February, popeza anawo anawoneka pafupi ndi masika. Mmbuluwo sunanyamula ana agalu amtsogolo kwa nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi masiku 35, ndikubereka ana aamuna 2-4 osatukuka, omwe adatuluka mchikwama cha amayi pambuyo pa miyezi 2.5-3.
Ndizosangalatsa!Nkhandwe ya Tasmania imatha kukhala kundende, koma sinaberekanemo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa thylacin in vitro kunkachitika zaka 8.
Chikwama chomwe ana agalu anali thumba lalikulu lamimba lopangidwa ndi khola lachikopa. Chidebecho chidatsegulidwanso: chinyengo ichi chidalepheretsa udzu, masamba ndi kudula zimayambira kulowa mkati pomwe mmbulu udathamanga. Kusiya chikwama cha amayi, anawo sanasiye mayi mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 9.
Chakudya, nyama ya marsupial nkhandwe
Chilombocho nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi nyama zomwe sizingatuluke mumisampha. Sananyoze nkhuku, zomwe zimaweta ambiri ndi okhala.
Koma zamoyo zakutchire zapadziko lapansi (zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono) zidapambana pazakudya zake, monga:
- ma marsupial apakatikati, kuphatikiza ma kangaroo amitengo;
- nthenga;
- echidna;
- abuluzi.
Thylacin amadana ndi zovunda, posankha nyama yamoyo... Kunyalanyaza zovunda kunanenanso kuti, atadya, nkhandwe ya Tasmania inaponya munthu yemwe sanamalize (yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, marsupial martens). Mwa njira, ma thylacins adawonetsa mobwerezabwereza kulimba kwawo ndi chakudya chatsopano m'malo osungira nyama, kukana nyama yotayidwa.
Mpaka pano, akatswiri azamoyo amakangana za momwe chilombocho chimapezera chakudya. Ena amati thylacine imadziponyera yokha kwa wobisalira pomubisalira ndikuluma pamutu pake (ngati paka). Ochirikiza nthanthi iyi akuti nkhandwe idathamanga bwino, nthawi zina imalumpha ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikukhala bwino ndi mchira wake wamphamvu.
Otsutsa awo ali otsimikiza kuti mimbulu ya ku Tasmania sinakhale pansi ndikubisalira nyama yomwe idawoneka mwadzidzidzi. Ofufuzawa amakhulupirira kuti thylacine mwamphamvu koma mosalekeza ankamutsata wovutitsidwayo mpaka mphamvu zake zinatha.
Adani achilengedwe
Kwa zaka zambiri, zambiri zokhudza adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe ya Tasmania zasowa. Adani osakhazikika amatha kuonedwa ngati nyama zamphongo zonyansa (zochuluka kwambiri komanso zocheperako kuti zikhale ndi moyo), zomwe pang'onopang'ono "zidathamangitsa" ma thylacins ochokera kumadera omwe anthu amakhala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mmbulu wachichepere waku Tasmania amatha kugonjetsa paki ya agalu okulirapo kuposa iyo. Marsupial Wolf adathandizidwa ndimachitidwe ake odabwitsa, kuyankha bwino komanso kuthekera kopweteketsa munthu polumpha.
Ana a nyama zodyera kuyambira mphindi zoyambirira kubadwa amakula kwambiri kuposa ma marsupial achichepere. Omwewa amabadwa "asanakwane", ndipo kufa kwa makanda pakati pawo ndikokwera kwambiri. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ma marsupial kumakula pang'onopang'ono. Ndipo nthawi ina, ma thylacins sakanatha kupikisana ndi nyama zamphongo monga nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi agalu a dingo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Olanda adayamba kufa onse ambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, atadwala matenda a canine ochokera ku agalu oweta omwe adabweretsedwa ku Tasmania, ndipo pofika 1914 mimbulu yochepa yomwe idatsalira idayenda pachilumbachi.
Mu 1928, akuluakulu aboma, popereka lamulo loteteza nyama, sanawone ngati ndikofunikira kuwonjezera nkhandwe yaku Tasmania m'kaundula wa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo mchaka cha 1930, thylacin womaliza wamtchire adaphedwa pachilumbachi. Ndipo kugwa kwa 1936, nkhandwe yomaliza ya marsupial yomwe idakhala mu ukapolo idachoka padziko lapansi. Chilombocho, chotchedwa Benji, chinali malo osungira zinyama omwe ali ku Hobart, Australia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuyambira mu Marichi 2005, mphotho ya Australia $ 1.25 miliyoni ikudikirira ngwazi yake. Ndalamayi (yolonjezedwa ndi magazini yaku Australia The Bulletin) iperekedwa kwa aliyense amene adzagwire ndikupatsa dziko lapansi nkhandwe ya marsupial.
Sizikudziwika bwinobwino zomwe akuluakulu aku Australia adatsogolera pomwe adalemba chikalata choletsa kusaka mimbulu ya Tasmania 2 (!) Zaka zingapo atamwalira woimira wotsirizayo. Kulengedwa kwa 1966 kwachilumba chapadera chapadera (komwe kuli mahekitala 647,000), wopangira kuswanitsa nkhandwe ya marsupial, sikuwoneka ngati kopusa.
